Suchergebnisse

Impeachment In Constitutional System. This paper aims: To know and analyze how the impeachment arrangements in the Indonesian state administration system; To know and analyze how the legal process in impeachment mechanism before amendment and after an amendment of 1945 Constitution; by using Normative Method The study conducted in this research is the literature. Impeachment of the President and Vice President of his / her position is not new in the Indonesian state administration system. Both before the amendment and after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution. The 1945 Constitution of the amendment result has specified the provisions concerning the Impeachment of the President and Vice President as head of state. However, the mechanism of the impeachment process is determined in a constitutionally eliminative manner even though these reasons have a very broad interpretation and may be subjective, especially in a political institution of the DPR, by which there are several things to be considered in the impeachment process in Indonesia, such as the impeachment process in the House of Representatives Regional and process of Impeachment in the Constitutional Court. There is a need for the provision of legal products or the making of procedural law which regulates the impeachment of the President and Vice President. ; Impeachment Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan. Tulisan ini bertujuan: Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana pengaturan impeachment dalam sistem ketatanegaraan indonesia; Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana proses hukum dalam mekanisme impeachment sebelum amandemen dan sesudah amandemen UUD 1945; dengan menggunakan metode Normatif Studi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah kepustakaan. Impeachment Presiden dan/atau wakil Presiden dari jabatannya bukanlah hal yang baru dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Baik sebelum amandemen maupun setelah amandemen UUD 1945. Undang-undang Dasar Negara 1945 hasil amandemen telah memuat secara khusus ketentuan mengenai Impeachment Presiden/dan atau Wakil Presiden sebagai kepala negara. Namun mekanisme proses impeachment ditentukan secara liminatif dalam konstitusi meskipun alasan-alasan tersebut memiliki penafsiran yang sangat luas dan dapat saja subjektif terutama dalam sebuah lembaga politik DPR,olehnya ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses impeachment di indonesia, diantaranya adalah proses impeachment di Dewan Perwakilan Daerah dan proses Impeachment di Mahkamah Konstitusi.sehingganya perlu adanya ketentuan produk hukum atau pembuatan hukum acara yang mengatur mengenai impeachment Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden.

В настоящее время террористические организации, используя минимальные силы и средства, способны достичь значительных политических (идеологических) целей и оказать существенное влияние на формирование общественного сознания. Современный терроризм, как инструмент достижения политических целей, представляет собой многовекторную угрозу для любого современного общества и не имеет государственных границ. В статье на основе статистических данных проводится анализ влияния терроризма на развитие системы безопасности европейских стран. Показана необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования их системы безопасности, усиления специальных организаций, координация действий полиции, различных служб и общественных организаций по борьбе с терроризмом и его предотвращением. ; В даний час терористичні організації, використовуючи мінімальні сили і засоби, здатні досягти значних політичних (ідеологічних) цілей та здійснити істотний вплив на формування суспільної свідомості. Сучасний тероризм, як інструмент досягнення політичних цілей, являє собою багатовекторну загрозу для будь-якого суспільства і не має державних кордонів. У статті на основі статистичних даних проводиться аналіз впливу тероризму на розвиток системи безпеки європейських країн. Показана необхідність подальшого вдосконалення системи безпеки, посилення спеціальних організацій, координація дій поліції, різних служб і громадських організацій по боротьбі з тероризмом та його запобіганню. ; At present, terrorist organizations, using minimal forces and means, can achieve significant political (ideological) goals and have a significant influence on the formation of social consciousness. Modern terrorism, as an instrument for achieving political goals, represents a multi-vector threat to any modern society and does not have state boundaries. The article analyzes the impact of terrorism on the development of the security system of European countries on the basis of statistical data. It is shown that the conduct of new terrorist acts in Europe can seriously hampers the launched fight against terrorism and reduce its effectiveness. To a large extent, it applies to countries where the emergence of terrorist organizations is still in progress and the position of the so-called Islamic State is not strong enough. Taking into account social contexts (Europeans' desire for security primarily on their own territory), there may not be a common political will and consent of European governments to engage in antiterrorist operations outside their countries. The necessity of further improvement of their security system, strengthening of special organizations, coordination of actions of the police, various services and public organizations in combating and preventing terrorism is substantiated.

The necessity and rationality of certain legislative changes in the sphere of banking regulation in the system of state administration of banking activity have been noted, particularly it has been emphasized on the effectiveness of regulating the normative and legal base by: exclusion of regulations of currency positions and establishment of flexible exchange limits instead of them that allows the National Bank of Ukraine to regulate the level of currency risks in accordance with the conditions of the international currency market and the financial and economic situation in the state, and banks to carry out in advance the adjustment of strategies; exclusion of regulations in the correlation of regulatory capital to the duties and total assets and establishing the norm of the main capital adequacy instead of them that allows to avoid their duplication with the regulation of regulative capital adequacy; exclusion of the regulation of the maximum total amount of loans, guarantees and warranties granted to insiders was necessary due to its duplication of the regulation of the maximum amount of credit risk on transactions with entity related to a bank. It has been emphasized on the irrationality of the exception pf the regulation of the maximum amount of loans, guarantees and warranties granted to one insider, which led to the inability to assess and minimize the risks associated with credit transactions with a separate entity related to a bank. That is why there is a need for establishing the regulation H10 "The regulation of the maximum amount of credit risk on one entity related to a bank". The author has also offered to establish the efficiency standards of using assets (H14 and H14-1) that ensure the stability of banks, support of their reliability and stimulate economic growth. ; Проаналізовано зміни, що відбувались останнім часом у законодавстві України у сфері банківського регулювання, зокрема зміни щодо встановлення економічних нормативів і контролю за їх дотриманням банками. Встановлено доцільність виключення з чинних нормативно-правових актів нормативів валютних позицій, нормативів співвідношення регулятивного капіталу до зобов'язань і сукупних активів, нормативу максимального сукупного розміру кредитів, гарантій і поручительств, наданих інсайдерам. Запропоновано закріпити в чинному законодавстві норматив максимального розміру кредитного ризику на одну пов'язану з банком особу та нормативи ефективності використання активів.

This research aims to know the level of health of Bank BNI 46 using RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, Capital). Assessment of the health of the bank rate is used to determine whether the bank is in a very healthy condition, healthy, reasonably healthy, less healthy, or unhealthy. A healthy bank is a bank that is able to keep and maintain the trust of the community, can perform the function of intermediary, can help smooth the payment traffic and can be used by the Government in implementing the various policies relating to, especially monetary policy. This type of research uses descriptive analysis methods with quantitative approach that aims to describe systematically and factual about the facts as well as the relationships between variables are investigated by means of collecting data, processing menginterprestasikan, analyze, and secondary data from the financial statements of Bank BNI 46. The results showed that the Risk profiles of the components of the Non Performing Loan (NPL) average value below 2% which means that bank BNI 46 are at a very healthy state, means the bank can control the risk of going bad credit happens. As for the components of the Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) bank BNI 46 from 2012-2016 experience fluctuating growth declines and are in the position well enough. This suggests that the ability of the lower liquidity of bank BNI 46. The results of the rating component of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is at rank 2 which means in a State of healthy, so the bank has good corporate governance. Assessment of Earnings/earning ratios seen from the value of the Return on Equity (ROE) above 15% very good circumstances, it means that the bank maintains consistent gains its profits. NET Interest Margin (NIM)) bank BNI 46 in 2007-2016 have a rating above 3% NIM means the bank is in very good condition. Value-based capital components Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) have a rating above 11% which means it is in very good condition. This means bank BNI 46 have capital adequacy to fulfill obligations that are owned, both in its business activities as well as funding to cover the risk in the future.

The subject of the paper is state ideology is an element of labor market.The main aim of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that main tasks of state ideology as a key element of labor market are positive motivation to systematic long-term employment, as well as social responsibility of business by strengthening the information function of labor legislation.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparative method, description) as well as particular academic methods (formal-legal method, interpretation of legal acts).The main results and scope of their application. The modern labor market should be defined as the vacancy market. At the same time, neither the concept of a vacancy nor its characteristics are established by legislation. The state ideology plays an important role among other information flows in the system of mandatory structural elements of the labor market. The state ideology accompanies the socio-economic development of society. The formation of labor motivation holds the dominant position in the organization of the labor market. State policy in relations on the organization of the labor market is a set of management decisions of the authorities, which form the state ideology among other things. The state, when realize its interests in the sphere of labor legislation, should actively use the so-called advisory type of legal regulation of labor relations. The proposed analysis may become a crucial point for future legal research in the field of labor market.Conclusions. Positive motivation to systematic long-term employment, as well as social responsibility of business are the main tasks of state ideology as a key element of labor market. The formation and consolidation of such ideology will make it possible to apply the provisions of labor legislation more accurately in accordance with its meaning and purpose. ; Анализируется рынок труда и его элементы. Обосновывется важность государственной идеологии в системе обязательных структурных элементов рынка труда: она сопровождает социально-экономическое развитие общества, предопределяет государственную политику в сфере труда и занятости и служит ее целям. Делается вывод, что основу государственной идеологии на рынке труда должна составить позитивная мотивация граждан к систематической длительной занятости, а также социальная ответственность бизнеса.

In the early postwar years Norway was among the most active in the campaign against Franco's Spain, supporting the policy of keeping Spain out of the UN, and pushing for UN members to break off diplomatic relations with Spain. Within a few years the policy of ostracism was seen to fail as it appeared to strengthen rather than weaken the Franco regime. Spain was then gradually allowed into the warmth. Until the early 1950s Norway's retreat from its 1946 position was very reluctant, and it was in 1949 the last Western European state to accept normalization. Spain retaliated with economic pressures, and by 1951 Norway had relented and joined in the general reestablishment of normal diplomatic relations, and in 1955 accepted the package deal that brought Spain into the UN. The article discusses the foreign policy concerns and the domestic political struggles that explain Norwegian policies, including the veto on Spanish NATO membership that was never given up. ; En los primeros años de la posguerra Noruega fue uno de los países más activos en la campaña en contra de la España de Franco, apoyando la política de apartar a España fuera de las Naciones Unidas y presionando a los miembros de ésta a romper las relaciones diplomáticas con ella. En unos pocos años se comprobó el fracaso de la política del ostracismo, puesto que acabó por fortalecer, más que debilitar, el régimen franquista. A partir de entonces, las relaciones con España fueron templándose poco a poco. Hasta los primeros años cincuenta, la retractación noruega de su posición de 1946 resultó un tanto reacia, y no fue hasta 1949 cuando se convirtió en el último de los estados de Europa occidental en aceptar la normalización de la situación. España contraatacó con presiones económicas y para 1951 Noruega ya había cedido su posición para unirse al restablecimiento general de las relaciones diplomáticas normales, de manera que en 1955 aceptó el paquete de acuerdos que llevó a España a las Naciones Unidas. Este artículo analiza las relaciones internacionales y las luchas políticas domésticas que explican las políticas noruegas, incluyendo el veto al ingreso de España como miembro de la OTAN, que nunca fue levantado.

У статті з'ясовано позицію провідних країн світу щодо закріплення питання захисту свободи слова на законодавчому рівні, проаналізовано інформаційну діяльність та концептуальні засади функціонування неурядової міжнародної організації «Репортери без кордонів» (РБК) в Україні. ; The author of the article treats the freedom of the press as one of important guaranties of information security as it provides the access of citizens to full, all-sided and truthful information, defends public and individual consciousness from propaganda influence and other forms of manipulation, stimulates accumulation, renovation and your transmission of information within social system.The position of key countries of the world concerning the problem of freedom of speech securing by legislative regulation is clarified; information activity and conceptual grounds for functioning of non-governmental international organization "Reporters without borders" inUkraineare analyzed.The author of the article also analyzes the principal methods of censorship in Ukraine: direct censorship, that is censoring the content of information programs and published materials: censoring crimes against journalists; preventing mass media representatives from fulfilling their professional duties; exerting pressure upon the press by state power bodies and local self-governments; creating unequal competition conditions in mass media market; prosecuting unmotivated suits against mass media in law courts with the demand of financial compensation for moral detriment or damage to business reputation for groundlessly enormous sums. Author's special attention is paid to the pressure on free mass media, threats to life and health of journalists according to information data of "Reporters without Borders" organization .Physical violence remains the gravest manifestation of censorship against Ukrainian journalists. InUkrainethere are registered cases of criminal methods of influence against mass media representatives, connected with their professional activities. The most widely used methods of pressure on journalists are threats, aimed at cessation or limitation of journalistic activities. And it takes place, unfortunately, under conditions of passivity of Ukrainian system of human rights defense.In conclusions the author of the article proves the importance of the development of stability and freedom of speech security within the framework of European policy.Further development of democratic state at large depends on high-grade carrying-out the function of informing people by Ukrainian mass media.

The subject of the research is the historiographical situation in the ethnology of the early Soviet period and its dynamics caused by a radically changing political and ideological context. The basic characteristics of ethnology in the 1920s. were theoretical and methodological pluralism with the paradoxical absence of the Marxist direction, as well as high dynamics of theoretical discourse. The discussion on the methodological issues of ethnology that took place at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. became a natural development of the historiographical situation and at the same time a critical milestone in the development of ethnology. Young intellectuals, who can be called "Marxists", and their informal leader V.B. Aptekar' initiated a theoretical discussion, determined its character and direction: Marxism as the "only correct" scientific method was opposed to the conceptual constructs of "bourgeois" ethnology. However, the transfer of ethnography to the "Marxist rails" almost led to the abolition of the scientific discipline itself. The article reconstructs the context, course and content of the discussion; it considers different variants of Marxism, proposed by both "bourgeois" specialists and young humanities scholars; it also analyzes strategies for promoting intellectual positions. As a result the dogmatic understanding of Marxism prevailed, the discussion was forcibly stopped, fundamental theoretical issues were disavowed, and ethnography was reduced to the status of auxiliary scientific discipline. ; Предмет исследования – историографическая ситуация в этнологии раннесоветского периода и ее динамика, вызванная радикально менявшимся политическим и идеологическим контекстом. Базовыми характеристиками состояния этнологии в 1920-х гг. являлись теоретико-методологический плюрализм при парадоксальном отсутствии марксистского направления, а также высокая динамика теоретического дискурса. Дискуссия по методологическим вопросам этнологии, происходившая на рубеже 1920-1930-х гг. стала естественным развитием историографической ситуации и одновременно критическим рубежом в развитии этнологии. Молодые интеллектуалы, которых условно можно называть «марксистами», и их неформальный лидер В.Б. Аптекарь инициировали теоретическую дискуссию, определили ее характер и направление: марксизм как «единственно верный» научный метод был противопоставлен концептуальным построениям «буржуазной» этнологии. Однако перевод этнографии на «марксистские рельсы» едва не привел к упразднению самой научной дисциплины. В статье реконструируются контекст, ход и содержание дискуссии; рассматриваются разные варианты марксизма, предлагавшиеся как «буржуазными» специалистами, так и молодыми гуманитариями; анализируются стратегии продвижения интеллектуальных позиций. В результате возобладало догматическое понимание марксизма, дискуссия была насильственно прекращена, принципиальные теоретические вопросы дезавуированы, а этнография сведена до статуса вспомогательной научной дисциплины.

The present study is an extended version of an article presented at the 16th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics, Wuhan (China), 16 - 20 October 2017). The authors are indebted to COST Action CA1537 "European Network for Research Evaluation in the Social Sciences and the Humanities" for supporting this work. Kasper Bruun is employed in the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science: positions and views expressed in the paper are solely on the account of the author. ; This study investigates patterns in the language and type of social sciences and humanities (SSH) publications in non-English speaking European countries to demonstrate that such patterns are related not only to discipline but also to each country's cultural and historic heritage. We investigate publication patterns that occur across SSH publications of the whole of the SSH and of economics and business, law, and philosophy and theology publications in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Flanders (Belgium), Norway, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. We use data from 74,022 peer-reviewed publications from 2014 registered in at least one of the eight countries' national databases and for 272,376 peer-reviewed publications from the period of 2011–2014 registered in at least one of the seven countries' national databases (for all countries except Slovakia). Our findings show that publication patterns differ both between fields (e.g. patterns in law differ from those in economics and business in the same way in Flanders and Finland) and within fields (e.g. patterns in law in the Czech Republic differ from patterns in law in Finland). We observe that the publication patterns are stable and quite similar in West European and Nordic countries, whereas in Central and Eastern European countries the publication patterns demonstrate considerable changes. Nevertheless, in all countries, the share of articles and the share of publications in English is on the rise. We conclude with recommendations for science policy and highlight that internationalization policies in non-English speaking countries should consider various starting points and cultural heritages in different countries. ; The work of Emanuel Kulczycki was supported by the National Programme for the Development of Humanities in Poland [grant number 0057/NPHR3/H11/82/2014]. Tim Engels and Raf Guns thank the Flemish Government for its funding of the VABB through the Centre for R&D Monitoring (ECOOM).

La montagne est un milieu vulnérable vis-à-vis du changement climatique comme l'indiquentdéjà les évolutions paléoclimatiques.Inédite à l'échelle des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, l'analyse de longues séries homogénéisées dedonnées sur la période 1950-2013 indique une augmentation des températures de +0,2 °C à +0,3 °C par décennie. Les projections climatiques établissent la poursuite du réchauffement :à l'horizon 2071-2100, selon le scénario RCP 8.5, le réchauffement pourrait atteindre 4°C. Enmatière d'enneigement, en dépit d'une forte variabilité inter-annuelle et d'une tendance plusmarquée à basse altitude, une perte de 2 à 3 jours d'enneigement par décennie est observéedepuis le début des années 1980 ; les projections futures présagent d'une accélérationsensible à partir des années 2050. Ces changements physiques ont des conséquencessur la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes ainsi qu'un impact économiqueet social majeur. Les aspects opérationnels de l'appropriation du changement climatique,des stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation adoptées, mis en oeuvre à différentes échellesterritoriales témoignent du besoin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre processusenvironnementaux et sociaux dans les espaces montagnards, avec au centre la question desperceptions et des représentations du changement climatique, qui demeure un volet essentielpour saisir les freins et les leviers potentiels à l'adaptation des sociétés locales. En cherchantune meilleure résilience climatique et une planification plus durable de la totalité du modèleéconomique actuel, anticipation et adaptation sont les grands défis auxquels les différentsterritoires de montagne devront faire face. Cela passe nécessairement par une connaissanceaccrue de la question climatique et des risques naturels associés.Concernant la montagne limousine, sa position en tête de bassin et ses ressourcesessentiellement de flux constituent un enjeu particulier vis-à-vis du changement climatique.Le maintien de zones humides et la biodiversité associée est conditionné par la préservationde la ressource en eau tandis que les pratiques agricoles, sylvicoles et d'élevage vont devoirquant à elles s'adapter à davantage de sécheresses. Sur le plan socio-environnemental, lescaractéristiques démographiques (faible densité, ménages modestes) et l'ancienneté du bâtirequièrent une attention particulière dans la mise en place de politiques d'accompagnementdes territoires vers une meilleure résilience.Nous, ou les générations futures, assisterons sans aucun doute à une recomposition despaysages montagnards. Sans réaction adaptée rapide, le risque est grand de laisser semodifier des services écologiques essentiels et d'impacter les activités et le bien-être d'unepartie de la population dépendant des ressources de haute et moyenne altitudes.

The discovery of oil in Uganda in 2006 ushered in an oil-age era with new prospects of unforeseen riches. However, after an initial exploration boom developments stalled. Unlike other countries with major oil discoveries, Uganda has been slow in developing its oil. In fact, over ten years after the first discoveries, there is still no oil. During the time of the research for this book between 2012 and 2015, Uganda's oil had not yet fully materialised but was becoming. The overarching characteristic of this research project was waiting for the big changes to come: a waiting characterised by indeterminacy. There is a timeline but every year it gets expanded and in 2018 having oil still seems to belong to an uncertain future. This book looks at the waiting period as a time of not-yet-ness and describes the practices of future- and resource-making in Uganda. How did Ugandans handle the new resource wealth and how did they imagine their future with oil to be? This ethnography is concerned with Uganda's oil and the way Ugandans anticipated different futures with it: promising futures of wealth and development and disturbing futures of destruction and suffering. The book works out how uncertainty was an underlying feature of these anticipations and how risks and risk discourses shaped the imaginations of possible futures. Much of the talk around the oil involved the dichotomy of blessing or curse and it was not clear, which one the oil would be. Rather than adding another assessment of what the future with oil will be like, this book describes the predictions and prophesies as an essential part of how resources are being made. This ethnography shows how various actors in Uganda, from the state, the oil industry, the civil society, and the extractive communities, have tried to negotiate their position in the oil arena. Annika Witte argues in this book that by establishing their risks and using them as power resources actors can influence the becoming of oil as a resource and their own place in a petro-future. The book offers one of the first ethnographic accounts of Uganda's oil and the negotiations that took place in an oil state to be.

Invasive alien species (IAS) cause myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, human, animal and plant health issues, economic damage and species extinctions. There are many sources of emerging and future IAS, such as the poorly regulated international pet trade. However, we lack methodologies to predict the likely ecological impacts and invasion risks of such IAS which have little or no informative invasion history. This study develops the Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, a new measure of ecological impact that incorporates per capita functional responses (FRs) and proxies for numerical responses (NRs) associated with emerging invaders. Further, as propagule pressure is a determinant of invasion risk, we combine the new measure of Pet Propagule Pressure (PPP) with RIP to arrive at a second novel metric, Relative Invasion Risk (RIR). We present methods to calculate these metrics and to display the outputs on intuitive bi- and triplots. We apply RIP/RIR to assess the potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of four commonly traded pet turtles that represent emerging IAS: Trachemys scripta scripta, the yellow-bellied slider; T. s. troostii, the Cumberland slider; Sternotherus odoratus, the common musk turtle; and Kinosternon subrubrum, the Eastern mud turtle. The high maximum feeding rate and high attack rate of T. s. scripta, combined with its numerical response proxies of lifespan and fecundity, gave it the highest impact potential. It was also the second most readily available according to our UK surveys, indicating a high invasion risk. Despite having the lowest maximum feeding rate and attack rate, S. odoratus has a high invasion risk due to high availability and we highlight this species as requiring monitoring. The RIP/RIR metrics offer two universally applicable methods to assess potential impacts and risks associated with emerging and future invaders in the pet trade and other sources of future IAS. These metrics highlight T. s. scripta as having high impact and invasion risk, corroborating its position on the EU list of 49 IAS of Union Concern. This suggests our methodology and metrics have great potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management. This, however, relies on collation and generation of new data on alien species functional responses, numerical responses and their proxies, and imaginative measures of propagule pressure.

Цель. Прояснить контуры экзистенциального подхода к проблеме идентичности как альтернативного теоретико-методологической позиции в сравнении с эссенциалистским и конструктивистким подходами.Методология. Исследование базируется на философской рефлексии, которая понимается в качестве особого метода, позволяющего анализировать социокультурные феномены, опираясь на социогуманитарные дисциплины и литературно-художественное осмысление действительности. Теоретико-методологическая позиция в основном определяется идеями экзистенциальной аналитики (М. Хайдеггер) и логотерапии (В. Франкл). Методологическое значение для исследования имеют общие установки феноменологии и экзистенциализма, а также концепция нарративной идентичности П. Рикёра.Результаты. Сформулированы некоторые концептуальные положения экзистенциального понимания идентичности как целостного феномена. Показан экзистенциальный характер проблемы социально-антропологической идентичности, конституирующийся связанностью смысложизненных вопросов «кто я?» и «ради чего?». Прояснена связь уровней социально-антропологической идентификации: персонального, социокультурного и антропологического.Область применения результатов. Результаты могут использоваться для разработки социально-политических программ, связанных с проблематикой развития человеческого потенциала и патриотического воспитания в качестве теоретико-методологических оснований. Материалы могут включаться в курсы и модули преподавания социальной философии и философской антропологии. ; Purpose. Clarify the conceptual outline of the existential approach to the problem of identity as an alternative theoretical-methodological position by contrast to essentialism and constructivism approaches.Methodology. The research is based on philosophical reflection understood as a special method to analyse sociocultural phenomena per se based on materials from various social sciences and a literary and artistic insight of reality. The theoretic and methodological standpoint is particularly based on the ideas of existential analysis (M. Heidegger) and logotherapy (V. Frankl). The general assumptions of phenomenology and existentialism as well as the P. Ricœur's narrative identity concept were also valuable as research methods.Results. Several concepts of existential understanding of identity as a cohesive phenomenon have been formulated. The research has shown the existential nature of the problem of social and anthropological identity constituted by connection of meaning-of-life questions of "who am I?" and "What is it for?" The connection between the levels of social and anthropological identification – personal, sociocultural, and anthropological – have been clarified.Practical application. The results can be applied in development of social and political programs related to human development potential and patriotic education as a theoretical and methodological basis. The materials can also be used in teaching social philosophy and philosophical anthropology.

Цель. Целью данной статьи является анализ исторических, этнографических и философских материалов об экологической культуре народов Поволжья, что необходимо для определения сущности последней.Метод или методология проведения работы. В статье используются классические методы научного исследования: сравнительно-исторический, логический, ретроспективный, проблемно-хронологический и др. Кроме того, в исследовании находит отражение такой методологический прием, как критика источников об экологических взглядах народов Поволжья. По мысли М. Хайдеггера, данный метод включает «весь комплекс разыскания, сопоставления, проверки, оценки, хранения и истолкования источников». Критикуя различные текстовые источники по конкретной проблеме, исследователь занимает диалогическую позицию по отношению к их авторам, что позволяет ему стремиться к более объективным выводам.Результаты. Процесс изучения экологической культуры Поволжского региона можно разделить на три периода: этнографический – XIX – первая четверть XX вв.; технократический – 1930–1960-е гг.; экоориентированный – 1970–2000-е гг. Выделение обозначенных периодов обусловлено социальными и политическими преобразованиями, происходившие в России и, как следствие, повлиявшие на характер научных исследований Поволжья.Область применения результатов. Обращение к истории изучения экологической культуры народов Поволжья позволит систематизировать сведения о роли человека в региональной экосистеме. ; Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the historical, ethnographic and philosophical materials about the ecological culture of the Volga region, which is necessary to determine the essence of the latter.Methodology. The article uses classical methods of scientific research: comparative-historical, logical, retrospective, problem-chronological, etc.In addition, the study reflects such a methodological technique as criticism of sources about the environmental views of the peoples of the Volga region. According to Martin Heidegger, this method includes "the whole complex of search, comparison, verification, evaluation, storage and interpretation of sources". Criticizing various text sources on a specific problem, the researcher takes a dialogical position in relation to their authors, which allows him to seek more objective conclusions.Results. The process of studying the ecological culture of the Volga region can be divided into three periods: ethnographic – XIX – the first quarter of the XX centuries; technocratic – 1930–1960-ies; eco-oriented – 1970–2000-ies.the Allocation of the designated periods is due to social and political transformations that took place in Russia and, as a consequence, influenced the nature of scientific research in the Volga region.Practical implications. An appeal to the history of the study of ecological culture of the peoples of the Volga region will systematize information about the role of man in the regional ecosystem.

Food systems, from the local to the global, face a complex set of challenges in the twenty-first century. As recognized in the latest round of the United National Framework Convention on Climate Change talks, it is clear that global targets for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions cannot be met without major alterations to agriculture and supply chains. At the same time, these systems must adapt to changing and uncertain climatic conditions. Across national and international agendas, agriculture plays a further central role in achieving food security, driving economic growth, alleviating poverty, and sustaining ecological functions and services. In reality, food and agriculture intersect with every one of the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs), underlining growing global concern for, sometimes highly contested debate over, sustainability in food systems. It is in food systems, perhaps more than anywhere else, that we have the clearest illustrations of the contemporary realities of climate change. If evidence were needed that the challenges of a changing climate are not just those of the future, but of today, then, recent food price shocks, crop failures, and famine crises should suffice (FSIN, 2017). These events are not, of course, determined by weather alone, but are the manifestation of complex and cross-scale social, political, economic, and ecological processes, and should serve as a warning against simple and deterministic interpretations of contemporary food systems. Grappling with these complex issues is essential, if we are to understand how climate change contributes toward risks to the food system, thereby enabling targeted coordination of policies within and across governments. In this short paper, we briefly discuss the burgeoning approach of climate-smart agriculture, which seeks to integrate complex issues and set out a direction for change in contemporary systems. Only broad systemic perspectives, as advocated and advanced in this journal section, positions us (as a broad and diverse academic community) to engage with the grand challenges of providing healthy diets for a growing population, avoiding unsustainable land use change, and adapting to and mitigating climate change. The primary aim of this piece is, therefore, to set out our call for journal contributions from interdisciplinary, cross-scalar, and systemic approaches to the goal of designing climate-smart food systems. We argue here that these designs include and necessarily transcend climate-smart agriculture.