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For many years, facilities location problems have attracted a great deal of attention in the literature. As a result, there is now a variety of methods for solving these problems. However, due to the recent interest, little research is found relating to the issues concerning international facilities location problems. Furthermore, in spite of the extensive modelling work done on facilities location, little modelling research exists on location problems. Provides a capacitated multi‐period, 0‐1 mixed integer programming formulation for the international facilities location problem and discusses its applications to an actual company case. This application is carried out to demonstrate not only how the model can be applied in practice but also to show its potential benefits when compared to other methods.

"Accounting for the pervasive evidence of limited international risk sharing is an important hurdle for open-economy models, especially when these are adopted in the analysis of policy trade-offs likely to be affected by imperfections in financial markets. Key to the literature is the evidence, at odds with efficiency, that consumption is relatively high in countries where its international relative price (the real exchange rate) is also high. We reconsider the relation between cross-country consumption differentials and real exchange rates, by decomposing it into two components, reflecting the prices of tradable and nontradable goods, respectively. We document that, as a common pattern among OECD countries, both components tend to contribute to the overall lack of risk sharing, with the tradable price component playing the dominant role in accounting for efficiency deviations. We relate these findings to two mechanisms proposed by the literature to reconcile open economy models with the data. One features strong Balassa-Samuelson effects on nontradable prices due to productivity gains in the tradable sector, with a muted offsetting response of tradable prices. The other, endogenous income effects causing nontradable but especially tradable prices to appreciate with a rise in domestic consumption demand"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main changes taking place in the system of ensuring international information security after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine. An attempt is made to predict the challenges and risks that the IIS system will face in the future. The priority transformations are connected with the negotiation process within the UN, which, in the context of increasing political antagonism between the key subjects of the dialogue, is becoming increasingly politicized and is beginning to experience some difficulties. It is assumed that in the conditions of the new political reality, the issue of "comprehensive" counteraction to international cybercrime will remain unresolved. There is some fragmentation of the international information security system itself, which is experiencing centrifugal tendencies in terms of promoting alternative approaches to solving key issues in this sphere. Finally, it can be expected that the United States, in interaction with Russia, will more actively engage in a proactive strategy of so-called defend forward, which should be implemented through the concept of persistent engagement. The preliminary conclusions demonstrated by the actions in Ukraine regarding the role and place of cyber attacks directly within the framework of the armed conflict are also considered. It is assumed that in the near future cyber attacks will not be considered as a means of achieving real strategic effects on the battlefield, where conventional weapons play a dominant role. An attempt is made to give some recommendations on maintaining a certain dynamic of the development of the IIS system.

This book is a comparative study of the exclusion of illegally gathered evidence in the criminal trial , which includes 15 country studies, a chapter on the European Court of Human Rights, and a comparative synthetic conclusion. No other book has undertaken such a broad comparative study of exclusionary rules, which have now become a world-wide phenomenon. The topic is one of the most controversial in criminal procedure law, because it reveals a constant tension between the criminal court's duty to ascertain the truth, on the one hand, and its duty to uphold important constitutional rights on the other, most importantly, the privilege against self-incrimination and the right to privacy in one's home and one's private communications. The chapters were contributed by noted world experts on the subject for the XVIII Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in Washington in July 2010.

At the turn of the twentieth century, a large number of Europeans, mostly from Italy and Spain, left their homelands and headed to the distant shores of Argentina in response to the good economic opportunities, fertile land and hopes for a better future that were to be found there. At the time, Argentina was one of the most vibrant world economies. Between 1870 and 1930, around seven million people migrated from Europe to Argentina, although nearly three million returned at some different point during those years. Also foreign capital responded to the opportunities offered by Argentina, and British financial institutions funded an important part of the construction of national infrastructure needed to support growth. In contrast, European migration to Argentina virtually stopped in the 1950s, and in the next 30 years or so the country become a net exporter of professionals who were fleeing economic decline, poor opportunities and authoritarian regimes. Moreover, during this period, financial capital steadily left Argentina looking for safer places. Nowadays, and in contrary to the flow of people a century ago, Argentineans are leaving in large numbers to Spain, Italy and other destinations. Emigration this time is associated with the collapse of the country's currency experiment of the 1990s which left a legacy of massive output decline, high unemployment, financial crisis and lost hopes. This paper investigates the main patterns of international migration to and from Argentina in the twentieth century by examining the effects of relative income differentials, persistence effects, economic cycles and political regimes.

We find in international enterprises a number of exolingual communication : communication is necessary yet the speakers do not posses all the necessary linguistic means. In fact, these situations can lead to insecurity or damaging communication failures, and despite the presence of a large number of languages, multilingual situations function against what is sometimes called "little" ones. The analyses of linguistic choices in Company's Social Network, permits us to highlight the user's interest in alternatives to these language conflicts. Consideration of the written dimension can analyse the major elements of a process of mutual understanding: the writer writes a text in his mother tongue ("endolingual" situation), the receiver must develop a reflexive competence of understanding the text ("exolingual" situation). This is done based on attention to a range of indices from various types of knowledge about language families. The receiver in turn will then answer in his reference language. "Linguistic bridges" enable a different rearrangement of production and reception, expression and understanding. In addition, it leads to putting in place different modes of relations between the interlocutors. The follow up of users of CSN makes it possible to model new exchange protocols : the company's social network can become an informal learning tool and on the job training through languages, a means of self-worth, a tool to develop new skills for the individual, the group, and the company itself. ; Dans le cadre d'entreprises internationales sont produites nombre de communications exolingues : il faut communiquer alors que les interlocuteurs n'en possèdent pas tous les moyens linguistiques. De fait, ces situations peuvent mener à une insécurité ou des pannes de communication préjudiciables. Malgré la présence d'un grand nombre de langues, la situation de multilinguisme opère souvent au détriment de celles qu'on nomme parfois « petites ». L'analyse des choix linguistiques dans un Réseau Social d'Entreprise (RSE) nous a ...

We find in international enterprises a number of exolingual communication : communication is necessary yet the speakers do not posses all the necessary linguistic means. In fact, these situations can lead to insecurity or damaging communication failures, and despite the presence of a large number of languages, multilingual situations function against what is sometimes called "little" ones. The analyses of linguistic choices in Company's Social Network, permits us to highlight the user's interest in alternatives to these language conflicts. Consideration of the written dimension can analyse the major elements of a process of mutual understanding: the writer writes a text in his mother tongue ("endolingual" situation), the receiver must develop a reflexive competence of understanding the text ("exolingual" situation). This is done based on attention to a range of indices from various types of knowledge about language families. The receiver in turn will then answer in his reference language. "Linguistic bridges" enable a different rearrangement of production and reception, expression and understanding. In addition, it leads to putting in place different modes of relations between the interlocutors. The follow up of users of CSN makes it possible to model new exchange protocols : the company's social network can become an informal learning tool and on the job training through languages, a means of self-worth, a tool to develop new skills for the individual, the group, and the company itself. ; Dans le cadre d'entreprises internationales sont produites nombre de communications exolingues : il faut communiquer alors que les interlocuteurs n'en possèdent pas tous les moyens linguistiques. De fait, ces situations peuvent mener à une insécurité ou des pannes de communication préjudiciables. Malgré la présence d'un grand nombre de langues, la situation de multilinguisme opère souvent au détriment de celles qu'on nomme parfois « petites ». L'analyse des choix linguistiques dans un Réseau Social d'Entreprise (RSE) nous a ...

We find in international enterprises a number of exolingual communication : communication is necessary yet the speakers do not posses all the necessary linguistic means. In fact, these situations can lead to insecurity or damaging communication failures, and despite the presence of a large number of languages, multilingual situations function against what is sometimes called "little" ones. The analyses of linguistic choices in Company's Social Network, permits us to highlight the user's interest in alternatives to these language conflicts. Consideration of the written dimension can analyse the major elements of a process of mutual understanding: the writer writes a text in his mother tongue ("endolingual" situation), the receiver must develop a reflexive competence of understanding the text ("exolingual" situation). This is done based on attention to a range of indices from various types of knowledge about language families. The receiver in turn will then answer in his reference language. "Linguistic bridges" enable a different rearrangement of production and reception, expression and understanding. In addition, it leads to putting in place different modes of relations between the interlocutors. The follow up of users of CSN makes it possible to model new exchange protocols : the company's social network can become an informal learning tool and on the job training through languages, a means of self-worth, a tool to develop new skills for the individual, the group, and the company itself. ; Dans le cadre d'entreprises internationales sont produites nombre de communications exolingues : il faut communiquer alors que les interlocuteurs n'en possèdent pas tous les moyens linguistiques. De fait, ces situations peuvent mener à une insécurité ou des pannes de communication préjudiciables. Malgré la présence d'un grand nombre de langues, la situation de multilinguisme opère souvent au détriment de celles qu'on nomme parfois « petites ». L'analyse des choix linguistiques dans un Réseau Social d'Entreprise (RSE) nous a ...

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