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This paper analyzes how SOGI (sexual orientation and gender identity) rights and same-sex partnership are framed and discussed at the macro-level of state discourse as well as the micro-level of in...

AbstractDuring the last forty years of the United States' fight for woman suffrage, a handful of suffragists wrote cookbooks sponsored by suffrage organisations. These cookbooks created a rhetorical space and ethos within and through the kitchen. Because their activism was grounded in expected feminine actions, this home‐bound ethos allowed the primarily white, middle‐class suffragists to simultaneously advocate for women's suffrage in public and maintain their adherence to the Cult of True Womanhood. The arguments put forth in the cookbooks illustrate an ethos that is influenced by both personal agency and the rhetor's gendered, physical location in the kitchen. From this expected space, they made the more revolutionary argument for suffrage less discrediting.

Describes the obstacles to abortion access, including lack of federal funding; restrictive laws, encompassing those requiring parental consent or notification for a minor seeking an abortion, as well as those attempting to ban a certain procedure; stigmatization and marginalization of abortion; decreasing abortion services; and a shortage of providers. Connects the erosions in rights relating to abortion to policies undermining poor women's rights in relation to having children. (Original abstract - amended)

According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central Americanexperience, which shows particularities since the 19th century. ; El actor central en las relaciones internacionales es el Estado soberano independiente, según la naturaleza del sistema westfaliano; sin embargo, en la disciplina no se han desarrollado enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso de independencia. Se considera más un asunto del derecho internacional y de los intereses políticos de los actores estatales. Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo, la cuestión de la independencia como un paso básico para que las entidades políticas accedan a la categoría de Estado, lo que sirve de fundamento para entender el papel del Estado independiente en el orden westfaliano. Al reconocer que hay cambios profundos en el sistema internacional, es necesario observar las variaciones en la concepción de independencia, sobre todo en relación con el principio de autodeterminación y el reconocimiento.Esto tiene mayor relevancia a partir de la década de 1990, por los procesos de desintegración de algunos países, en particular, el caso de Kosovo; otra experiencia relevante es Taiwán. A lo anterior, se suma el debilitamiento del Estado, con la aparición de variantes que cuestionan la estatidad y la existencia del actor estatal. Al final,se hace una breve referencia a la experiencia latinoamericana y centroamericana, que muestran particularidades desde el siglo XIX.

ABSTRACT
Federalism plays a foundational role in structuring public expectations about how the United States will respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, as both an unprecedented public-health crisis and an economic recession. As in prior crises, state governments are expected to be primary sites of governing authority, especially when it comes to immediate public-health needs, while it is assumed that the federal government will supply critical counter-cyclical measures to stabilize the economy and make up for major revenue shortfalls in the states. Yet there are reasons to believe that these expectations will not be fulfilled, especially when it comes to the critical juncture of the COVID-19 pandemic. Though the federal government has the capacity to engage in counter-cyclical spending to stabilize the economy, existing policy instruments vary in the extent to which they leverage that capacity. This leverage, we argue, depends on how decentralized policy arrangements affect the implementation of both discretionary emergency policies as well as automatic stabilization programs such as Unemployment Insurance, Medicaid, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Evidence on the US response to COVID-19 to date suggests the need for major revisions in the architecture of intergovernmental fiscal policy.

The article considers "letters to the editors" addressed to the regional Soviet newspapers in 1985–1991as a kind of "letters to the authorities" and an important channel for this type of social and political communication. In the second half of the 1980s, the scale of the epistolary activities of Soviet citizens increased significantly. The departments of letters in central and local newspapers and magazines "drowned" in the flow of letters written on a wide range of issues – from the current political agenda to personal biographies of newspaper readers. History, the past, historical and cultural heritage have become a distinctive feature of the "letters to the editor" during perestroika. The paper focuses on a complex of unpublished written sources – letters from readers to the editorial office of the popular newspapers Molodaya Gvardiya and Vechernyaya Perm, published in the capital of the Perm region. The data of the local press are supplemented by the archival files of the all-Union weekly Literaturnaya Gazeta. The study shows that letters to the editor of the period under research represent the hierarchical nature of communication between readers and the editors from the bottom up, demonstrate the inequality of the potentials of the sender and recipient of letters. Letters to the editor often were often written according to the formats that had developed in the previous decades of Soviet history. On the other hand, the sources make it possible to reveal the discursive features of the letters of the perestroika era in terms of composition, rhetorical devices and themes. Letters to the editor are interpreted as one of the channels for promoting local historical and cultural initiatives, activism on issues of local identity, etc.

Description based on: 1999 ; title from cover. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The discourse of globalization resembles an Indian god: it has many faces, is full of mystery, all-powerful & it confirms the attitude with which it is approached: fear or hope. However, my thesis points in another direction: globalization, in a socio-theoretical context, is tantamount to a revolution in the social sciences, forcing a change in perspective, a change of paradigms from the -- as I would argue -- predominant "methodological nationalism" to a "methodological cosmopolitanism" (Beck, 2006; Beck & Sznaider, 2006). I will first examine this thesis in general & then, as a second step, develop it in more detail using the example of a key topic, the concepts of power & state. References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this article is to investigate in which ways multi-level actor cooperation advances national and local implementation processes of human rights norms in weak-state contexts. Examining the cases of women's rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina and children's rights in Bangladesh, we comparatively point to some advantages and disadvantages cooperative relations between international organisations, national governments and local NGOs can entail. Whereas these multi-level actor constellations (MACs) usually initiate norm implementation processes reliably and compensate governmental deficits, they are not always sustainable in the long run. If international organisations withdraw support from temporary missions or policy projects, local NGOs are not able to perpetuate implementation activities if state capacities have not been strengthened by MACs. Our aim is to highlight functions of local agency within multi-level cooperation and to critically raise sustainability issues in human rights implementation to supplement norm research in International Relations.

Today we can state that neoliberal globalization having broken national identity and sovereignty, didn't establish any adequate structure that can catch prerogatives that are slipping away from national states and societies and cannot focus them on wider geopo-litical area. Though in the conditions of radicalization of competition on the world stage and with respect to threats that appear from no control in the world there appear new growing-points for development. This exact fact dictated a sharp turn of attention from the theory of 'Weakening of State' to the theory of 'Building of State'. ; Сегодня можно констатировать, что неолиберальная глобализация, подорвав национальную идентичность и национальный суверенитет, не создала адекватных структур, способных подхватить прерогативы и «скрепы», ускользающие от нацио-нальных государств и сообществ и сконцентрировать их на более широком геополитическом пространстве. Однако в условиях обострения конкуренции на мировой арене и угроз, проистекающих из неконтролируемости и неуправляемости мира, у нацио-нального государства появляются новые точки роста. Именно это обусловило разво-рот внимания от теорий «ослабления или отмирания государства» к теориям «государственного строительства». ; Сегодня можно констатировать, что неолиберальная глобализация, подорвав национальную идентичность и национальный суверенитет, не создала адекватных структур, способных подхватить прерогативы и «скрепы», ускользающие от нацио-нальных государств и сообществ и сконцентрировать их на более широком геополитическом пространстве. Однако в условиях обострения конкуренции на мировой арене и угроз, проистекающих из неконтролируемости и неуправляемости мира, у нацио-нального государства появляются новые точки роста. Именно это обусловило разво-рот внимания от теорий «ослабления или отмирания государства» к теориям «государственного строительства».

Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to obtaining an understanding of internal controls, assessing the control risk of noncompliance; and performing tests of those controls unless controls were deemed to be ineffective; and providing an opinion on whether the State complied with the provisions of laws, regulations, and contracts or grants that have a direct and material effect on the National Guard Military Operations and Maintenance Projects Program.