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Set-theoretic methods and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in particular are case-based methods. There are, however, only few guidelines on how to combine them with qualitative case studies. Contributing to the literature on multi-method research (MMR), we offer the first comprehensive elaboration of principles for the integration of QCA and case studies with a special focus on case selection. We show that QCA's reliance on set-relational causation in terms of necessity and sufficiency has important consequences for the choice of cases. Using real world data for both crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA, we show what typical and deviant cases are in QCA-based MMR. In addition, we demonstrate how to select cases for comparative case studies aiming to discern causal mechanisms and address the puzzles behind deviant cases. Finally, we detail the implications of modifying the set-theoretic cross-case model in the light of case-study evidence. Following the principles developed in this article should increase the inferential leverage of set-theoretic MMR.

".complements 07-2 Brigade planning process special study and offers tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) . that have been used by deployed warfighting units over the past three years. Situational awareness and understanding on complex operational environments encountered in stability operations and counterinsurgency are assessment driven. Integration of information operations and civil-military operations cannot be full achieved unless they are synchronized in the military decision making process"--P. [2] of cover. ; "No. 07-3"--Cover. ; Companion volume to CALL special study no. 07-2 Brigade planning process. ; ".Should not be necessarily construed as approved Army policy or doctrine"--P. ii. ; Text on p. [2] of cover. ; Part of the U.S. Army lessons learned documentation. ; "Oct 06." ; Cover title. ; "Special study"--Cover. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; ".complements 07-2 Brigade planning process special study and offers tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) . that have been used by deployed warfighting units over the past three years. Situational awareness and understanding on complex operational environments encountered in stability operations and counterinsurgency are assessment driven. Integration of information operations and civil-military operations cannot be full achieved unless they are synchronized in the military decision making process"--P. [2] of cover. ; Mode of access: Internet.

An innovative form of treatment for children helps meet some of the demands to increase the quality and quantity of direct services in a child guidance clinic

Theory-based impact evaluations have been put forward increasingly as an alternative for counterfactual impact evaluations. However, this raises questions regarding the foundations of drawing causal inference on the basis of such approaches. Case study methods such as QCA (Quantitative Comparative Analysis), process tracing and congruence analysis are emerging as a way to match the methodological rigor of counterfactuals. While QCA relies on multiple cases, process tracing and congruence analysis are methods that claim to be able to draw causal inference within a single case. In this article, a completed theory-based impact evaluation of a European Social Fund intervention is used as a foundation to demonstrate and discuss the differences between process tracing and congruence analysis and their relative (dis)advantages.

Resume L'article propose un éclairage sur les phénomènes de « capture » réglementaire, en examinant une configuration empirique où des résultats quantitatifs sont disponibles pour un large échantillon, et où l'on cherche à identifier des combinaisons causales par l'examen qualitatif d'un petit nombre de cas. Une interprétation « bayésienne » du process tracing est alors proposée et appliquée à l'étude de la genèse d'agences de régulation des médicaments en France et en Angleterre. L'approche permet l'identification de dépendances institutionnelles difficilement saisissables par l'analyse statistique initiale. Elles expliquent, plus favorablement que la thèse de la capture, l'orientation des schémas de régulation étudiés.

Business process reengineering (BPR) and total quality management (TQM) both emphasise the benefits that a process orientated view of company operations can bring. Acquiring a clear definition of the "as‐is" business process and developing an understanding about how the process may be re‐engineered is a crucial stage in any BPR project. This early phase normally has three objectives: to achieve a full understanding of the process to be re‐engineered so as to clarify its objectives and characteristics; to create a shared vision and understanding among the re‐engineering team; to have a basis for starting the redesign. To support this phase, there is a range of tools: manual, computer supported and computer enabled which are traditionally used to help in the activities of process definition and analysis. This paper describes some of the newer approaches. The product introduction process (PIP) is examined in a general sense, and specific examples from the automotive industry are taken as a basis for evaluation of the available tools and applications. A sample from the process analysis tools identified was used to model the PIP, and from the difficulties and successes an understanding of the attributes required in such an analysis tool was derived.