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The main aim of this paper is an analysis of the region in general form and to look at innova- tion and knowledge in the European Union's economic growth and social security strategy. The research objectives here encompass the presentation of the innovation system and knowledge in promoting entrepreneurship, the theoretical concept of the innovation system and process at the level of the region, the knowledge-based economy, constructed advantage, the constructed advantage provided by the Triple Helix model, Europe 2020 strategy, Innovation Union and Horizon 2020 as the financial instruments implemented by the Innovation Union. An important result of the research is the conclusion that in the innovation process the connections between science (universities), market (industry) and government are very important. There is a positive dependence between innovation activities and the effectiveness of the innovation process. More interaction and cooperation can be observed on the regional than on the state level. The new programmes of scientific and innovation research, Europe 2020 and the Innovation Union, are very important factors in the strategy of the European Union's economic growth and social security.

During the 1992 campaign, candidate Bill Clinton made the strategic decision to embrace many aspects of an economic model called "managed competition" in his approach to health-care reform. Managed competition ideas did not die when Clinton's health plan expired. Instead, they informed the 1997 expansion of a demonstration project into the Medicare + Choice program. Today, the Medicare + Choice legacy lives on in the Medicare Advantage and prescription drug programs created by the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003. Shortcomings of the managed competition approach received little public attention during the debate over the Medicare Modernization Act, despite the fact that the record of Medicare + Choice is disappointing in a number of respects. There are serious questions about the ability of the managed competition approach to control costs and achieve equitable access to high-quality care. Nevertheless, the approach remains influential largely because of political considerations.

In its attempt to identify the different dimensions to the problem of making social science more relevant for policy in Nigerian society, this book has provided unique source material for policy makers who are concerned with how to make their decisions relevant and functional

This book is the first of a series which makes available to an English-speaking audience the work of the individual Chinese economists who were the architects of reform. The series provides an inside view of China's economic reform, revealing the thinking of the reformers themselves, unlike many other books on China's economic reform which are written by outside observers

MANY WORKS ON ECONOMIC VOTING IN HOUSE ELECTIONS HAVE PLACED AN ALMOST EXCLUSIVE EMPHASIS ON RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATIONS. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT SUCH AN EMPHASIS IS MISPLACED. AN ANALYSIS OF THE U.S. NATIONAL ELECTION STUDIES OF 1956 THROUGH 1988 SUPPORTS THE ARGUMENT THAT PEOPLE BOTH LOOK BACKWARD AND FORWARD WHEN DECIDING FOR WHOM TO VOTE. WHILE BOTH RETROSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS ARE IMPORTANT, PROSPECTIVE EVALUATIONS ARE CLEARLY THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND VOTE CHOICE. EVEN WHEN PARTY IDENTIFICATION IS PRIOR TO THE PROSPECTIVE EVALUATIONS IN A CAUSAL MODEL, THE PROSPECTIVE ITEMS HAVE A STRONG INFLUENCE ON VOTE CHOICE. ALSO, WHEN ALL THE SHARED VARIANCE BETWEEN THESE PROSPECTIVE EVALUATIONS AND THE OTHER ITEMS IN THE MODEL IS ASSIGNED TO THE OTHER ITEMS, THE PROSPECTIVE ITEMS REMAIN A STRONG INFLUENCE ON VOTE CHOICE.

This study investigates factors influencing monetary policy decisions of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) over the period 1960–1998. Competing perspectives regarding the process of monetary policy making exist, with some researchers contending the FOMC makes short‐run policy decisions based solely on "objective" macroeconomic considerations and others arguing that political and other nonmacroeconomic considerations significantly influence monetary policy voting. Empirical studies support both views in varying degrees. This article presents a model of FOMC decision making which posits that (1) the current/prospective macroeconomic environment at the time of FOMC meetings is the most important consideration of monetary policy makers, and (2) nonmacroeconomic variables receive little attention unless macroeconomic conditions are difficult for policy makers to assess. Probit results support the implications of the model.