Suchergebnisse

The Philippines is struggling between increasing fishery production and conserving its coastal and marine resources. The problem also extends to protection initiatives suitable to the needs of local resource users. The concern for sustaining production and the environment, however, can be pursued through policy evaluation and stronger community participation in coastal resource management (CRM) programs. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the potential participation of coastal communities in Lupon to local CRM efforts. Policies affecting communities' use of coastal resources were determined as well as the community's awareness of the policies, factors affecting participation in CRM efforts, and strategies to protect coastal resources. The policies were gathered through government agencies, online reports, and journal articles while primary data were gathered through household interviews. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were employed to assess community awareness of the regulations and the factors affecting willingness. Findings revealed community awareness to regulations that have direct impacts to their livelihood and positive views on participating in CRM initiatives. The logit regression further indicated important predictors of participation, which included sex, age, boat ownership, perceived effectivity of regulations, and awareness of CRM efforts. More conservation strategies should be introduced to the communities such as creation of artificial reefs. More government efforts should also be done in the enforcement and dissemination of information and regulations, which may be through increased visibility of authorities, stricter penalties for violators, or seminars. This research also suggested the participation of nongovernment organizations and the academe for the success of CRM programs.

This is the final version of the article. Available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record. ; Some phages encode anti-CRISPR (acr) genes, which antagonize bacterial CRISPR-Cas immune systems by binding components of its machinery, but it is less clear how deployment of these acr genes impacts phage replication and epidemiology. Here, we demonstrate that bacteria with CRISPR-Cas resistance are still partially immune to Acr-encoding phage. As a consequence, Acr-phages often need to cooperate in order to overcome CRISPR resistance, with a first phage blocking the host CRISPR-Cas immune system to allow a second Acr-phage to successfully replicate. This cooperation leads to epidemiological tipping points in which the initial density of Acr-phage tips the balance from phage extinction to a phage epidemic. Furthermore, both higher levels of CRISPR-Cas immunity and weaker Acr activities shift the tipping points toward higher initial phage densities. Collectively, these data help elucidate how interactions between phage-encoded immune suppressors and the CRISPR systems they target shape bacteria-phage population dynamics. ; M.L. was supported by funding from the Wellcome Trust (https://wellcome.ac.uk) (109776/Z/15/Z), which was awarded to E.R.W. E.R.W. further acknowledges the Natural Environment Research Council (https://nerc.ukri.org) (NE/M018350/1), the BBSRC (BB/N017412/1), and the European Research Council (https://erc.europa.eu) (ERC-STG-2016-714478 - EVOIMMECH) for funding. S.v.H. acknowledges funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions; https://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/) of the European Union's Horizon 2020 (REA grant agreement no. 660039) and from the BBSRC (BB/R010781/1). S.G. acknowledges funding (Visiting Professorship) from the Leverhulme Trust. A.B. acknowledges funding from the Royal Society. The authors thank Olivier Fradet for experimental contributions and Adair Borges and Joe Bondy-Denomy (UCSF) for providing DMS3mvir-AcrIF4 and phage JBD26.

In many areas such as consumer law or competition law, legislators can opt between two alternative forms of sanctions to remedy wrongdoing: they can impose an infringer to pay either a fine or a compensation. There is a major research gap regarding the infringers' reactions to the different forms of sanctions. This paper reports an experiment that investigated infringers' willingness to pay compensation versus fines. Results show that regardless of victim characteristics (whether the victim is a company or an NGO), infringers are willing to pay higher amounts in compensation than in fines, view compensation as more fair and believe compensation is better able to restore their reputation. Compensation and fines did not differ in the extent to which they stimulated infringers' willingness to take precautionary measures. Participants who inflicted harm to a company rather than an NGO, surprisingly viewed their sanction as more fair, irrespective of the type of sanction in place. Our findings highlight some important strengths of compensation from a infringer's point of view that are to be weighed in the policy debate.