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After three decades of demobilising the Swedish defence sector following the end of the Cold War, Sweden recently revived civil defence planning, including new instructions to plan for food security in the event of war. This policy shift has raised questions as to how farming's vulnerability to disruptions differs today from in the Cold War era, as well as how this vulnerability might best be mitigated. This article presents and discusses key vulnerabilities in Swedish farming as perceived by farmers and some technological solutions to these envisioned by rural entrepreneurs. The focus is on technologies that could increase farm-level self-sufficiency and decrease vulnerability to trade disruptions. Using a sociotechnical imaginaries framework, to which we contribute the concept of 'technovisions', we highlight how farmers' perceptions of potential technological solutions are embedded in social, material and moral values. We conclude that the technovisions presented, based on the production of renewable fuels, can contribute to reducing dependency on imported fuel and fertilisers and thus decrease vulnerability, and that these technovisions are placed firmly within a productionist imaginary of how food security can be achieved.

The authors focus on the generation of young Belarusian Millennials represented in this research by the students born in 1995–2000. Their main features include political indifference, everyday use of IT technologies, individualism and rational life attitudes. Taking into account both objective and subjective characteristics of this generation, the authors argue that it demonstrates a significant shift in societal development of Belarus. Under the social and cultural conditions of stability and political conservatism, the 'silent revolution' took place: Millennials transcoded the traditional values of the previous Soviet generations. The conceptualization of this phenomenon cannot be made only on the basis of quantitative data not capturing the new tendencies in youth development. The authors combine qualitative and quantitative methods that enhance a possibility to measure new meanings the youth puts into the basic values. This approach made it possible to discover the new youth features that may affect Belarusian development in the near future: its ambivalent self-identification, dominance of pragmatism and individualism. This phenomenon can be considered as a spontaneous reflection to the challenges that Belarus was facing during the post-Soviet transformation.

This article was later published in the book "Europeanization and Territorial Politics in Small European Unitary States: A Comparative Analysis" by Sandrina Antunes (Editor), John Loughlin (Editor). Routledge, 2020. ; The two main features of the Finnish two-tier system are, on the one hand, the strength of the traditional national ministerial structure and, on the other hand, an extensive local self-government. Due to severe structural and socio-economic challenges, Finnish subnational governance has been in constant flux and subject to successive reform processes since the accession of Finland to the European Union in 1995. This article addresses the effects of these reform processes on regional capacity building and specifies the mediating domestic factors, which account for an indirect EU impact on the rescaling of state authority. The impact of the EU is, according to the results, strongly mediated by domestic factors, particularly by an interaction between contextual and structural factors as well as path dependent developments. The conclusion is that subnational developments since the early 1990s cannot be interpreted as a strengthening of regions at the expense of the state. ; Peer reviewed

This book challenges the common European notions about African migration to Europe and offers a holistic understanding of the current situation in Africa. It advocates a need to rethink Africa-Europe relations and view migration and borders as a resource rather than sources of a crisis. This book constitutes a valuable resource for research scholars and students of Border Studies, Migration Studies, Conflict and Security Studies, and Development Studies seeking specialisation in these areas. Written in an accessible style, it will also appeal to a more general public interested in gaining a fuller perspective on the African reality. ; This chapter examines how the EU's and Schengen countries' security measures and related bordering practices are experienced by sub-Saharan African refugees, migrants and returnees in various stages of the displacement, on state borders as well as before and after crossing them. Drawing on research material gathered through multi-sited fieldwork in Kenya, Ethiopia, Cyprus, Italy and Finland the chapter elaborates how European securitizing response to migration does not stop migratory movements, but rather causes insecurity and suffering to migrants and leads to the EU compromising its self-proclaimed values. ; Peer reviewed

Marie-Gabrielle Capet's painting Studio Scene (Adélaïde Labille-Guiard paints Joseph-Marie Vien, lay invisible for 185 years, between the Paris Salon of 1808 and its purchase in 1993 for the Munich Neue Pinakothek. This paper analyses this complex painting, its meaning and importance to art history, within the context of women's art education, self-portraiture, and exhibition culture in France during the last quarter of the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries. Capet's painting documents how a woman in Paris at the turn of the nineteenth century navigated a man's world and succeeded in putting forward powerful messages on women's rights to an education within the studio, and equality between the sexes amongst artists. First, Capet's journey to becoming an established working artist is examined. Then, the Salon of 1808, its politics and the critical reception of Capet's painting are discussed. Finally, the image of the professional working woman artist and the underlying messages in Capet's painting are analysed. This paper concludes by discussing the importance of Capet's painting for art history and its relevance to today's viewer.

Abstract A shared workplace, according to Finnish legislation, is a workplace in which one employer exercises the main authority while additional employers or self-employed workers operate simultaneously or successively in such a way that their work may affect the safety or health of other employees. This study aimed to form a holistic view of the occupational safety and health (OSH) challenges facing shared workplaces within the construction industry. The material consisted of randomised OSH inspection reports (N = 79) from the Regional State Administrative Agency. Reports were analysed to gain information about the observed deficiencies. In the analysis, the reports were categorised based on the holistic work system model (ISO 6385, 2016). The analysis carried out in this study resulted in the recognition of common challenges at shared workplaces within the construction industry. Using this method, an individual observation profile for each industry branch can be formulated. Such profiles can be used in the planning of industry-specific inspection checklists for the supervision of OSH as well as in developing the OSH management at shared workplaces.

Nicaraguan migration to Costa Rica is one of the most salient cases of South-South migration in Latin America. Despite Costa Rica's self-representation as a peaceful and democratic society, Nicaraguan migrants in Costa Rica, the main foreign-born community in the country, are widely portrayed in derogatory terms, for example as violent and criminal and in general as "threatening Others" (Sandoval 2004). This chapter explores a set of examples of analyses of critical interventions – regarding immigration law, social imaginaries around which representations of Nicaraguans are framed, and participatory work carried out with impoverished communities – in order to reflect on the ways in which social sciences in Costa Rica attempt to intervene both in the everyday hostility of Costa Rican society and in the ways in which Nicaraguans contest that hostility. Responding to Michael Burawoy's call for a "public sociology" (2005, 2007), the chapter reflects on how debates around public social sciences could enrich the political, institutional, and conceptual location of migration studies in Costa Rica. ; UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales (IIS)

Ziel dieses Working Papers ist es, eine erste kritische Betrachtung der staatlichen Förderinstrumente zur Abmilderung der Folgewirkung der Corona-Pandemie für Solo-Selbstständige, Einzelunternehmer, Kleinst- und Kleinunternehmen sowie mittelständische Unternehmen vorzunehmen. Hierzu wird das Instrument der Szenario-Analyse eingesetzt und vier fiktive Unternehmensszenarien untersucht. Aufgrund der Dynamik der Ereignisse im Zuge der globalen Corona-Pandemie sind in diesem Working Paper vorrangig die von den jeweiligen Bundesministerien neu kommunizierten Maßnahmen zur staatlichen Förderung mit dem Stichtag Montag 16. März 2020 berücksichtigt. Insoweit kann dieses Working Paper lediglich den aktuellen Stand widerspiegeln und bedarf ggf. im Laufe der Zeit einer periodischen Ergänzung. ; The aim of this working paper is, to take a first critical look at government funding instruments to mitigate the effects of the corona pandemic for the self-employed, sole proprietorships, small and medium-sized businesses and medium-sized companies. The scenario analysis tool is used, and four fictitious company scenarios are considered. Due to the dynamics of events in the wake of the global corona pandemic, this working paper primarily takes into account the measures for state funding, communicated by the respective federal ministries with the deadline of Monday, March 16, 2020. In this respect this working paper can only reflect the current status and may require periodic additions over time.

This paper explored the determinants of the informal economy size estimations with survey data in the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model. This model enables us to estimate the unknown variable with the known observable variables. The size of the informal economy estimated with observable variables and to conduct the estimation with this model grouped the observable variables of the study as causes and indicators. In the underlying study, the size of informal economy estimations the variables such as harmfulness of shadow economy, growth of money outside banks, taxes burden, the intensity of government regulations, self-employment, unemployment rate, and agricultural sector dominance have the positive effects whereas the real GDP per capita, total employment, institutional quality, and tax morality have negative effects in the estimation of the informal economy size. The study recommended a future line of studies for scholars to undertake the study on the size of the informal economy estimations with the indirect approach using panel data to know the impacts on the regular economy and other related consequences on the economy.

Abstract: The spread of COVID-19 and the drastic blockages that followed led to the placement of economies and labor markets around the world in a state of emergency. Governments are fighting to protect jobs and businesses. Some of the measures identified and implemented are short-term telework and support for companies and the self-employed. The epidemic caused by coronavirus poses a threat to the European economy and to the living standards of its citizens. In the short term, this means an extreme disruption of citizens and labor markets, as countries impose travel restrictions and blockages at the national level to slow the spread of the virus and prevent overwhelming health services. Governments need to find great ways to protect workers and their economies from financial hardship and potential collapse (Sohrabi et al., 2020). The recession seems inevitable. Citizens themselves also face exceptional limitations on their movements, which could have overwhelming effects on their health and well-being. But the full effects of the crisis are still unknown and could last for many years. Keywords: Labor market, COVID-19, measures; JEL Classification: J20, J28, J29

This paper first portrays the equilibrium payoff of enterprise's cooperation of environmental governance based on the Cournot model. Secondly, the evolutionary game model in complex networks is adopted to depict the evolution of environmental governance cooperative behavior among enterprises. Further, the evolutionary process of environmental governance cooperative behavior of enterprises is simulated considering the supervision behavior of government and the reputation evaluation behavior of environmental social organization. The results show that the cooperation level of enterprise group under self-organization condition will reach a low level; the supervision of government can enhance the cooperation level of enterprise group with high betrayal tempatation while it has limited effect on enterprise group with low betrayal tempatation. The reputation evaluation behavior of environmental social organization can realize reputation effect to improve the the cooperation level of enterprise group with high betrayal tempatation. The enhance of reputation sensitivity can optimize equilibrium distribution of reputation and it can strengthen the reputation effect on cooperation level. Based on the analysis above, the suggestions to effectively improve cooperation level are given.

This article frames whistleblowers as regulatory intermediaries who provide a response to the problem posed by the fragmentation of knowledge in a complex society and market economy. I identify two ways in which whistleblowers become regulatory intermediaries: The first is by remedying informational asymmetries between the regulator and the target (instrumental approach). Both in the United States and in the European Union, whistleblowers are protected on the basis of the value of the disclosed information for the advancement of regulatory objectives. The second way in which whistleblowers become regulatory intermediaries is by contributing to the development of "communities of compliance" and by enhancing the internal self-regulatory capacities of regulatory targets (reflexive approach). Creating internal channels of reporting and monitoring is perceived as a way to change the organizational culture of targets. Through the instrumentalism – reflexivity dipole, competing rationales and normative visions of regulatory intermediation become apparent: It could, on the one hand, facilitate state intervention and legal sanctions or, on the other hand, signal the aspiration to embed public and social values in private actors.

In much of the scholarly literature, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, is recognized as a defender of religious tolerance and pluralism. This is to no small extent the result of how NU has portrayed itself and its actions—including during the 2019 presidential elections, when it professed to have aligned with incumbent president Joko Widodo in order to keep Islamist groups from power. In this article, we analyse the attitudes of NU followers towards religious tolerance and pluralism, and find a significant mismatch between the self-perception of the NU leadership and the actual views held by the NU grassroots. Based on original survey data, we show that NU followers are generally as intolerant of religious minorities as the rest of the Indonesian Muslim population, and in some cases, even more intolerant. We argue that this is the result of NU's long-standing prioritization of battling rival Muslim organizations (which it views as threats to its interests) over advancing substantive tolerance campaigns that could change the religio-political attitudes of its constituency. (Contemp Southeast Asia/GIGA)

This study investigates the differences between zombie firms and non-zombie firms in corporate social responsibility activities such as reporting, disclosure and fulfillment. Using Chinese listing company data collected from 2009 to 2016, we apply a three stage model with a double Heckman correction to deal with potential self-selection/endogeneity bias and to measure the differences consistently. We found that zombie firms are less willing to release standalone corporate social responsibility reports than non-zombie firms. Among companies that release standalone corporate social responsibility reports, the corporate social responsibility disclosure of zombie firms is at least not worse than non-zombie firms, but the corporate social responsibility fulfillment is significantly lower. We conclude from this gap between disclosure and fulfillment to the hypocritical behavior of zombie firms, due to the absence of control in corporate social responsibility. We suggest that government should enhance supervision over zombie firms' corporate social responsibility activities and subsidies towards them in order to lower their economic damage. Supplementary analyses provide some clues concerning the heterogeneity of inconsistence in term of external support characteristics, ownership and censorship which require further studies.

Research relating to the leadership of principals in Indonesia generally uses indicators from various theories and literatures. In fact, principal, teachers and staff who are directly involved with the activities of school principals, of course, they have their own criteria and indicators relate to good principal leadership. This study aims to explore and find the good principal leadership indicators based on principals, teachers, and administration staff perspectives. An open question about the characteristics of a good principal ledership was asked to 124 respondents (12 principals, 93 teachers, and 19 administrative staff). The answer is directed and written at least 3 characteristics words. Furthermore, 670 statement as answers were analyzed qualitatively to take the similarity of meaning and there are 36 Statements with different meaning. Quantitative analysis is done to sort the indicators based on Response Indeks (RI). The results show there are 29 indicators, namely: Wise, Honest, To be responsible, Role models, Discipline, Assertive, Charimatic, Mastering IT, Fair, Smart, Visionary, Transparent, Democratic, Responsive, Open, Friendly, Protect, Humble, Communicative, Motivator, Souled leader, Able to solve problems, Creative, Loyal, Professional, Social soul, Self-Cofidence, and Trustful.