Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: Cholera is a cause of acute watery diarrhoea which can cause dehydration and death if not adequately treated. It usually occurs in epidemics, and is associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Effective, cheap, and easy to administer vaccines could help prevent epidemics. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of oral cholera vaccines in preventing cases of cholera and deaths from cholera. SEARCH METHODS: In October 2010, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; LILACS; the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT), and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) for relevant published and ongoing trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials of oral cholera vaccines in healthy adults and children. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Each trial was assessed for eligibility and risk of bias by two authors working independently. Data was extracted by two independent reviewers and analysed using the Review Manager 5 software. Outcomes are reported as vaccine protective efficacy (VE) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS: Seven large efficacy trials, four small artificial challenge studies, and 29 safety trials contributed data to this review. Five variations of a killed whole cell vaccine have been evaluated in large scale efficacy trials (four trials, 249,935 participants). The overall vaccine efficacy during the first year was 52% (95% CI 35% to 65%), and during the second year was 62% (95% CI 51% to 62%). Protective efficacy was lower in children aged less than 5 years; 38% (95% CI 20% to 53%) compared to older children and adults; 66% (95% CI 57% to 73%). One trial of a killed whole cell vaccine amongst military recruits demonstrated 86% protective efficacy (95% CI 37% to 97%) in a small epidemic occurring within 4 weeks of the 2‐dose schedule (one trial, 1426 participants). Efficacy data is not available beyond two years for ...

Fariz is hotel located in a strategic place near airport and culinary spot.Currently the management of Fariz hotel do not think foreign tourist as a target market. Fariz hotel still lacks some resource to do an international promotion. Fariz hotel currently using online application and website to promote their service. Their current customer mainly is tour and travel or a company. Fariz hotel potencies are its strategic location and affordable price. The team suggested a promotion program using Malang Flower Carnival as the theme. The program is a bundle package that use Malang Flower Carnival attractiveness to catch foreign tourist interest. This program is not only promote Fariz hotel but also promote Indonesian culture.Malaysia, China, and Australia are countries which both interested in Indonesian culture and have the most tourist visiting Indonesia. That countries are the main target for this promotion program. Fariz hotel management are agreed to do international marketing as long as the marketing program is makes sense and suitable with the current Fariz hotel situations. The team suggest that Fariz hotel should improve the English of their human resource, focusing their target segment, and participate in promoting Malang Flower Carnival.

Novel adenovirus genotypes are associated with outbreaks of disease, such as acute gastroenteritis, renal disease, upper respiratory tract infection and keratoconjunctivitis. Here, we identify novel and variant adenovirus genotypes in children coinfected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, in Bangladesh. Metagenomic sequencing of stool was performed and whole adenovirus genomes were extracted. A novel species D virus, designated genotype 90 (P33H27F67) was identified, and the partial genome of a putative recombinant species B virus was recovered. Furthermore, the enteric types HAdV-A61 and HAdV-A40 were found in stool specimens. Knowledge of the diversity of adenovirus genomes circulating worldwide, especially in low-income countries where the burden of disease is high, will be required to ensure that future vaccination strategies cover the diversity of adenovirus strains associated with disease. ; This work was supported by NIHR Biomedical Research Centres in Cambridge (in particular the NIHR Cambridge BRC AMR Theme) and Wellcome Trust grant number 098051. This work was also supported by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) which is grateful to the governments of Bangladesh, Canada, Sweden and the UK for providing core/unrestricted support. CJH is funded by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NHIR Cambridge, BRC) Antimicrobial Resistance theme. GD and MAB are supported by the Wellcome Trust. GD is supported by NIHR Cambridge, BRC. AM is funded by the DBT-Cambridge partnership.

Digital advancements and innovations have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. The financial industry is one of the sectors that have been significantly impacted by digital advancements and innovations. Blockchain technology is a digital technology that has the potential to transform the financial industry. Based on blockchain, cryptocurrencies are among the most significant technological advancements of the 21st century. They have provided a new way of transacting and investing. With the rise of cryptocurrencies, there has been an ongoing debate about their compatibility with various ethical and religious beliefs. One such belief system is the Sharī'a Law, which governs the financial practices of Muslims, worldwide. As cryptocurrencies continue to gain popularity, it is essential to understand their compatibility with the Sharī'a Law and resolve any resulting ethical dilemmas. The fundamental issue is whether cryptocurrencies violate the principles of Sharī'a or can be considered a permissible investment option for Muslims. The article provides a detailed overview about digital currencies. It also explores the different types of digital currencies and their underlying technologies, such as block chain and smart contracts. This research relies on a quantitative approach, utilizing a systematic review of articles By extracting and analyzing data from scholarly works, the study aims to quantify the existing discourse on the compatibility of cryptocurrencies with Sharī'a Law. This method enables the synthesis of quantitative insights from authoritative sources, contributing to a robust understanding of the ethical implications and adherence to Sharī'a principles in the context of cryptocurrency use.

This study empirically examines the association of managerial ability and financial reporting quality (represented by accrual earnings management and real earnings management) on tax aggressiveness. Besides, this study employs corporate social responsibility disclosure as a moderating variable. The analysis was conducted on 44 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) selected through purposive sampling from 2014 up to 2019 so that 264 observations were obtained. This study uses two multiple-linear regression models with panel data. This study finds that managerial ability is negatively associated with tax aggressiveness. Meanwhile, accrual earnings management is positively associated with tax aggressiveness, while real earnings management is not associated with tax aggressiveness. The results also suggest that corporate social responsibility disclosure strengthens the negative association between managerial abilities and tax aggressiveness but fails to moderate the association between real earnings management and accrual earnings management with tax aggressiveness. This study shows that the Indonesian Tax Authority should formulate tax policies and incentives to stimulate companies to be more involved in sustainable activities and make excessive social responsibility disclosure

The novel Coronavirus (Covid‐19) crisis has dealt a severe blow to the global manufacturing industry. Simultaneously, it has paved the way for organizational learning and revision of its plans. It is, therefore, important to investigate organizational learning based on individual learning, as organizations only learn through individual learners. Based on the theories of action and dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation (KC), this study proposes a serial mediation model where KC underlying mechanisms through organizational learning culture (OLC) such as acquisition of information (AOI), interpretation of information (IOI), behavioral and cognitive changes (BCC) have facilitated organizational performance (OP) during Covid‐19. Data have been collected from 610 randomly selected employees in the manufacturing firms of Pakistan. To test the study hypotheses, we used SPSS macro PROCESS (Model‐6 with three mediators). The study results suggest the serial mediation effect of IOI, BCC, and KC on the AOI–OP relationships under single‐, double‐, and triple‐loop learning viewpoints.