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A major problem facing the economic development of Ghana and the West African sub-regions is the provision of enterprise credit to small businesses. In order to address this issue, the British Council together with ISSER organized a three-day sub-regional seminar in March 1995. The seminar focused on four specific issues: the nature and level of demand for credit by small and medium enterprises; credit supply constraints; alternatives to bank credit; and the scope for future support from informal finance. This book represents a selection of the papers presented at the seminar. (DÜI-Hff)

Introduction. The relevance of the subject is proved by the interest in the activity of the fuel and energy complex which remains for Russia one of the economic system donors. In this regard, there is growing interest in the experience of the energy industry development in other states, for example to the oil industry reforms in the Great Britain in the last quarter of the 20th century.

Methods and materials. The basis of the research is made by works of foreign authors and sources in English. The complex structure of the object of study determines using general historical techniques and the system approach.

Analysis. The research of the evolution of the British oil industry is connected with considering the general economic situation in the country and the dominating ideological attitudes of the United Kingdom authorities concerning the economic system during the post-war period. It is possible to note that British authorities paid close attention to the oil industry. The privatization of oil enterprises, which began in the second half of the 1970s, became a reaction to the changes of the economic situation within the country and in the world. It was the tactical maneuver under the Labourists directed to stabilization of the economic system without its essential updating. The subsequent transformations of the oil industry under the Conservatives were based on the basis of the economic paradigm revision, with the expectation of reducing the state's participation in the ownership of enterprise assets, forming a broad layer of owners, both among small and large holders of securities, as well as strengthening the independence of fuel companies.

Results. As a result of the reforms in the market, several fuel companies different in power, continued working. The authorities got an opportunity not only to replenish the budget, but also to fulfill the mechanisms of indirect impact on the oil industry that, on the one hand, allowed to differentiate the spheres of the parties' responsibilities, and on the other hand, to maintain the influence of the state in the strategic segment of economy.

This survey provides an indispensable guide to current political and social issues in contemporary Britain. It describes and reviews a broad range of current social attitudes derived from extensive nationwide interviews. This report summarises and interprets data from the most recent survey.

The article examines the development of citizenship legislation in Great Britain from the 20th century to the present day. The authors analyze the influence of the historical context and political events on the formation of the current system of categories of British citizenship and on changes in the legislation on citizenship. Special attention is paid to understanding the institution of citizenship in the context of contemporary social cultural problems of British society, migration policy and the formation of national identity.

"At the end of the Second World War, Germany lay at the mercy of its occupiers, all of whom launched programmes of scientific and technological exploitation. Each occupying nation sought to bolster their own armouries and industries with the spoils of war, and Britain was no exception. Shrouded in secrecy yet directed at the top levels of government, and driven by ingenuity from across the civil service and armed forces, Britain made exploitation a key priority. By examining factories and laboratories, confiscating prototypes and blueprints, and interrogating and even recruiting German experts, Britain sought to utilise the innovations of the last war to prepare for the next. This ground-breaking book tells the full story of British exploitation for the first time, sheds new light on the legacies of the Second World War, and contributes to histories of intelligence, science, warfare, and power in the midst of the twentieth century"--

They built some of the first communal structures on the empire's frontiers. The empire's most powerful proconsuls sought entrance into their lodges. Their public rituals drew dense crowds from Montreal to Madras. The Ancient Free and Accepted Masons were quintessential builders of empire, argues Jessica Harland-Jacobs. In this first study of the relationship between Freemasonry and British imperialism, Harland-Jacobs takes readers on a journey across two centuries and five continents, demonstrating that from the moment it left Britain's shores, Freemasonry proved central to the building and co

This edition of Martineau's history consists primarily of the History of the Peace: Being a History of England from 1816 to 1854, as well as the introductory History of England , AD 1800 to 1815. Martineau's work thus encompasses British history from the turn of the nineteenth century through the Crimean War. Along with extensive annotations, this edition features a comprehensive introduction discussing Martineau's life and work, her role as a historian, her pioneering contributions to the emerging discipline of historiography as well as the work's reception history.Also included in this editi

Island-based states and territories harbour abundant wildlife, are acutely vulnerable to impacts of environmental degradation, and are often deemed non-self-governing due to associations with sovereign metropoles. Addressing environmental issues in these contexts can be dependent on governments having the appropriate authorities to engage in environmental action, but also the capacities needed to do so effectively. This paper develops an empirical analysis of environment and sovereignty in the context of the British Overseas Territories (UKOTs). Focusing on the mediation of sovereign powers for environmental action, the paper presents findings from interviews with representatives of government, civil society and scientific organisations to explore the authorities, needs and capacities for environmental action in the UKOTs and the perceived benefits and limitations that arise from the contextual condition of smallness in some territories. The paper synthesises suggestions for mediating relations of environmental sovereignty going forward in the context of Global Britain. ; peer-reviewed

Island-based states and territories harbour abundant wildlife, are acutely vulnerable to impacts of environmental degradation, and are often deemed non-self-governing due to associations with sovereign metropoles. Addressing environmental issues in these contexts can be dependent on governments having the appropriate authorities to engage in environmental action, but also the capacities needed to do so effectively. This paper develops an empirical analysis of environment and sovereignty in the context of the British Overseas Territories (UKOTs). Focusing on the mediation of sovereign powers for environmental action, the paper presents findings from interviews with representatives of government, civil society and scientific organisations to explore the authorities, needs and capacities for environmental action in the UKOTs and the perceived benefits and limitations that arise from the contextual condition of smallness in some territories. The paper synthesises suggestions for mediating relations of environmental sovereignty going forward in the context of Global Britain.

The essay proposes to explore the mobilisation of the figure of the black neighbour in 1970s' comedy as a means of commenting upon and critiquing British multicultural discourse of the time through a consideration of popular and mainstream sitcoms Love Thy Neighbour (ITV, 1972—76) and Rising Damp (ITV, 1974—78). The paper argues that whilst these comedies might seem radical for their time in normalising black neighbours, poking jokes at white bigots, and engaging with social taboo head-on, they ultimately serve to confirm the status quo by appeasing mainstream audiences and letting them off the hook for ongoing racism, whilst placing the burden for the happy functioning of a culturally and ethnically diverse nation in the hands of individuals without reference to cultural, political, historical or economic contexts that have combined to disenfranchise, alienate and subordinate black Britons.

This article presents a qualitative study of conceptual metaphors identified in Twitter discourse involving Ukraine by the current British Foreign Secretary Phillip Hammond. The study further described in this article involves a corpus of Hammond's tweets associated with Ukraine, which is subsequently juxtaposed with Hammond's online articles and speeches involving Ukraine in order to elucidate whether or not there are Twitter-specific conceptual metaphors in Hammond's Twitter discourse associated with Ukraine. The results of the data analysis reveal that Hammond's short messages on Twitter, or tweets, associated with Ukraine are embedded in conceptual metaphors 'Ukraine's future EU Membership as a Journey', 'UK as a Nurturant Parent', 'EU as a Nurturant Parent', 'Country as a Friend Helping Ukraine' and 'Russia as the EU's OTHER'. Identical conceptual metaphors have been found in Hammond's online non-Twitter discourse involving Ukraine. These findings are further presented and discussed in the article.

There is sufficient evidence to establish the institution of local self-government is almost prehistoric, and the conception is indigenous to the Indian soil. It has originated since the Vedic Period. Municipal governments have flourished in India since time immemorial. While kings rose and fell, Village Panchayats which formed an essential part of the local as well as the national life, helped to preserve democratic traditions in social, economic, political and cultural life. We get numerous references about local self-government Manuscript, Ramayana, Mahabharata and Kautillya's Arthashastra.Sabha and Samiti in the ancient Hindu period and Village panchayats in the Mughal periods, flourished as an autonomous bodies like panchayats.But during the British rule, the autonomy of village panchayats gradually declined with the establishment of local civil and criminal courts; revenue system and police organizations, increase of communications, and the spread of western education and culture etc.

When British Prime Minister Harold Wilson urged Lyndon Johnson not to escalate hostilities in Vietnam in 1965, he did so not because he was morally opposed to the war or thought the war was intractable but because he was concerned about the likely impact of U.S. actions on his own domestic power base. Wilson's stance of providing moral but not military support for U.S. policy in Vietnam caused anger and disillusionment among leftwing Labour Party activists and members of Parliament, spurring them to active opposition against Wilson's government. Even so, Wilson managed to prevent a major schism within his government and party over the Vietnam War. His attempts to broker a peace deal between the combatants were largely designed to placate Labour Party activists while raising Wilson's profile as a world statesman. Although the initiatives did not generate any progress toward a ceasefire, they were relatively successful on the domestic front.

When British Prime Minister Harold Wilson urged Lyndon Johnson not to escalate hostilities in Vietnam in 1965, he did so not because he was morally opposed to the war or thought the war was intractable but because he was concerned about the likely impact of U.S. actions on his own domestic power base. Wilson's stance of providing moral but not military support for U.S. policy in Vietnam caused anger & disillusionment among leftwing Labour Party activists & members of Parliament, spurring them to active opposition against Wilson's government. Even so, Wilson managed to prevent a major schism within his government & party over the Vietnam War. His attempts to broker a peace deal between the combatants were largely designed to placate Labour Party activists while raising Wilson's profile as a world statesman. Although the initiatives did not generate any progress toward a ceasefire, they were relatively successful on the domestic front. Adapted from the source document.