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Abstract
This article considers certain aspects of the reality and efficacy of ihl. It looks at problems concerning the scope of ihl, including the question of what constitutes an armed conflict, the difficulties of disentangling international and non-international elements in some armed conflicts and debates about the application of ihl in United Nations peacekeeping. The article also examines whether ihl has acquired detail at the expense of practicality and calls for training of military personnel aimed at the development of a humanitarian reflex. It discusses the relationship between ihl and human rights law. Finally, it considers some of the problems in securing compliance with ihl.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to explore how strategic tariff policy and welfare are affected by the consumer‐friendly initiative of foreign exporting firms. We define a firm that is consumer‐friendly or non‐profit‐based if it considers both its own profit and consumer surplus. This paper extends Brander and Spencer by taking the consideration of consumer‐friendly firms into an international duopoly, and within such context examining the tariff policy and welfare. The consumer‐friendly initiative that leads to trade liberalization is a 'Win‐Win‐Win' solution in the sense that it is not only beneficial for foreign exporting firms, but also for the government and consumers of the importing country.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Articles -- Bradley's Regress, Truthmaking, and Constitution -- Characterization and Existence in Modal Meinongianism -- Metaphysical Fatalism, in Five Steps -- Software Is an Abstract Artifact -- Causal Tracking Reliabilism and the Lottery Problem -- Counterfactuals and Modal Epistemology -- The Gospel of Uncertainty: Popper's Radical Fallibilism Re-examined -- Karl Popper's Debt to Leonard Nelson -- Reason Attribution Without Belief-Desire Ascription -- "Resultant Moral Luck", "Sollen impliziert Können" und eine komplexe normative Analyse moralischer Verantwortlichkeit -- Book-Symposium -- Thought, Judgment and Perception -- Thinking and Judging -- Human-Specific Forms of Cognition Prior to Judgments -- Must One Be Able to Think "No"? On the Allegedly Indispensable Role of Negation in Thinking -- Replies to Hans-Johann Glock, Jasper Liptow, Henrike Moll, and Gerson Reuter -- Critical Notes -- Der qualitative Charakter bewusster Erlebnisse. Physikalismus und phänomenale Eigenschaften in der Philosophie des Geistes -- The Early Modern Subject: Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume -- Wittgenstein in Exile -- Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, & -- Naturalism -- Memory. A Philosophical Study.

In November 2021, Russia and the United States submitted a draft joint resolution on international information security to the UNGA First Committee, which was a significant victory for Russian diplomacy in the formation of an international information security regime. For a long time, Russian-American relations in the field of international information security have been developing on the basis of a confrontational model, while these two states are the most active actors in the global information sphere. The general trends in the formation of an international information security regime depend on the nature of relations between countries. The article presents a historical analysis of cooperation between Moscow and Washington in the digital environment and assesses the impact of the historical experience of interaction on the prospects for the development of bilateral cooperation in the field of international information security. Methodologically, the authors base the research from the theory of defensive realism, according to which the factor of perception of the priority of threats to international information security is an important factor in bilateral interaction. The more significant threats are perceived from the point of view of national security, the more likely is the development and deepening of international cooperation aimed at shaping the rules of conduct in this area. The article examines the evolution of threats to international information security in historical retrospect. Based on the perception of the priority of threats, the evolution of the formats of bilateral interaction in the field of international information security is shown. It has been proved that the perception of the priority of threats in the field of international information security contributes to the development and deepening of bilateral cooperation, which in the future can develop into a full-fledged regime of international information security, based on the rules of responsible behavior of states in the global information space.

Colonial civil servant, Fabian socialist, and eminence grise of the Bloombury Circle, Leonard Woolf was one of the most prolific writers on international relations of the early to mid-Twentieth Century. His report for the Fabian Society, International Government , was influential on the creation of the League of Nations. He was co-founder of the popular pressure group, the League of Nations Society. He was a leading critic of empire. He helped to educate the British Labour Party on global issues, constructing, in 1929, its first credible foreign policy. With his wife, Virginia, he founded the celebrated Hogarth Press. He pioneered 'functionalist' and 'transnationalist' theory. He pioneered documentary journalism. He wrote towards the end of his long life one of the most insightful autobiographies of the Twentieth Century. This book examines the thought of this fascinating and relatively unknown political thinker. It thoroughly reassesses his ideas, for decades condemned as 'utopian', in the context of the much more fluid international scene of theTwenty-First century. In particular, it asks have his ideas about international government gained new pertinence in the post-Cold War world?.

Heresy studies is a new interdisciplinary, supra-religious, and humanist field of study that focuses on borderlands of dogma, probes the intersections between orthodoxy and heterodoxy, and explores the realms of dissent in religion, art, and literature. Free from confessional agendas and tolerant of both religious and non-religious perspectives, heresy studies fulfill an important gap in scholarly inquiry and artistic production. Divided into four parts, the volume explores intersections between heresy and modern literature, it discusses intricacies of medieval heresies, it analyzes issues of heresy in contemporary theology, and it demonstrates how heresy operates in artistic and literature creativity today. Rather than treating matters of heresy, blasphemy, unbelief, dissent, and non-conformism as subjects to be shunned or naively championed, the essays in this collection chart a middle course, energized by the dynamics of heterodoxy, dissent, and provocation, yet shining a critical light on both the challenges and the revelations of disruptive kinds of thinking and acting.

There is a widespread belief, among both political scientists and government policymakers, that "democracies don't fight each other." Here Joanne Gowa challenges that belief. In a thorough, systematic critique, she shows that, while democracies were less likely than other states to engage each other in armed conflicts between 1945 and 1980, they were just as likely to do so as were other states before 1914. Thus, no reason exists to believe that a democratic peace will survive the end of the Cold War. Since U.S. foreign policy is currently directed toward promoting democracy abroad, Gowa's fi

As it has sought to be recognized as a developed nation with equitable human rights, the government of Panama has been an active player in international discussion of indigenous rights. The indigenous people of Panama continue to face serious challenges. Our research examines the Ngäbe Buglé because they are the largest and most politically active indigenous groups in Panama. Almost half of the indigenous people live on semiautonomous reservations (comarcas). Although some may hail Panama's creation of comarcas as a milestone for indigenous rights, norms are only partially effective in this case. The influence of key stakeholders can influence how norms are carried out. In Panama, the government alternates between attempting to constrain civil society and giving in to demands when the protests can no longer be ignored. The Panamanian government has shown little respect for indigenous rights in its battle over natural resources located on the comarcas; moreover, the indigenous do not enjoy the same rights and privileges as those Panamanians living outside of the comarcas.

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey-listed Pakistan due to the latter's non-compliance to the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR)-1267. The FATF also demands Pakistan to put strict controls on money laundering and financial lifelines of terrorist organizations in Pakistan. The plan of action was reached between Pakistan and FATF to ensure sufficient action to enforce anti-money laundering policies and freeze assets of designated terrorist groups in Pakistan under UNSCR-1267 and UNSCR-1373. The NACTA in collaboration with FBR, State Bank of Pakistan, FIA, and the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan has mounted operations against illegal movement of money within Pakistan. It also has choked financial lifelines of terrorist organizations and curbed Hawala/Hundi methods of laundering money. Pakistan is struggling to stick to the 26-point action plan to address the necessary concerns of FATF. This paper put forth the ramifications for being blacklisted by FATF and also highlights the Trump administration's tough stance towards Pakistan. This paper also offers concrete recommendations to exclude Pakistan's name from the FATF grey-list.

Bibliography Entry
Amin, Musarat, Muhammad Khan , and Rizwan Naseer. 2020. "Pakistan in the FATF Grey-List: Challenges, Remedies and International Response." Margalla Papers 24 (1): 31-43.

International organizations (IOs) have developed into important policy venues beyond the state. Yet our understanding of the broader dynamics of IO policy-making is limited. This article offers the first comparative analysis of macro patterns in IO policy-making. Theoretically, we draw on punctuated equilibrium theory to develop hypotheses about stability and change in the orientation of IO policy agendas. Empirically, we examine novel data on the policy output of five general-purpose IOs between 1980 and 2015, combining statistical analysis and comparative case illustrations. The analysis yields two central results. First, the policy agendas of all five IOs display patterns of punctuated equilibria, with longer periods of stability interrupted by shorter periods of dramatic change. Second, the level of institutional friction in decision-making contributes to variation in punctuations across IOs and within IOs over time. The results suggest four broader implications: (1) punctuated equilibrium theory applies to a broader empirical domain than previously thought; (2) patterns of change in IOs are more complex than conventionally expected; (3) institutional friction matters for IOs' responsiveness to societal demands and problem pressures; and (4) deeper integration of punctuated equilibrium theory into the study of IOs can pave the way for a promising IR research agenda.

Due to increasing recognition of the benefits provided by mangrove ecosystems, protection policies have emerged under both wetland and forestry programs. However, little consistency remains among these programs and inadequate coordination exists among sectors of government. With approximately 123 countries containing mangroves, the need for global management of these ecosystems is crucial to sustain the industries (i.e., fisheries, timber, and tourism) and coastal communities that mangroves support and protect. To determine the most effective form of mangrove management, this review examines management guidelines, particularly those associated with Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Five case studies were reviewed to further explore the fundamentals of mangrove management. The management methodologies of two developed nations as well as three developing nations were assessed to encompass comprehensive influences on mangrove management, such as socioeconomics, politics, and land-use regulations. Based on this review, successful mangrove management will require a blend of forestry, wetland, and ICZM programs in addition to the cooperation of all levels of government. Legally binding policies, particularly at the international level, will be essential to successful mangrove management, which must include the preservation of existing mangrove habitat and restoration of damaged mangroves.

This article examines how multiple ownership changes unfold in international equity joint venture (IEJV) evolution and how such repeated changes impact short-term performance and long-term survival. By theorizing a new concept—the trap of continual change—in the IEJV context, we challenge the adaptive viewpoint assumed in alliance dynamics research. We propose that partners sometimes respond to an initial dissatisfaction with the venture result with a dysfunctional repetition of rearranging the ownership control structure. This continual change locks the organization into bad choices and sends it into a downward spiral. Acknowledging the mixed motive nature of inter-partner relationships, we incorporate cooperative versus competitive dynamics manifested in shared control arrangements. We propose that shared ownership control lends stability to the IEJV until the initial IEJV agreement is renegotiated; this stability is a result of the cooperative forces of mutual interdependence and mutual forbearance between the partners. However, when the power balance breaks down, the potential for inter-partner conflict increases. When the ownership control structure of the IEJV is restructured, especially multiple times, shared control arrangements become increasingly unstable as behavioral, cultural, and managerial differences are amplified.