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Preface -- Contents -- The Iron Triangle of Projects Management: Quality, Schedule and Cost of Road Infrastructure Projects in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Need to Improve Management of Road Projects in Egypt -- 3 Research Methodology -- 4 Defining Quality Level, Time Overrun, and Cost Escalation -- 4.1 Quality Level -- 4.2 Time Overrun -- 4.3 Cost Escalation -- 5 Questionnaire Survey -- 5.1 Profile of the Questionnaire Respondents -- 6 Analysis and Discussion of Questionnaire Survey Results -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- Refrences -- Amaravati - A City Reborn, Journey Towards a World-Class Smart City -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Site Selection -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Smart City -- 4.1 Residential Plans -- 4.2 Transportation -- 4.3 Amenities -- 4.3.1 Flood Management -- 4.3.2 Water -- 4.3.3 Solid Waste Management -- 5 Green Amaravati -- 6 Place-Making Strategies -- 7 Implementation -- 8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Improving Sustainable Construction Practices Through Facility Management -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review of Literature -- 2.1 Sustainability in Construction -- 2.2 Facility Management and Sustainable Construction -- 3 Research Methodology -- 4 Findings and Discussion -- 4.1 Respondents' Information -- 4.2 Influences of Sustainable Construction -- 4.3 Facility Management as Drivers of Sustainable Construction -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Implementing Tilt-Up Method for Sustainable Construction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tilt-Up Method and Sustainable Construction -- 3 Research Methodology -- 4 Findings and Discussion -- 4.1 Respondents' Information -- 4.2 Advantages and Viability of Tilt-Up Construction Method -- 4.3 Effect of Tilt-Up Method on Construction Labor Force -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References

Project management is one of the disciplines with the greatest academic interest in recent years, due to the importance of projects for the economy and strategic positioning of both an organization and a region or country. The maturity of project management in organizations is related to the search for a competitive advantage in the market through excellence in the projects and various models of maturity have been proposed in the organizations. The objective of this study is to characterize the maturity in the management of construction projects in Colombia, based on the perception of a representative sample of project managers in the sector. The results show that, at each of the maturity levels, such as standardization, measurement, control and continuous improvement, project managers, mostly the project management processes, have techniques and tools for project management implemented. However, the basic orientation of construction project management towards the processes of knowledge areas that make up the so-called iron triangle of projects, such as scope, schedule, budget and quality, is evident. The results of this research show the need to implement appropriate strategies by construction companies to improve the level of maturity in processes related to the management of resources (mainly human resources), project knowledge management, risk management and communication management among the different stakeholder groups of the project, in order to increase the success rate of projects in this sector. the construction.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Resources on the Companion Website -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Economic Development -- A Huge Challenge: No Less Than 84 Percent of the World's Population -- A Multidimensional Concept: The "Seven Horsemen of Underdevelopment" -- Trade-Offs and National Priorities: The Need to Choose -- The Primacy of Growth: Understanding Selective Convergence -- State, Market, and Civil Society: The Iron Triangle of Development -- Changing Ideas About the Relative Roles of State, Market, and Civil Society for Development -- Market Failures, State Failures, and Civil Society Failures -- How Do Poor People Behave? -- Alternative Current Interpretations of What Induces Development -- Positive Analysis of Development: Diagnostics and Causalities -- Normative Analysis of Development: Learning from Others, Discovering Solutions -- The Causal Revolution in Economic Development -- Big Game, Small Game in Choosing Development Strategies -- The Need to Think Development -- Development Economics -- Why Should We Be Interested in Development Economics? -- Note -- References -- Chapter One What Is Development?: Indicators and Issues -- Seven Dimensions of Development -- Income and Income Growth -- Calculating Change Over Time: Compound Annual Growth Rates -- Growth Rate Computed Between Two Dates -- Growth Rate Computed Over the Whole Period -- Comparisons Over Time: The Need to Adjust for Inflation -- Time to Double at a Given Growth Rate: The 70 Years Rule -- Comparisons Across Countries: The Need to Bring Income Figures Into a Single Currency -- Comparisons at the Official Exchange Rate -- Comparisons at the Ppp-Adjusted Exchange Rate -- Genuine Progress Indicator (gpi): Accounting for Non-Marketed Services.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Brief Contents -- Detailed Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Concepts -- Case Study: The Road to Accountable Care: Building Systems for Population Health Management -- Introduction -- Background -- Impetus for ACO Formation and Development -- Building a System for Population Health Management -- Results -- Insights and Lessons Learned -- Discussion Questions -- Note -- References -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 1: A Brief History of the Development of Healthcare in America -- Important Terms -- Learning Objectives -- Case Study: The Hill-Burton Act: A Major Landmark -- Introduction -- Before the 1860s -- Germ Theory to the Great War -- Beginnings of Institutionalized Healthcare: From WWI to WWII -- The Postwar Era to the Early 1970s -- 1970s to the Affordable Care Act -- Affordable Care Act to 2018 -- Conclusion -- Mini Case Study: Medicare's Advantage of Bipartisan Support -- Points to Remember -- Challenge Yourself -- For your Consideration -- References -- Chapter 2: Health Policy: Cost, Quality, and Access -- Important Terms -- Learning Objectives -- Case Study: Strategy Review -- Introduction -- Federalism: Layers of Government -- Healthcare's Iron Triangle: Cost, Quality, and Access -- Healthcare Costs: Where the Money Comes From -- Iterative Nature of Public Policy: The Affordable Care Act -- Administrative Policymaking -- The Policy Formation Network -- Conclusion -- Mini Case Study: Mandates and a Quid Pro Quo -- Points to Remember -- Challenge Yourself -- For your Consideration -- References -- Chapter 3: The Healthcare System Today -- Important Terms -- Learning Objectives -- Case Study: The Evolving Healthcare System-What it Looks like Today -- Introduction -- Current Trends -- Acute Care -- Ambulatory Care -- Post-Acute Care -- Behavioral Health Care.

"This book aims to provide comprehensive empirical and theoretical studies of expanding fandom communities in East Asia through the commodification of Japanese, Korean and Chinese popular cultures in the digital era. Using a multidisciplinary approach including political economy, East Asian studies, political science, international relations concepts and history, this book focuses on a few research objectives. In terms of methodology, it is an area studies approach based on interpretative work, observation studies, policy and textual analysis. First, it aims to examine the closely intertwined relationship between the three major stakeholders in the iron triangle of production companies, consumers and states (i.e., role of government in policy promotion). Second, it studies the interpenetration, adaptation, innovation and hybridization of exogenous Western culture with traditional popular cultures in (North) East Asia. Third, it studies the influence of popular cultures and how cultural products resonate with a regional audience through collective consumption, contents reflective of normative values, the emotive and cognitive appeal of familiar images and social learning as well as peer effect found in fan communities. It then examines how consumption contributes to soft cultural influence and how governments leverage on its comparative advantages and cultural assets for commercial success and in the process augment national (cultural) influence. These questions will be discussed and analyzed and contextualized through the case studies of J-pop (Japanese popular culture), K-pop (Korean popular culture or Hallyu) and Chinese popular culture (including Mando-pop and Taiwanese popular culture)."--Publisher's website.

ABSTRACTThis article challenges the conventional view of veterans' politics in the United States as an "iron triangle" or a "subgovernment," terms that connote a low-profile field dominated by a small number of elite actors operating consensually behind closed doors. It shows instead that veterans' affairs were at the center of a heated national debate to which both grassroots activists and national leaders contributed as part of a larger social movement, as demonstrated by the controversy over the First Hoover Commission. Created by Congress in 1947 to find ways to make the executive branch more efficient, the commission's proposals to reform veterans' affairs were all defeated by the countercampaign of the largest and most influential veterans' group of the era, the American Legion. Former soldiers were not alone (they benefited from the assistance of key state actors such as the heads of the Veterans Administration and of the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs) but their mobilization proved decisive. This episode shows that even veterans of World War II, traditionally seen as the most deserving cohort of former soldiers in US history (the "Greatest Generation"), had to organize to defend their benefits against attacks. The privileged position of veterans in the US welfare state is therefore less the result of their exalted cultural status (as is often presumed) than of their ability to mobilize politically and to override the preferences of significant numbers of public and private actors—just like any other group making claims on the state.

This article challenges the conventional view of veterans' politics in the United States as an "iron triangle" or a "subgovernment," terms that connote a low-profile field dominated by a small number of elite actors operating consensually behind closed doors. It shows instead that veterans' affairs were at the center of a heated national debate to which both grassroots activists and national leaders contributed as part of a larger social movement, as demonstrated by the controversy over the First Hoover Commission. Created by Congress in 1947 to find ways to make the executive branch more efficient, the commission's proposals to reform veterans' affairs were all defeated by the countercampaign of the largest and most influential veterans' group of the era, the American Legion. Former soldiers were not alone (they benefited from the assistance of key state actors such as the heads of the Veterans Administration and of the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs) but their mobilization proved decisive. This episode shows that even veterans of World War II, traditionally seen as the most deserving cohort of former soldiers in US history (the "Greatest Generation"), had to organize to defend their benefits against attacks. The privileged position of veterans in the US welfare state is therefore less the result of their exalted cultural status (as is often presumed) than of their ability to mobilize politically and to override the preferences of significant numbers of public and private actors—just like any other group making claims on the state.

Politics, the grouping together of people for power in any structural entity is not discussed much in the field of project management. Beyond satisfying the iron triangle expectations, critical issues of politics and power affect effective project execution. Project managers and other internal stakeholders jostle for control of resources, and their power base is politics. Effective project management cannot ignore the politics of organizations, as it is these political factors that determine the success or failure of a project. Depending on the size and the interest on the project by senior management, political influence threads through the whole organisational structure, too often it is accepted as the norm. The survey sought to establish the extent to which political forces are used by senior management and can be used by the project manager in project execution to pre-empt the effects of the authority gap in project management. This paper establishes that there is tremendous interference during project executions to varying degrees as a result of political interests, the management styles of senior management, organisational structure and factors, and the extent of personal stakeholder interests in the project. The target population for the empirical research was operational and management staff of two large government construction projects, which employ approximately 800 people per site, including 46 subcontractors and their staff. Questionnaires were administered through personal interviews giving a 100% questionnaire return rate. The results point to constant political interference from external and internal stakeholders. ; CPUT

Intro -- The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Introduction: The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World -- Part 1: The Arab Social Pact -- 1 The British Legacy in the Middle East -- 2 Citizenship, Social Pacts, Authoritarian Bargains, and the Arab Uprisings -- 3 Syria: Identity, State Formation, and Citizenship -- 4 The Tunisian Revolution and the Question of Citizenship -- 5 Patronage and Democratic Citizenship in Morocco -- 6 Like but not Same as… : Arab Citizenship and the Jordanian Experience -- 7 Social Contract in the Al Saʿud Monarchy: From Subjects to Citizens? -- 8 Migration and the Marginality of Citizenship in the Arab Gulf Region: Human Security and High Modernist Tendencies -- 9 The Arab Spring and the "Iron Triangle": Regime Survival and the Conditions of Citizenship in the Arab Middle East -- Part 2: Concepts of Citizenship -- 10 Muslim Subjects and the Rights of God -- 11 The Struggle for Equality and Citizenship in Arab Political Thought: Ideological Debates and Conceptual Change -- 12 Brothers and Citizens: The Second Wave of Islamic Institutional Thinking and the Concept of Citizenship -- 13 The Ambiguity of Citizenship in Contemporary Salafism -- 14 Citizenship, Public Order, and State Sovereignty: Article 3 of the Egyptian Constitution and the "Divinely Revealed Religions" -- Part 3: Practices of Citizenship -- 15 The Effects of Patronage Systems and Clientelism on Citizenship in the Middle East -- 16 Female Citizenship and the Franchise in Kuwait after 2005 -- 17 The Narrow Path: Acts of Citizenship by the Arab Youth Lessons from Egypt and Morocco -- 18 The Bidun Protest Movement as an Act of Citizenship -- 19 Citizenship Studies and the Middle East -- Index

This special issue of The Forum focuses on the changing place of organized labor in American politics.In remembrance of James Q. Wilson,

The Iron Triangle formulates the holy trinity of objectives of project management – cost, schedule, and benefits. As our previous research has shown, ICT projects deviate from their initial cost estimate by more than 10% in 8 out of 10 cases. Academic research has argued that Optimism Bias and Black Swan Blindness cause forecasts to fall short of actual costs. Firstly, optimism bias has been linked to effects of deception and delusion, which is caused by taking the inside-view and ignoring distributional information when making decisions. Secondly, we argued before that Black Swan Blindness makes decision-makers ignore outlying events even if decisions and judgements are based on the outside view. Using a sample of 1,471 ICT projects with a total value of USD 241 billion – we answer the question: Can we show the different effects of Normal Performance, Delusion, and Deception? We calculated the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of (actual-forecast)⁄forecast. Our results show that the CDF changes at two tipping points – the first one transforms an exponential function into a Gaussian bell curve. The second tipping point transforms the bell curve into a power law distribution with the power of 2. We argue that these results show that project performance up to the first tipping point is politically motivated and project performance above the second tipping point indicates that project managers and decision-makers are fooled by random outliers, because they are blind to thick tails. We then show that Black Swan ICT projects are a significant source of uncertainty to an organisation and that management needs to be aware of. Finally, we draw implications about the underlying generative processes that lead to power law behaviour, which might help to further understand the pitfalls and shortcomings of cost and cost risk management in ICT projects.

The Iron Triangle formulates the holy trinity of objectives of project management – cost, schedule, and benefits. As our previous research has shown, ICT projects deviate from their initial cost estimate by more than 10% in 8 out of 10 cases. Academic research has argued that Optimism Bias and Black Swan Blindness cause forecasts to fall short of actual costs. Firstly, optimism bias has been linked to effects of deception and delusion, which is caused by taking the inside-view and ignoring distributional information when making decisions. Secondly, we argued before that Black Swan Blindness makes decision-makers ignore outlying events even if decisions and judgements are based on the outside view. Using a sample of 1,471 ICT projects with a total value of USD 241 billion – we answer the question: Can we show the different effects of Normal Performance, Delusion, and Deception? We calculated the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of (actual-forecast)⁄forecast. Our results show that the CDF changes at two tipping points – the first one transforms an exponential function into a Gaussian bell curve. The second tipping point transforms the bell curve into a power law distribution with the power of 2. We argue that these results show that project performance up to the first tipping point is politically motivated and project performance above the second tipping point indicates that project managers and decision-makers are fooled by random outliers, because they are blind to thick tails. We then show that Black Swan ICT projects are a significant source of uncertainty to an organisation and that management needs to be aware of. Finally, we draw implications about the underlying generative processes that lead to power law behaviour, which might help to further understand the pitfalls and shortcomings of cost and cost risk management in ICT projects.

Военно-промышленный комплекс, определяя в современных условиях базу для реализации экономического потенциала страны, претерпевает значительные структурные изменения. В новых внешнеполитических условиях выработка решений задач управления комплексом на государственном уровне и формирование прогнозов его развития приобретают критическое значение не только в целях удовлетворения требованиям национальной обороноспособности и международной безопасности, но и обеспечения экономического роста государства в целом. В статье исследуется проблема экономического анализа военно-промышленного комплекса как специфической подсистемы национальной экономики. Проведен краткий обзор работ, посвященных системному подходу и исследованию систем. Доказана актуальность использования системного подхода в экономическом анализе военно-промышленного комплекса при определении его структуры и ограничений. Предложена оригинальная трактовка понятия «военно-промышленный комплекс» как подсистемы национальной экономической системы, обозначены ее основные элементы, связи и особенности. Приведен сравнительный анализ авторского понимания военно-промышленного комплекса и концепции «железного треугольника», выделены ключевые сходства и различия трактовок. Обоснована целесообразность применения методики Э. Голдратта для обнаружения ограничения подсистемы военно-промышленного комплекса на примере России. Выявлено «слабое звено» подсистемы военно-промышленного комплекса Российской Федерации. ; Abstract. The military-industrial complex laying in the modern context the basis for realizing the country's potential is undergoing significant structural changes. Current foreign policy challenges imply that devising solutions to the problems of control and preparing forecasts of its development become critical to both meeting the national defense and international security requirements as well as to ensuring the country's economic growth. The paper deals with the problem of economic analysis of the military-industrial complex as a subsystem within a national economy. It briefly reviews the key research on systems approach and systems study. The rationale for systems approach application in economic analysis of the military-industrial complex structure and constrains is later brought up. The article reveals the original military-industrial complex concept that treats it as a subsystem of a national economy system and discovers its basic features, elements and connections among them. The author's interpretation of the military-industrial complex is then benchmarked against the existing concept of an iron triangle by identifying the key similarities and differences between the approaches. It advances the relevance of E. Goldratt's method for defining constraints of the military-industrial complex subsytem drawing on the example of Russian Federation. The article, lastly, presents the Russia's military-industrial complex subsystem weakest link.

One of the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008 was a renewed focus on the issue of deregulation. The broadly recognized connection between the greatest economic downturn since the Great Depression and the systematic deregulation of our financial markets dating back over three decades reinvigorated the economic and political debate around the appropriate balance between market freedom and government regulation. This paper explores this theme historically, analyzing several economic markets that were highly regulated prior to the late 20th century. Through this analysis it establishes a foundational framework for the study of the widespread deregulation of the late 20th century. This paper first addresses the study of regulatory policy and its evolution throughout the 20th century. This section primarily focuses on the policy model proposed by George Stigler that acts as the foundational model for its conclusion. It then establishes the observed industries, the Airline and Trucking Industries, and provides evidence of their transition from industries that previously operated with strict governmental control of economic functions to markets that operated freely with little regulatory interference. This observed deregulation establishes the primary thesis question for this paper: what were the primary political and economic forces that caused the deregulation of these industries? The majority of this paper is dedicated to establishing alterations in the political and economic environment during this period that created these policy changes. This paper concludes that separate changes in the political and economic environment caused the deregulation of these industries. First, the evolution of subsystems from closed iron triangle systems to more complex issue networks granted smaller interest groups more influence on policy decisions. Thus, these groups' desired policies, which involved less regulation, received more consideration from the regulating agency. Second, the significant rise in the CPI increased the political pressure on elected officials to reduce prices. This pressure elevated the financial cost of regulating agencies to implement and maintain regulations that contributed to higher prices. These combined shifts caused a sudden, extreme removal of regulations in these markets. By establishing a causal analysis of the presented industries this paper creates a foundational case study for the broader, more complex deregulation that occurred throughout other industries during this time period.

The five years from 2010 to 2014 witnessed significant developments in the further education and training (FET) sector in Ireland. This period culminated in the launch, in 2014, of the first ever National FET Strategy in the history of the state which set out a roadmap to achieve the vision of a world-class FET system in Ireland. This research aims to explain how and why these developments took place and if the developmental trajectory is consistent with realising the vision of a world-class FET system. This research takes a case study approach to assessing the evolution of FET in Ireland from a skill formation perspective. The primary focus of this case study is the period from 1973, when Ireland joined the EEC, up to 2014 and the launch of the FET Strategy. The critical analysis of the developmental trajectory examines FET as part of the skill formation institution of the state. Accordingly, this research is placed within the theoretical framework of historical institutionalism. Given the aim of having a ?world-class? FET system in Ireland, the research begins with a review of the international context of skill formation systems in advanced economies. This is followed by a review of the evolution of skill formation in Ireland prior to 1973. Four themes emerge from these reviews which scaffold the analysis of the two primary data sources in this research ? convergence of education and training, active labour market policy, convergence of certification and qualifications, and regionalisation and rationalisation of the public administration of further education and training. 32 published government policy documents are analysed using a semantic content analysis, and 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key policy actors in the FET policy space to assess the relationships between the key stakeholders over this period, analysed with the frame of the ?iron triangle of government?, i.e. the state, executive agencies, and interest groups. The results of the analyses are triangulated and 32 findings emerge from the research. Based on Busemeyer?s concept of the skill regime, this study proposes a model for an Irish Skill Regime which identifies the inter-institutional relationship within the skill formation space. The need to optimise the quality and balance of these relationships is also highlighted. In addition, the legacy of neglect and underinvestment has resulted in a capacity deficit in the FET sector in Ireland. There is a need for significant investment to address this deficit if the ambition of a ?world-class? FET system is to be achieved.