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Today, Restorative Justice has wide international recognition, both in universal international law and in European regional law. However, and despite the tendency of countries around us that have legislated on it, the reality is that in Spain there are only a few normative references to Restorative Justice or criminal mediation, with no express regulation on the matter. Faced with the regulatory proposals to modify the Criminal Procedure Law made in 2011 and 2013 or in the current Draft Law to reform said Law of November 2020, which expressly refers to it, the truth is that the line is not followed of the 2018 Recommendation and is not regulated exhaustively, incorporating it in a real and effective way into our internal legal system. This paper aims to offer a proposal for regulation on the matter, taking into account the theoretical-practical experience accumulated by Spanish facilitators in restorative justice and intrajudicial criminal mediation in different pilot projects promoted by the General Council of the Judiciary, in Tribunals or Courts throughout the national territory, and thanks to the initiative of some Autonomous Community such as the Basque Country, where restorative justice is a reality materialized through the Restorative Justice Services. ; Hoy la Justicia Restaurativa tiene amplio reconocimiento internacional, tanto en el derecho internacional universal como en el regional europeo. Sin embargo, y pese a la tendencia de países de nuestro entorno que han legislado sobre ella, la realidad es que en España solo hay algunas referencias normativas a la Justicia Restaurativa o a la mediación penal, no existiendo una regulación expresa sobre la materia. Frente a las propuestas normativas de modificación de la LECr realizadas en 2011 y 2013 o en el actual Anteproyecto de Ley de reforma de dicha Ley de noviembre de 2020 que se refiere a ella expresamente, lo cierto es que no se sigue la línea de la Recomendación de 2018 y no se regula de forma exhaustiva, incorporándola de forma real y efectiva a ...

Article 26(4) of the Constitution of Kenya guarantees the right to abortion in these circumstances: 'where there is danger to the life of the mother; where there is danger to the health of the mother; if there is need for emergency treatment of any kind; and if allowed by any other written law.' Accordingly, this dissertation argues that the jurisprudence of international and regional human rights bodies demonstrates that the right to abortion is a justiciable human right. Therefore, it probes whether Kenya is honouring her state obligation to respect, promote and fulfil the right to abortion as a human right as guaranteed in the Constitution and international law obligations. Furthermore, it analyses Kenyan law and policy on the right to abortion and assesses whether Kenya's law on abortion is a barrier to the effective realization of the right to abortion. To investigate whether safe abortion is accessible to Kenyan women and a realizable human right in Kenya, the dissertation examines the Constitution, legislation and government policies on access to abortion vis-à-vis the reality and experiences of Kenyan women accessing safe abortion. The dissertation finds that the subsisting contradiction between the constitution and the penal code provisions on access to abortion reinforced by inconsistent policies from the government of Kenya continues to exacerbate unsafe abortion in Kenya thus hindering the effective realisation of the right to abortion in Kenya. The study compares how South Africa, has implemented its progressive law on the right to abortion and the insights that Kenya could draw from the South African experience.The study concludes by appealing to Kenya to ensure the effective realisation of the right to abortion by revoking the punitive clauses of the penal code, aligning laws and government policies with Article 26(4) of the Constitution, enacting the Reproductive Healthcare Bill that will expand access to abortion and educating Kenyans on the current permissive legal provisions on access to safe abortion.

El debate acerca de la implementación de una ley sobre el control previo de fusiones y concentraciones ha sido superado en nuestro país, después de la primera promulgación en el sector eléctrico. Pasaron más de 100 años desde su inserción en la legislación internacional, siendo nuestro país uno de los últimos en aprobarla en Latinoamérica, después de varias recomendaciones. Pero como la ley es novedosa en nuestro ordenamiento, la comunidad jurídica necesitará analizar la viabilidad y las consecuencias prácticas de su aplicación, razón por la cual presento este trabajo. La normativa tiene sus defectos, por lo que primero analizaré algunos aspectos importantes de la ley y algunas variaciones del proyecto de ley. Es necesario saber el desarrollo de la normativo para saber frente a que nos estamos enfrentando. Y como último aspecto, la ley, por cómo se encuentra redactada, genera espacios controvertidos donde no es posible su aplicación en estricto. Así que revisaremos jurisprudencia internacional para resolver los supuestos normativos de difícil verificación. ; The discussion about the implementation of a law on the prior control of mergers and concentrations has been overcome in our country, after the first enactment in the electricity sector. It was more than 100 years since its insertion into international legislation, our country being one of the last to approve it in Latin America, after several recommendations. But as the law is new in our system, the legal community will need to analyze the viability and practical consequences of its application, which is why I present this work. The regulation has its defects, so the first thing I will analyze some important aspects of the law and some variations of the law project. It is necessary to know the development of the regulation to know what we are facing. And as a last aspect, the law, by how it is drafted, generates controversial spaces where its strict application is not possible. So, we will review international jurisprudence to resolve normative assumptions that are difficult to verify.

The article describes the legal regulation of the contractual relations of carriage of passengers by air transport, analyzes the protection of the rights of passengers in case of delay or cancellation of the flight according to the national legislation of Ukraine and according to the norms of international conventions and regulations, and the determination of the international law of delay. Special civilistic literature has been analyzed and, on this basis, it is concluded that insufficient attention is paid to the protection of civil rights under the contract of carriage of passengers by air. As a rule, it is only the carrier's liability for non- compliance or improper performance of the terms of the contract of carriage of passengers by air. The conflict of law rules on the application of civil liability in the case of voluntary compensation is also indicated. It is pointed out that the rules of air transportation of passengers and baggage should clearly state the consequences of non-compliance or improper fulfillment by the parties of the contract, admissible forms and methods of protection of both violated rights and the interests of the person (passenger) protected by law, among which the main should be compensation for damages (including moral (non-property) damages.) The position was maintained that since in a specific legal relationship for the carriage of passengers by air, it is impossible to determine all subjective rights and rights the legal obligations that would constitute the content of the contract of carriage, namely the interests protected by law of a person arising from its civil legal status, and are a link between the benefits and subjective rights, ensuring the complete protection of the rights of passengers in the broadest sense and possibility However, it is important to note that such a position must find its legal fixation at the level of law. ; В Статтi охарактеризовано правове регулювання договiрних вiдносин перевезення пасажирiв повiтряним транспортом, проаналiзовано захист прав пасажирiв при затримцi чи скасуваннi рейсу за національним законодавством України і за нормами міжнародних конвенцій та регламентів, проаналiзовано визначення затримки та скасування рейсу за національним законодавством України та мiжнародним.

The aim of this article is to identify the main principles governing the interpretation of domestic law clauses that grant jurisdiction to ICSID arbitration and to analyse the meaning of such provisions in the context of the SPP v. Egypt case as the first case on the issue. The article first examines the peculiarities of consent to ICSID jurisdiction by way of national legislation. In the first part the analysis of the practice of arbitral tribunals in which a claim was introduced on the basis of consent to arbitration in domestic law shows that specific language of national legislation on consent to arbitration varies considerably. Therefore, since consent is the "cornerstone" of the Centre's jurisdiction, arbitral tribunals recognize that not all references to ICSID arbitration in national legislation amount to consent. They approach the task of ascertaining the existence of such consent with great care. In the second part, the article focuses on the SPP v. Egypt case on the issue and analyses challenges that the tribunal met in interpreting relevant national clauses and establishing the consent to arbitration. Finally, this article discusses the legacy of interpretation standard of SPP v. Egypt case in context of the dissenting opinion and further case law. It is argued that the rules of interpretation of domestic law clauses that grant jurisdiction to ICSID arbitration are conditioned by the sui generis nature of consent to arbitration as unilateral declarations capable of giving rise to international legal obligations. Therefore, for the purpose of establishing whether there is consent to arbitration provided in national legislation, international tribunals reasonably take a balanced approach and use the methodological mix of rules of interpretation involving various sources: the VCLT, customary law principles governing unilateral declarations and domestic legislation. Additionally, this article provides suggestions on the possible role of the Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of states capable of creating legal obligations (Guiding principles) in interpreting domestic provisions containing an offer to arbitrate before ICSID.

Awareness has been recently increased about gender-based rights and citizenship in Jordan. Many of the issues concerning gender equality arise in the private sphere. Therefore, focusing on the politics of family law is important with regards to women's rights in particular. Family law is the law related to matters such as polygamy, divorce, inheritance, child custody, guardianship and obedience. The effects are observed especially when Jordanian women try to exercise their granted constitutional political rights. It is the family (personal status) law that runs individual affairs within the private sphere in a patriarchal society where it affects also on exercising others' rights in the public sphere. It still embodies and reinforces explicit discrimination against women and is enshrined in national legislations. For example, in private sphere family issues, women have to address the religious court, where decisions are based on the judge's perspective. This study is an attempt to analyze the current personal status (family) law. Much of the available local literature in Jordan is purely theoretical, and systematic empirical studies with strong gender analyses are devastatingly absent. Therefore, semi-structured interviews using purposeful sampling that encompassed a range of elite actors involved in these issues–from academics to politicians and civil society activists – were conducted. A reputation-based snowball sampling method, a technique for finding research subjects by referral from one subject to the next, was used. Interviews of elite actors were conducted to collect the qualitative primary data, while the secondary sources represent document analyses, such as national and international documents like the Jordanian Constitution, agreements, laws, regulations, articles and books. This study concluded that Jordan has to establish both a public sphere and private sphere (e.g. the family domain, where women are primarily located) as an ideology in the corresponding laws and Constitution, because the modernization or liberalization of laws is an essential process for empowering individuals, particularly women in Jordan. This means that the laws and basic human rights need to be taken seriously and reconstructed for each development or evolution era for the citizens' benefit rather than just as a display for the international community showing fake modernity.

Основными терминами, используемыми законодателем при описании преступлений наркотической группы, являются «наркотические средства», «психотропные вещества», «аналоги» этих веществ и их «прекурсоры». поскольку часть этих преступлений относится к трансграничным, принципиально важно соответствие национальных определений друг другу. Автор исследует эти термины и выясняет, что в российском законодательстве УК РФ, Федеральном законе «о наркотических средствах и психотропных веществах», а также в постановлении правительства РФ «об утверждении перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации» отсутствует четкое разграничение между «наркотическими средствами» и «психотропными веществами», а термин «аналоги» их дублирует, но при этом сформулирован крайне расплывчато, что формирует предпосылку к неправильному применению права. выясняется также, что в международном праве термин «аналоги» отсутствует. Автором используются методы сравнительного правоведения, буквального толкования, привлекаются источники международного права. В процессе исследования автор находит различие между терминами «наркотические вещества» и «психотропные вещества». В качестве вывода своего исследования автор предлагает свое определение «аналогов наркотических средств и психотропных веществ». ; The key terms the legislator uses when describing the group of drug-related crimes are "drugs", "psychotropic substances", "analogs" of these substances and their "precursors". As some of the crimes mentioned can be considered cross-border crimes, it is essential that national definitions are in harmony with one another. The author investigates these terms and finds out that in the Russian legislation, viz. in the Criminal Code, in the federal law "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances", and in the governmental decree "On approval of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors subject to control in the Russian Federation", there is no clear distinction between "drugs" and "psychotropic substances", moreover the term "analogs" duplicates them and is very vaguely worded, which altogether forms ground for the misuse of law. Also, the term "analogs" is missing in the international law. In the presented article the author makes use of the following methods: comparative law, literal interpretation, she also involves interpretation of the sources of international law. In the study the author finds the difference between the terms "drugs" and "psychotropic substances". As a conclusion of her study the author offers her definition of the term "analogues of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.".

Abstract
The aim of this article is to identify the main principles governing the interpretation of domestic law clauses that grant jurisdiction to ICSID arbitration and to analyse the meaning of such provisions in the context of the SPP v. Egypt case as the first case on the issue. The article first examines the peculiarities of consent to ICSID jurisdiction by way of national legislation. In the first part the analysis of the practice of arbitral tribunals in which a claim was introduced on the basis of consent to arbitration in domestic law shows that specific language of national legislation on consent to arbitration varies considerably. Therefore, since consent is the "cornerstone" of the Centre's jurisdiction, arbitral tribunals recognize that not all references to ICSID arbitration in national legislation amount to consent. They approach the task of ascertaining the existence of such consent with great care. In the second part, the article focuses on the SPP v. Egypt case on the issue and analyses challenges that the tribunal met in interpreting relevant national clauses and establishing the consent to arbitration. Finally, this article discusses the legacy of interpretation standard of SPP v. Egypt case in context of the dissenting opinion and further case law. It is argued that the rules of interpretation of domestic law clauses that grant jurisdiction to ICSID arbitration are conditioned by the sui generis nature of consent to arbitration as unilateral declarations capable of giving rise to international legal obligations. Therefore, for the purpose of establishing whether there is consent to arbitration provided in national legislation, international tribunals reasonably take a balanced approach and use the methodological mix of rules of interpretation involving various sources: the VCLT, customary law principles governing unilateral declarations and domestic legislation. Additionally, this article provides suggestions on the possible role of the Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of states capable of creating legal obligations (Guiding principles) in interpreting domestic provisions containing an offer to arbitrate before ICSID.