Suchergebnisse

Abstract
War and international humanitarian law (IHL) exist and evolve in a synergistic relationship. On the one hand, treaty and customary law norms can proactively shape warfare. But on the other, changes in the nature of warfare often determine IHL's path forward, for if IHL is to remain effective, it must remain responsive to the context in which it is to be applied. This article offers tentative reflections on how future conflict may affect the evolution of IHL's conduct of hostilities rules as applied to 'cyber capabilities'. It concludes that current and future cyber capabilities and vulnerabilities are driving the positions of States and the wider international community regarding cyber operations during armed conflict. In particular, it predicts movement in the direction of interpreting IHL rules restrictively, that is, in a manner that provides enhanced protection for the civilian population, sometimes at the expense of military advantage.

Zusammenfassung. Bevölkerungsbezogene Untersuchungen des Wohlbefindens von Kindern und Jugendlichen ermöglichen die Identifikation von Risikofaktoren und Risikogruppen für ein beeinträchtigtes Wohlbefinden und gesundheitliche Belastungen. In dieser Arbeit wird am Beispiel dreier internationaler bzw. nationaler bevölkerungsbezogener Studien aufgezeigt, wie sich die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Wohlbefinden und für das Wohlbefinden relevanten Aspekten unter Verwendung komplexer statistischer Modellierungsansätze untersuchen lassen. Die im Modul "Seelisches Wohlbefinden und Verhalten" des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (BELLA-Studie; n = 1700), der Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC; n = 7000) und der KIDSCREEN Studie (n = 8000) an 11 bis 18jährigen Kindern und Jugendlichen erhobenen Daten zu ihrem Wohlbefinden, psychischen Problemen, personalen familiären und sozialen Ressourcen, schulischer Umgebung sowie Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum werden dazu ausgewertet. Über die Daten jeder der drei Studien wurde je eine lineare Strukturgleichungsmodellanalyse mit Lisrel durchgeführt. Die drei unterschiedlichen nach theoretischen Vorüberlegungen spezifizierten Lisrel Modelle weisen eine akzeptable Datenanpassung auf. Personale, familiäre und soziale Ressourcen, psychische Probleme und schulische Anpassung erweisen sich als bedeutende Prädiktoren des Wohlbefindens. Es finden sich Hinweise auf eine komplexe und reziproke Natur der Beziehung zwischen Wohlbefinden und Tabak- bzw. Alkoholkonsum. Die Überprüfung der spezifizierten komplexen Einflussfaktorenmodelle mit LISREL bestätigt die Ergebnisse bisheriger Untersuchungen detaillierter Aspekte der Korrelate des Wohlbefindens. Die Ergebnisse sind mit theoretischen Arbeiten zum Wohlbefinden vereinbar.

Over the last 50 years, the volume and significance of international migration has grown rapidly. Every region of the world, and most of the states within them, are now countries of immigration or emigration‐and some‐timesboth. This article examines international migration trends since the Second World War and reviews UNESCO programme activities. In view of the social, economic, cultural and human rights aspects of migration, the Organizationhas focused considerable efforts on its two distinct but related components: internal and international. The social, cultural, educational and occupational problems specific to women migrants‐a theme which, in the 1980s, took on increasing importance and independence as reflected in a number of UNESCOmeetings and publications‐is reviewed at some length. The complexity of recent migration flows, emerging issues and the need to provide viable policy responses has led UNESCO to develop new methods of research and support for policy formulation by establishing regional migration research networks.

Abstract This paper examines the effects of political pressure groups (lobbies) on transboundary emissions of individual countries and on the stability of international environmental agreements to reduce emissions. We consider two types of lobbies, industry and environmentalists, and we allow for asymmetric countries to consider differences in lobby strengths to study strategic international spillovers of national lobby activities. In our model, lobby groups in countries that are non-signatories to the agreement will impact abatement of the lobby's home country only. In contrast, lobby activities in signatory countries have spillover effects on the abatement decisions of other member countries. As lobby strength impacts abatement, it will, in turn, impact the incentives to participate in the agreement. We find that lobby activities from both lobby groups, industry and environmentalists, can have the potential to facilitate international cooperation to abate global pollution. This, however, depends on the distribution of lobby activities across countries and on whether green lobby groups have a national or international focus.

Traditional state-centric international law does not recognise local government as "subjects" of international law. But this is merely one understanding of international law, which is in itself not static. A pluralist, multistakeholder understanding recognises the increased engagement of local governments with international law and governance in the last decades. Meanwhile, even traditional international law has the tools to recognise – albeit very slowly – new actors that emerge in the field and declare them to enjoy legal personality. Legal personality is then determined by the assessment of the de facto engagement of the new actor in the international legal system. This means that local governments, deliberately or not, have been taking just the right steps by accumulating experience and demonstrating fluency and competence in implementing, negotiating and contesting international law; and accustoming other, more traditional actors of the international community to their presence in the field.

""All for One"" examines inequality and the many ways it matters. In our overview article, the World Bank's Branko Milanovic explains how income inequality is measured and tells us that it's increased in most countries. The good news, he says, is that global inequality--between countries--could be on the downturn. IMF economists Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry find that a more equal society has a greater likelihood of sustaining longer-term growth. Other IMF research on inequality finds that financial sector development not only 'enlarges the pie' by supporting economic growth but divides it mo

"The number, intensity, and impact of diverse forms of 'natural' and 'human-made' disasters are increasing. In response, the international community has shifted its primary focus away from disaster response to prevention and improved preparedness. The current globally agreed upon roadmap is the ambitious Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, central to which is the better understanding of disaster risk management and mitigation. Sendai also urges innovative implementation, especially multi-sectoral and multi-hazard coherence. Yet the law sector itself remains relatively under-developed, including a paucity of supporting 'DRR law' scholarship and minimal cross-sectoral engagement. Commonly, this is attributable to limited understanding by other sectors about law's dynamic potential as a tool of disaster risk mitigation, despite the availability of many risk-related norms across a broad spectrum of legal regimes. This unique, timely Handbook brings together global and multi-sector perspectives on one of the most pressing policy issues of our time"--

Pas de résumé anglais ; Cette étude a comme objet la médiatisation de la Journée Internationale de la femme dans la presse écrite hellénique pendant deux périodes distinctes, les années 1980-1985 et les années 2000-2005. Le corpus de notre travail est constitué de la presse écrite nationale, plus précisément de huit journaux quotidiens, représentatifs des forces politiques qui existent dans le paysage politique hellénique. Les différentes interprétations assignées à l'événement et véhiculées dans l'espace public nous ont incités à étudier comparativement la médiatisation de l'événement pendant chaque période et au sein de chaque quotidien. L'objectif est de montrer comment un événement qualifié en termes de mobilisation et de revendication se transforme en fête anodine à travers les procédés discursifs qui sont utilisés lors de sa médiatisation. Ainsi, nous examinons le cadrage interprétatif tel qu'il se forme à travers la visibilité, la thématique choisie, les genres journalistiques et les modes énonciatifs utilisés pour la légitimation et l'évaluation de la JIDF en mettant en œuvre une analyse de contenu ainsi qu'une analyse énonciative des articles étudiés. Se situant dans le cadre de l'analyse du discours, notre but final est d'examiner le discours portant sur la JIDF dans son articulation avec le contexte sociopolitique de son énonciation. Nous étudions donc la médiatisation de la JIDF et les diversifications que celle-ci présente au cours des années et au sein de chaque dispositif médiatique sur la base des facteurs sociopolitiques et institutionnels : à savoir l'évolution et les tendances idéologiques du mouvement des femmes en Grèce, l'actualité politique de chaque période étudiée et « l'identité discursive » de chaque dispositif médiatique. Selon notre hypothèse de recherche, le traitement médiatique de la JIDF au cours des années constitue la résultante d'un « jeu » complexe d'interactions entre les acteurs d'ordre politique, médiatique et associatif qui essaient de s'emparer les uns les autres afin de mettre en valeur leur propre définition de l'événement. Il s'agit en fait d'un processus plutôt interactif et transversal qui met en jeu de nombreux acteurs, dont le poids fluctue au gré des conjonctures historiques, politiques et sociales