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This article evaluates the significance of requisitioning film studios in Britain during the Second World War. In uncovering this history, it offers new perspectives on the nature and process of requisitioning the studios as well as their equally important experience of being de-requisitioned after the war. As important contributors to the wartime economy and culture, any account of studios during the war and immediate post-war years is therefore incomplete without recognising the key impact of requisitioning. In addition, the impact of the war and requisitioning on labour and equipment is considered, both of which were essential aspects of a complex process that became particularly urgent in the immediate post-war years. The article reflects on the role of requisitioning in the evolution of film policy, arguing that the process was directed to affirm and execute the government's chosen direction for the film industry, as well as evaluating how the various stakeholders involved responded. The case constitutes an instructive example of policy making, execution and the dynamics of governmentality in relation to the film industry.

This article analyses the intentions and internal logic of a systematic quality work programme in Swedish schools as an example of institutionalization of an international super-standard in large public organizations. A programme theory analysis is used to illuminate the intentions, inner logic, involved actors, possible limitations and underlying assumptions of the evaluation system, which together constitute the systematic quality work. What is realistically achievable is also highlighted and analysed in relation to current research and the welfare liberal, and social democratic education policy perspectives expressed in the National curriculum. The programme analysis indicates an ambitious, all-embracing, and ever-present evaluation system and exposes inherent potential contradictions. The programme could foster improvement and mirrors the distribution of responsibilities that characterizes Swedish school governance, which implies that how the programme is enacted in schools will be decisive for its results. The potential of the programme in practice is discussed in relation to the varying local context's inherent risks and dilemmas, concerning governance, reductionism, constitutive effects, and working conditions.

The objective of this study is to explore how citizens were addressed in Swedish electionposters in the eleven national elections between 1908 and 1936. The period coversgreat changes in political life as well as in campaign work of the parties. Election postersare better suited for mobilising citizens than for argumentation and presentation ofpolicy alternatives. The question here is how the parties have used this mobilisingfunction to connect to their voters. More specifically: to what extent have the partiesturned to members of collective bodies such as social classes on the one hand, and toindividuals who may have different political convictions and standpoints, on the other. This study combines a) a quantitative overview where the explicit verbal messages arebeing studied, with b) an analysis inspired by semiotic approaches in which bothdenotative and connotative levels of messages are brought into the analysis. ; Paper presented at the Nordmedia 09 conference, Media and Communication History Section, Karlstad 13-15.8.2009 ; Hundra års valaffischer: Medborgarsyn och kommunikationsstrategier i en seglivad kampanjkanal (A Century of Election Posters)

Foreign markets largely shaped the business strategy of Les Films Albatros, a medium-sized, internationally networked specialty producer of films in interwar France. Depending more on foreign revenues than did the Hollywood studios, Albatros also realized higher gross returns. Because films were capital goods providing a perishable product (seats at a specific time), their price depended on both expected performance and the threshold ticket-selling capacity necessary to recoup cinema fixed costs; some films could not be sold at any price. Given the small potential market for its films, Albatros had to find an intricate balance between producing at low cost and delivering films with at least threshold ticket-selling capacity. It did so by differentiating its films, entering film distribution in France, coproducing internationally, and cooperating with Pathé and Gaumont, the two largest French film companies. While its larger European rivals were obsessed with operational effectiveness vis-à-vis Hollywood, Albatros, by adopting a distinct strategic position, hardly had to pay attention to operational effectiveness at all. It was making a differentiated product for needs unserved by Hollywood.

The Swedish Presidency of the EU has been promoting the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) during its six months at the centre of European politics. The ongoing Swedish Presidency has presented a number of ESDP issues on which it would like to maintain momentum. Its ESDP priorities cover areas like capability development, increased coherence between crisis management instruments, ongoing operations, European armament cooperation and EU relations with other international organisations such as NATO and the UN. Of these areas, three key issues are characteristic for ESDP priorities, namely usability, capability and operations.The Swedish Presidency has primarily focused on improving existing ESDP instruments and structures rather than creating new ones. In line with its overall approach to the EU, and the Presidency in particular, Sweden seems to prize efficiency and usability rather than providing a more visionary leadership in the area of ESDP. These issues faithfully reflect Sweden's practical approach to the EU and crisis management: ESDP is an instrument that needs to be developed and used.

This paper proposes an analytical approach to capturing gradual institutional change in mature welfare states. The approach takes account of both public and occupational provisions of income security and investigates differences between diverse groups in the labour market, various income levels within such groups, as well as changes over time. The analytical approach is then applied to the empirical case of Swedish sickness insurance, on which new data covering the last 30 years have been collected. The results show that sickness insurance as a whole still offers generous replacement rates but that there has been an institutional shift in the provision of income protection. The earlier system of universal public provision that was closely related to former income has developed into a system where this is the case only for certain groups in the labour market while the rest are dependent on collectively negotiated solutions. Accordingly the traditional Swedish institutional model in which an all-encompassing public system promotes equality of status has been transformed over time. In the absence of an adequate analytical approach this is a fact that has not been fully recognised in earlier welfare state research.

Examines the political & social factors leading to the transformation of the Swedish prison system. Since the 1970s, Sweden had been praised for its humane penal system, which incorporated short prison sentences, welfare benefits, the right to leave prison for special occasions, & emphasis on rehabilitation. However, perceived increases in crime rates & drug abuse led to more restrictive penal policies during the 1980s, & in 1991, a conservative government came into power, boosted by an anticrime compaign that called for longer & more repressive prison sentences. Although an economic crisis brought the Social Democratic Party back into power in 1994, this government has maintained many of the conservative government's innovations, including mandatory incarceration for 66% of a sentence, electronic tagging of certain criminals, & harsher drug policies. However, the Social Democrats have also recommitted themselves to incarceration alternatives & crime prevention through welfare, education, drug programs, etc. It is concluded that the shift toward a more punitive & exclusionary philosophy is the product of recent social, political, & media attitudes that regard crime & criminals (especially drugs) as an external attack on Swedish values. 5 Tables, 40 References. T. Sevier

This collection is the first to bring together scholars to explore the ways in which various people and groups in Italian society reacted to the advent of cinema. Looking at the responses of writers, scholars, clergymen, psychologists, philosophers, members of parliament, and more, the pieces collected here from that period show how Italians developed a common language to describe and discuss this invention that quickly exceeded all expectations and transcended existing categories of thought and artistic forms. The result is a close-up picture of a culture in transition, dealing with a 'scandalous' new technology that appeared poised to thoroughly change everyday life.

AbstractThis paper outlines the dominant post-war narratives of the Second World War in Europe. Drawing from the expanding fields of memory and history, a general pattern in the European interpretations of the war years emerges: whereas the experiences and recollections of the war were narrated within a patriotic framework until the 1980s, a significant shift towards a universalistic interpretation has occurred in the last two decades. Although Sweden's wartime experiences differed profoundly from most other similar countries, it is argued that the transformation of Swedish narratives of the Second World War reflected general European tendencies after 1945. Special attention is paid to the emergence in the 1990s of a universalistic understanding of the war, and how this change interplayed with a more general criticism of the foundations of post-war Swedish society.

DEMOCRATIZATION AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SPENDING, 1870-1938: EMERGENCE OF THE LEVIATHAN? / Jari Eloranta,Svetlozar Andreev,Pavel Osinsky -- SWEDISH REGIONAL GDP 1855-2000: ESTIMATIONS AND GENERAL TRENDS IN THE SWEDISH REGIONAL SYSTEM / Kerstin Enflo,Martin Henning,Lennart Schön -- POLITICAL ECONOMIC LIMITS TO THE FED'S GOAL OF A COMMON NATIONAL BANK MONEY: THE PAR CLEARING CONTROVERSY REVISITED / John James,David Weiman -- THE ANTHROPOMETRIC HISTORY OF NATIVE AMERICANS, c.1820-1890 / John Komlos,Leonard Carolson -- THE DISPERSION OF CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN FRANCE BETWEEN 1850 AND 1913: DISCRIMINATION IN TRADE POLICY / Becuwe Stéphane,Blancheton Bertrand