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In a discussion of the current state of & future prospects for popular mobilization, it is argued that worsening urban conditions in the 1980s have not fanned the flames of discontent in US cities. While there are distinct signs of grass-roots mobilization & a returning activist consciousness, these trends & events must be seen against the broad restructuring of cities, which has dramatically altered the context for organizers & presented new, formidable barriers. Building on the new social movement theories of Alain Touraine & others, proposed are a number of strategies to help address the problem. Most significant among them is the sharpening of ideological cleavage to mobilize constituencies & bridge the community/class dichotomy that continues to limit most efforts. AA

Abstract"Social movement unionism" (SMU) is frequently understood as the antithesis to business unionism. While business unionism, often characterized as bureaucratic and hierarchical, dominated most of the second half of the 20th century, "SMU" showed resurgence in the 1990s. Some scholars argue that SMU should reach beyond the workplace and incorporate the community. Others seem to be proposing a strategy and understand SMU as tactically innovative and mobilizing in alliance with traditional social movements, such as the women's, environmental, or immigrant rights movement. Some offer propositions about the social processes of a labor union and that SMU must be internally democratic. Finally, some advocate an internationalist component such as a link to global‐justice campaigns. In this article, I propose that SMU consists of an array of trends and is inclusive of these varied descriptions, strategies or processes. These trends include (1) rank‐and‐file mobilization, (2) leadership, (3) community‐based organizing, (4) worker centers, (5) corporate campaigns, and (6) transnational components. I draw on social movement and labor literatures to seek a broader understanding of this labor organizing form.

Recent literature on social movements has called for a renewal of theory so that it engages more directly with the social and historical dynamics in which movements emerge and crystallize. Too often, some critics argue, movements are treated as static or reified phenomena that are disconnected from their links to space and time. I examine new social movement theory from an historical perspective that emphasizes its connections with concrete social dynamics at a given point in time. Unlike alternative approaches, new social movement (NSM) theory and in particular the work of Alain Touraine, was forged out of a specific episode of social conflict—the May 1968 revolt in France—and was deeply informed by the experience of this conflict. This theory provides a dynamic and relational model in which social and historical processes are treated as major determinants of collective action within society. In fact, what explains the success of NSM theory and its enduring influence over time, is that it reaches beyond an analysis of social movements to provide an overarching theory of society at a given historical juncture. The article suggests that NSM theory provides a fruitful perspective for scholars searching for an approach that take history into account.

Employs a political opportunity structure framework to investigate how political factors contribute to the organizational development of new social movements, drawing on documentary data & structured interviews with movement representatives from France, Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, & Switzerland. Movements in these states are typologized by ecology, peace, solidarity, gay, & autonomous categories. It is found that the internal structuration of a given movement largely depends on internal organizational dynamics, & important differences exist between the organizational development of different movements that are independent of the political context. However, different types of movements are found to garner different amounts of resources, align with different sources of external support, & undergo different kinds of transformations over time. Political context, therefore, significantly impacts resource levels, external structuration, & transformation of goals & action repertoires in a systematic manner. 7 Tables, 7 Figures. D. M. Smith

As a multicultural country, legal pluralism in Indonesia should be placed in the perspective of a new social movement, which lies as the abstraction of collective subjects to strive for emancipation. Experience has shown that many policies and political laws concerning natural resources do not provide enough room for the representation of indigenous peoples. As the new social movement in the context of multiculturalism, fighting for socioeconomic and natural resource redistribution is as important as providing spaces to foster cultural struggle in terms of fighting discrimination against indigenous peoples. In Dutch legal pluralism theory is termed as theorie van het rechtspluralisme. Lawrence M. Friedman has proposed a definition of legal pluralism as the presence of different legal systems and cultures in a single political community. This research uses the social legal method with a conceptual and historical approach. According to John Griffiths, legal pluralism is the presence of more than one legal rule in a social circle. Further, the concept of legal pluralism does not promote a dichotomy between state law on the one side and folk law and religious law on the other side. Keywords: concept, legal, pluralism AbstrakIndonesia sebagai negara yang multikulturalisme hendaknya pluralisme hukum diletakkan dalam perspektif the new social movement yang bertumpu sebagai abstaksi subyek yang secara kolektif demi memperjuangkan emansipasi. Berdasarkan pengalaman, banyak kebijakan dan politik hukum atas sumber daya alam tidak memberi ruang representasi terhadap masyarakat hukum adat. Sebagai the new social movement dalam konteks multikulturisme tidak hanya penting dalam memperjuangkan redistribusi sosial ekonomi dan sumber daya alam, tetapi juga memberi ruang munculnya gerakkan untuk memperjuangkan cultural struggle (tantangan budaya) diskriminasi terhadap masyarakat hukum adat. Lawrence M. Friedman menyajikan pengertian pluralisme hukum yang berarti "adanya sistem-sistem atau kultur hukum yang berbeda dalam sebuah ...

European social movements have been central to European history, politics, society and culture, and have had a global reach and impact. Yet they have rarely been taken on their own terms in the English-language literature, considered rather as counterpoints to the US experience. This has been exacerbated by the failure of Anglophone social movement theorists to pay attention to the substantial literatures in languages such as French, German, Spanish or Italian - and by the increasing global dominance of English in the production of news and other forms of media.This book sets

The theoretical domain developed for the study of New Social Movements (NSMs) in the early 1980s has recently been largely abandoned by its main advocates. Increasingly, the cross-class, 'post-materialist' movements of the 1970s and 1980s, typified by the issues of environment, peace and feminism, cease to pose a radical challenge to contemporary western politics. This paper revisits the theoretical work of three of the European voices central to understandings of the emergence and success of New Social Movements. Claus Offe, Alberto Melucci and Alain Touraine succeed in amalgamating an essential emphasis on structural transformation and an understanding of the importance of identity in bringing about 'new' collective action in the 1970s and 1980s. In response, to the significant decrease in European work on the NSM phenomenon today the paper proposes that the existing body of theory may be insufficient for describing collective action at the turn of the Millennium. The increasing predominance of 'identity' politics (e.g. in the realms of ethnicity and sexuality) in the arenas previously dominated by 'universalist', post-particularist themes; the institutionalisation of elements of NSM action and concerns; and the perceived appropriation by transnational agencies of the issues dominating original state-NSM struggles are cited as reasons for the need to develop a new language to describe contemporary collective action phenomena.

The relevance of the concept of class for analysis of contemporary social movements is examined. It is argued that the concept of class is too immersed in Marxist interpretations of the history of industrial society to have much relevance for understanding contemporary collective action. Contemporary social movements are not givens of the structure of society, but are socially constructed collective realities -- complex & composite action systems that result from the interaction of resources & limits of constituents of conflictual discourses. Characteristics of emerging collective phenomena include: (1) self-reflective form of action; (2) global dimension of action; (3) specific relation between latency & visibility; & (4) production of institutional change, new elites, & cultural innovation. Most importantly, emerging collective phenomena hinge not on class antagonisms, but on conflicts over the production & consumption of informational resources. 33 References. D. Generoli

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- I. A New View of Hate-Motivated Violence -- 1 Introduction -- The Social Problem of Hate-Motivated Violence -- Social Problems and Victimization -- Social Movements and Collective Action Frames -- New Institutionalism and the Diffusion of Cultural Forms -- Empirical Focus and Data Collection -- Method of Analysis -- Overview of the Book -- 2 New Discourse on Violence and the Production of Hate Crimes -- A History of Violence -- The Convergence of New Social Movements -- SMOs and Newfound Attention to an Old Problem -- The Politics of Violence and Attendant Legal Transformations -- The Extension of Victim Status to Multiple Constitutences -- II. Violence Against Gays and Lesbians -- 3 Discovering and Expanding the Domain -- Antigay and Lesbian Violence -- The Establishment of Gay- and Lesbian-Sponsored Antiviolence Projects -- Coalition-Building around Intolerance -- Discovering and Documenting Violence -- Publicizing and Epidemic of Antigay and Lesbian Violence -- Expanding the Domain of the Problem -- 4 Framing the Problem -- Data Collection and Beyond -- Crisis Intervention and Victim Assistance -- A New Form of Sexual Terrorism -- Educational Campaigns -- Street Patrols -- The Missing Gender -- Domain Expansion and Framing -- III. Violence Against Women -- 5 Contemporary Antiviolence Against Women Campaigns -- The Feminist Movement's Historic Focus on Violence -- Defining the Organizational Field -- State Coalitions -- National Organizations -- The Institutionalization of Structured Lines of Communication -- Setting the Stage for Innovation and Diffusion of Cultural Forms -- 6 Innovation and Diffusion of the Violence Against Women Act -- Innovation and Diffusion of Cultural Forms -- Violence Against Women, Feminism, and the Law