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Colombian authorities have made financial inclusion a core element of the country's socioeconomic development. The Central Bank of Colombia (BRC) requested support from the World Bank to develop and execute a nationally representative survey on financial capability. This report covers the first nationally representative study to detail the financial behavior, attitudes, and knowledge that comprise financial capability. One complementary national study is the annual Household Financial Burden and Education Survey (IEFIC) jointly undertaken by the BRC and the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). This report provides insights on consumer behavior, attitudes, and knowledge relevant to initiatives promoting financial education and financial inclusion. Preliminary insights from this study have been used in developing the National Strategy on Social and Economic Policy (CONPES) document outlining the strategy for financial education in Colombia. There is an ongoing debate over measures that will codify a national financial education strategy into law. This report has following four objectives: (i) to provide empirical evidence on the financial behavior, attitudes, and knowledge of the Colombian population; (ii) to support the design of public policies to enhance both knowledge about and the quality of financial services; (iii) to highlight vulnerabilities and gaps in particular segments of the population with the goal of improving and focusing public policies and interventions where they are most needed; and (iv) to provide a basis for international comparison with other countries for which these data are available. This report describes a baseline measure of the financial capability of the Colombian adult population and highlights key results from the first national survey. This report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two describes key findings related to daily money management and financial planning behaviors and attitudes. Chapter three examines decisions related to the use of financial products and level of financial knowledge. Chapter four summarizes key behaviors and attitudes into financial capability scores, facilitating the creation of profiles and comparisons among different segments of the population. Chapter five presents international comparisons. Chapter six examines the relationship between financial capability, financial knowledge, and financial inclusion. Chapter seven provides policy recommendations related to the key challenges to financial capability identified in the report.

Although a number of m-money businesses have emerged around the world, few have reached significant scale. Overall, m-money uptake is limited when contrasted with its apparent promises of reaching the unbanked and underserved, of servicing existing banking clients, and of being a means for a cashless society. This study examines the following in more detail: existing major money flows and the critical mass of low-value, high-volume payment transactions and whether m-money can be used for them (i.e., potential demand); regulatory environment and major obstacles for m-money uptake; business models of partnering institutions; payment behavior of users and nonusers (banked and unbanked), in particular where they receive funds and how they use money, including alternative means; and existing and potential agents networks, their requirements to run m-money as a viable business, and their training needs. This report provides detailed information regarding the five main topics as they relate to Brazil, business models, money flows and demand, potential user perceptions and behavior, regulation, and agent networks.

AbstractAn organization will have human resource management as the central factor which is can be useful to do, manage, and reach the vision and mission that already set by the organization. The quality of the employee is one of the key that can determine improvement of an organization. The success of development program that implemented by the government is depend on the quality and quantity of the human resources that the government have and the management of the human resource in the company can be review from the organizational behavior that happen in the organization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Person-Job Fit toward Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Marine & Fisheries Agency and Provincial Inspectorate Agency in West Borneo. The sampling technique that used in this research is using the 10 times formative indicator. The data is evaluated by Structural Equation Model (SEM) and to analyze the data it is use SmartPLS 3.0 software application. The result of this research are: (1) Person-Job Fit is have significant impact on Job Satisfaction, (2) Person-Job Fit is have significant impact on Organizational Commitment, (3) Job Satisfaction is have significant impact on Organizational Commitment, (4) Person-Job Fit is not have significant impact toward Organizational Citizenship Behavior, (5) Job Satisfaction is have significant impact toward Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and (6) Organizational Commitment is not have significant impact toward Organizational Citizenship Behavior.Keywords : Person-Job Fit, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior Referencees A.K.M. Tafzal HAQUE, M. A. (2019). Job Satisfaction and Citizenship Behavior: A Mediating Effect of Organizational Commitment. Organizacija Research Papers Volume 52.Abdillah, W., & Hartono, J. (2015). 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The Effect of Job Motivation and Job Satisfaction Toward Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Its Impact on Job Performance of Paramedical Community Health Centers in the City of Bandar Lampung. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 46.Maria Sayaz-Ortiz, E. R. (2014). Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in A Sample Of Private Bank Employees. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.Michael Asiedu, J. O. (2014). Organizational Commitment and Citizenship Behavior: Tools to Improve Employee Performance; An Internal Marketing Approach. European Scientific Journal.Mudrajad Kuncoro, P. (2009). Metode Riset untuk Bisnis & Ekonomi (3rd ed.). Penerbit Erlangga.Muh.Akmal Ibrahim, A. A. (2013). Relationship between Organizational Commitment and OCB At Government-Owned Corporation Companies. Journal of Public Administration and Governance.Noor, J. (2015). 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Agricultural runoff -- Air pollution policy -- Alternative energy sources -- Antibiotics as environmental waste -- Aquaculture's environmental impact -- Automobile emissions -- Beach erosion -- Bees and other pollinators -- Bhopal disaster -- Biodiversity action plans -- Biomagnification -- Biomass conversion -- Biomes and environmental issues -- Biopesticides and the environment -- Biopiracy and bioprospecting -- Bioremediation -- Biotechnology and genetic engineering -- BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill -- Carbon dioxide -- Carbon dioxide air capture -- Carcinogens in the environment -- Carrying capacity -- Chernobyl nuclear accident -- Chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone -- Clean air act and amendments -- Clean water act and amendments -- Climate accommodation -- Climate change and human health -- Climate change and oceans -- Climate models -- Cogeneration power systems -- Commercial fishing -- Community gardens -- Coniferous forests -- Conservation movement -- Conservation policy -- Controlled burning -- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) -- Coral reefs and coral bleaching -- Dams and reservoirs -- Dead zones -- Destruction of the rain forests -- Detoxification (environmental) -- Detrimental health effects of smog -- Development Gap -- Earth Day -- Earth resources satellites -- Ecological footprint -- Ecotourism: pros and cons -- El Nino and La Nina -- Electronic waste -- Endangered species and species protection policy -- Energy-efficiency labeling -- Environmental causes of cancer clusters -- Environmental effects of coal mining and coal burning -- Environmental impact assessments and statements -- Environmental impacts of desalination -- Environmental impacts of raising cattle -- Environmental refugees -- Erosion and erosion control -- Eutrophication -- Extinctions and species loss -- Floodplains and environmental threats -- Forest management -- Fossil fuels and environmental degradation -- Genetically modified organisms and environmentalism -- Geoengineering -- Glacial melting -- Global biodiversity assessment -- Globalization -- Grazing and grasslands -- Great Barrier Reef and preservation efforts -- Green buildings -- Green marketing -- Greenbelts -- Greenhouse gases and air pollution -- Greenwashing -- Groundwater pollution -- Habitat destruction -- Hazardous and toxic substance regulation -- Hazardous waste -- Health problems caused by exposure to lead -- Hybrid vehicles -- Impact of ocean currents on global climate -- Incineration of waste products -- Indoor air pollution -- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) -- International environmental law -- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) -- Iron Fertilization -- Land clearance -- Land pollution -- Land-use policy -- Light pollution -- Logging and clear-cutting -- Nuclear power industry and the environment -- Ocean dumping -- Ocean pollution -- Oil drilling -- Oil spills -- Organic gardening and farming -- Our common future -- Overconsumption -- Overgrazing of livestock -- Pandemics -- Planned obsolescence -- Plastics -- Poaching -- Pollution permit trading -- Population growth and environmental impact -- Positive feedback and tipping points -- Precautionary principle -- Preservation -- Radon as a health hazard -- Rainwater harvesting -- Renewable energy -- Renewable resources -- Resource depletion -- Resource recovery -- Riparian rights -- Seed banks -- Sewage treatment and disposal -- Slash-and-burn agriculture -- Smart grids and renewable energy -- Soil conservation -- Solid waste management policy -- Spaceship Earth metaphor -- Stormwater management -- Strip and surface mining -- Superfund legislation -- Sustainable agriculture -- Sustainable development -- Sustainable forestry -- Tidal energy -- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) -- Urban ecology -- Urban planning -- Volcanoes and weather -- Waste management -- Water conservation -- Water pollution -- Water treatment -- Watershed management -- Whaling -- Wilderness areas -- Wildfires -- Wildlife refuges -- Zoning laws -- U.S. federal laws concerning the environment -- Directory of U.S. National Parks -- Major world national parks and protected areas -- Environmental organizations -- Sustainability timeline -- Key figures in sustainability.

Social entrepreneurship3, as a field of research, has gained enormous interest of academics in management and entrepreneurship literature for almost 30 years now. Also, scholars in other intellectual domains like economics, finance, marketing, political science, sociology and few others, have found it fascinating. As a term, it is common in public discourses and has found interest among policy makers, corporations, media, different groups of practitioners and professionals. As a phenomenon it is not new, although the SE term has been only recently coined (Banks, 1972; Drucker, 1979). For far more than two centuries great individuals and groups have tried to tackle the societal challenges, using economic means, such as the Rochdale Pioneers who inspired cooperative ideals, and Florence Nightingale – an English nurse and social activist, who changed the patient care landscape (Nicholls, 2006). Many of the ventures and actions of social initiatives can be traced to the earlier, medieval or even ancient times. Today, social initiatives and social enterprise have emerged in particular countries and regions as a result of their historical institutional trajectories, and "social enterprise landscape ZOO" (Young & Brewer, 2016) has become very heterogeneous. The interest of management and entrepreneurship research into the phenomenon has resulted in an unprecedented increase in scholarly output. The historical analysis of SE research (Moss, Lumpkin & Short, 2017) published in key journals and databases shows an increase from one paper to 45 papers published per year between 1990 and 2010. SE centers established in universities like Oxford, Harvard and Cambridge have designed degree programmes, dedicated textbooks, and separate SE conferences, special journals like Social Enterprise Journal, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and many more have been introduced for educational and publication purposes. SE has become popular as a response to the inabilities of governments and business to solve pressing social problems, including poverty, social exclusion, and environmental issues. All of the above are manifested in the diversity of different SE initiatives. Thus, we express our interest to explain and predict SE and social enterprise as phenomena, to identify related antecedents and outcomes, but also to look into the box of SE processes. This special issue attempts to respond to this interest. Diverse methodological approaches including descriptive, explanatory or exploratory ones are included in the papers in this issue. SE phenomenon is studied on an individual, organizational, and even a macro level. Different data is employed: current or archival data, primary or secondary, referring to different country settings such as Taiwan, Poland, Italy and England. Through the inclusion of such diverse perspectives and context, this issue works as a holistic approach to the phenomenon under analysis. In the following sections of this paper, we first provide a succinct overview of SE as a phenomenon and research field. We summarize the definitional debate and point to valuable theoretical frameworks for studying SE. Next, we introduce individual authors' contributions to the issue and, finally, we propose further suggestions for future research.

The transition towards low-carbon energy systems undeniably requires a strong scale-up in the diffusion of renewable energy technologies globally. Given its theoretical and techno-economic potential, solar photovoltaics (PV) is considered an important option. The envisioned scale-up of the use of solar PV, however, requires an in-depth and system-oriented perspective on structures and processes related to deployment. Particularly, as deployment-related aspects critically determine the competitiveness of PV, they need to be more comprehensively understood in order to be purposefully managed through policy and business decisions.Using an interdisciplinary, multi-level and system-oriented research approach, the analytical framework of this thesis draws on concepts from innovation system theory, network theory, business model theory, and the experience curve approach. Based on empirical examinations of the deployment experience in pioneering countries of distributed PV (primarily Germany, as well as the United States and Japan and, to some degree, other EU and OECD countries), the thesis aims to advance knowledge by providing a system-oriented perspective on deployment-related structures and processes.Results show that PV deployment relies on the collaborative actions of and interactions between a multitude of actors, including solar firms, utilities, banks, governments, users, and non-profit initiatives. Furthermore, results show the creation, accumulation and transfer of a comprehensive knowledge base related to deployment, both from domestic and international viewpoints. This deployment knowledge involves multiple dimensions (technical, financial, legal-regulatory, quality assurance, marketing, etc.). Processes of local learning are found to be critical for the effective integration of PV technology into the physical, organizational and institutional infrastructures of distinct geographies. In fact, findings reveal that structures, processes and strategies related to PV deployment depend significantly on geographic, institutional and cultural context. Furthermore, results help in understanding the decline of soft deployment costs as a result of the accumulation of local experience in deployment. Generally, soft deployment costs include labour costs, permit and insurance fees, as well as a variety of transaction costs associated with business transactions and compliance with different legal-administrative requirements. The findings also portray how dedicated business strategies of solar firms can address barriers to the adoption of PV by private users.The research outcomes exhibit several implications for the design of PV deployment policies. They highlight in particular the need for a holistic understanding of deployment systems as a knowledge foundation for more integrated policy approaches. Policies may be directed at demand creation, network formation, knowledge and awareness, streamlining of legal-administrative regulations, and a variety of other measures that contribute to the formation and further development of well-functioning local PV markets. The stronger inclusion of deployment-related aspects, as assessed in this thesis, into future policy assessment frameworks could support decision-making towards more integrated PV deployment policies.

Despite reforms over the past quarter-century, world agricultural markets remain highly distorted by government policies. Traditional indicators of those price distortions such as the nominal rate of assistance and consumer tax equivalent provide measures of the degree of intervention, but they can be misleading as indicators of the true effects of those policies. By drawing on recent theoretical literature that provides indicators of the trade- and welfare-reducing effects of price and trade policies, this paper develops more-satisfactory indexes for capturing distortions to agricultural incentives. It then exploits the agricultural distortion database recently compiled by the World Bank to generate estimates of them for both developing and high-income countries over the past half century, based on a sample of 75 countries that together account for all but one-tenth of the world's population, gross domestic product (GDP) and agricultural production. While they are still only partial equilibrium measures, they provide a much better approximation of the true trade and welfare effects of sectoral policies without needing a formal model of global markets or even price elasticity estimates.

This document presents findings from a study conducted to identify and document ongoing public-private partnerships (PPPs) for improving access to quality laboratory services, especially for the poor, in the East Africa region. The East, Central, and Southern Africa Health Community (ECSA-HC) coordinated the study along with the partner states in the East African Community participating in the World Bank funded East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project (EAPHLNP). The authors implemented key informant interviews in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, and analyzed the information gathered from the interviews which is presented in this report. The study finds that while there are numerous examples of public-private collaboration across all four countries, the number of formals PPPs remains scarce. The most common form of PPP is placement, whereby privately owned laboratory equipment in leased by public facilities. Most other instances of collaboration between public and private partners, did not meet the formal definition of a PPP. Key stakeholders from both public and private institutions showed a keen interest in learning about and setting up more, diverse kinds of PPPs. The numerous informal and semi-formal arrangements that currently exist all represent opportunities for establishing formal PPPs in accordance with global best practices.

This report documents the progress of Lithuania in science, technology and innovation (STI) in areas singled out by three major international reports prepared by the Norwegian Research Council (1996), the World Bank (2003) and the CREST-OMC panel (2007). The task was to summarize recommendations of these studies, report on the progress achieved to date and point to priorities for the future. From a low point in the mid-1990s the Lithuanian STI system has gradually strengthened. Funding for R&D has increased and Lithuanian research groups have stepped up their performance in terms of publication output and relevance. It is the opinion of the reviewers that marked progress is evident and visible with respect to the goals of the three reports. This development has indeed been very positive and shows the strong commitment for a continuous improvement of the basic framework conditions for R&D in Lithuania. Nonetheless challenges remain. In order to further the development of STI-policies in Lithuania the report offers new recommendations in four areas: oversight and governance, science base, R&D linkages, and increasing innovative capacity.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotageri-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 223 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 195 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 28 ha (13%) by Rock outcrops (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 2 soil phases (management units) and one land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  An area of about 87 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (0.75%), about 29 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 18 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 66 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and found that there are no highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are available. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various uses but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kotageri-1 is located at North latitude 160 53' 16.355" and 160 52' 9.747" and East longitude 770 15' 16.915'' and 770 13' 59.517" covering an area of about 222.80 ha coming unde Kootagera, Gajarakota and Fatthepura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kotageri-1 micro watersheds of Shivapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Kotageri-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 3 (8.82%) were marginal, 11 (32.35%) were small, 15 (44.12 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (69.86%) men and 44 (30.14 %) were women. The average population of landless was 1,0, marginal farmers were 3.7, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 5.3 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.58%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.01 per cent illiterates, 38.35 per cent pre university education and 0.68 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 68.49 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.12 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.94 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.12 per cent possess TV, 8.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 73.53 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.82 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 26.47 per cent of the households possess plough, 29.41 per cent possess bullock cart.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.63, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 17.34 and hired labour (women) available was 18.13.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.45 per cent (62.70 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 1.94 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 18.18 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.65 per cent.  Out of the sample households 14.71 percent possessed bank account and 5.88 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 17.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.21481.17, 42411.22, 111937.68, 119969.37 and 30735.43 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.40, 1: 2.20, 1: 0.80 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 58.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 134073.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 88588.24 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 114 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 741.18 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.35 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 79.41 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (100.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 79.41 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 2.94 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 35.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.24%), pulses (76.47%) and oilseeds (14.71%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.24 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (64.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (50.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (64.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (61.76%), inadequate extension services (2.94 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.71%), less rainfall (2.94%), source of agri-technology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honavalu-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 572 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by water bodies others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 80 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 42 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 57 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 8 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 91 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4->9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 337 kg/ha) in the ntire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 14 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in <1 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire the area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1(<1) 228(40) Sapota - - Maize - 229 (40) Pomegranate - 229(40) Bajra - 229(40) Guava - - Redgram - 229(40) Jackfruit - - Bengal gram 1(<1) 228(40) Jamun - 1(<1) Groundnut - - Musambi 1 (<1) 228(40) Sunflower 1 (<1) 228(40) Lime 1(<1) 228(40) Cotton 1 (<1) 228(40) Cashew - - Chilli - 229(40) Custard apple 1 (<1) 228(40) Tomato - - Amla - 1(<1) Brinjal - - Tamarind - 1(<1) Onion - - Marigold - 229(40) Bhendi - 229(40) Chrysanthemum - 229 (40) Drumstick - 1 (<1) Jasmine - - Mulberry - - Crossandra - - Mango - - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Honavalu-4 is located at North latitude 150 21' 49.219" and 150 19' 42.983" and East longitude 760 3' 13.013'' and 760 1' 48.054" covering an area of about 540.45 ha coming under Honavalu, Lakshmapura and Chittapura Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Honavalu-4 micro watersheds of Hire Shindhogi subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 7 (20.00 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 13 (37.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 73 (57.03%) men and 55 (42.97 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (32.03%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.78 per cent illiterates, 79.68 per cent pre university education and 4.69 per cent attained graduation.  About, 77.14 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 54.69 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough and 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.4, women available in the micro watershed was 1.10, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 12.97.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.93 per cent (57.72 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 3.07 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sunflower, Bengal gram and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 75.90 per cent.  Out of the sample households 60.00 percent possessed bank account 2  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households,  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sunflower, Bengal gram and Sorghum was Rs.16963.42, 16312.89, 22981.96 and 20340.09 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.70, 1: 5.10 and 1: 2.50 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89954.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 74954.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 114 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3943.43 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 62.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.14 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 65.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (71.43%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 614 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 76 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 95 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 17 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 82 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 76 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 23 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 255(41) Sapota - - Maize - 255 (41) Pomegranate - 255(41) Bajra - 255(41) Guava - - Redgram - 255(41) Jackfruit - - Bengal gram - 255(41) Jamun - - Groundnut - - Musambi - 255(41) Sunflower - 255(41) Lime - 255(41) Cotton - 255(41) Cashew - - Chilli - 255(41) Custard apple - 255(41) Tomato - - Amla - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Marigold - 255(41) Bhendi - 255(41) Chrysanthemum - 255 (41) Drumstick - - Jasmine - - Mulberry - - Crossandra - - Mango - - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Haligeri-5 is located at North latitude 150 25' 26.363" and 150 23' 45.883" and East longitude 760 5' 15.039'' and 760 3' 17.019" covering an area of about 643.51 ha coming under Haligeri, Veerapura and Bhanapur villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Haligeri-5 micro watersheds of Haligeri sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Haligeri-5 micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (40.00%) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small and 7 (20.00 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 83 (57.64%) men and 61 (42.36 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers 4.6, small farmers were 3.1 and semi medium farmers were 4.6.  Majority of the respondents (34.72%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 20.83 per cent illiterates, 77.09 per cent pre university education and 6.94 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess tractor, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, women available in the micro watershed was 1.19, hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and hired labour (women) available was 12.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 99.05 per cent (42.70 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 0.95 per cent area is irrigated land.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Green gram, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 85.54 per cent.  Out of the sample households 31.43 percent possessed bank account.  About 31.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Green gram, Bengal gram, Sorghum and Sunflower was Rs.23599.76 , 20722.41, 28321.72, 20402.46 and 12440.42 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.50, 1: 1.80, 1: 3.80, 1: 0.90 and 1:2.40 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 90230.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 73594.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 13 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2685.71 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 51.43 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 82.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 80.00 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (71.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (51.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigere North-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 364 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 58 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 99 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area of about 99 per cent has soils that are moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 58 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 41 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the area of about 33 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 19 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 68 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 12 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 55 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 70 (19) 148 (41) Sapota - - Maize - 213 (58) Pomegranate - 209 (57) Bajra - 213 (58) Musambi 70 (19) 139 (38) Groundnut - - Lime 70 (19) 139 (38) Sunflower 70 (19) 139 (38) Amla - 218 (60) Red gram - 209 (57) Cashew - - Bengalgram 70 (19) 148 (41) Jackfruit - - Cotton 70 (19) 148 (41) Jamun - 208 (57) Chilli - - Custard apple 70 (19) 148 (41) Tomato - - Tamarind - 209 (57) Brinjal - 217 (60) Mulberry - 75 (20) Onion - - Marigold - 218 (60) Bhendi - 217 (60) Chrysanthemum - 218 (60) Drumstick - 209 (57) Jasmine - 9 (2) Mango - - Crossandra - - Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gudigeri North-2 is located at North latitude 150 21' 36.361" and 150 20' 51.482" and East longitude 750 55' 24.117'' and 750 53' 57.784" covering an area of about 201.97 ha coming under Kavalura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gudigeri North-2 micro watersheds of Gudigeri subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 14 (40.00 %) were marginal, 7 (20.00%) were small and 8 (22.86 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (50.00%) men and 81 (50.00 %) were women. The average population of the landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.3 and small farmers were 3.8 and semi medium farmers were 4.6.  Majority of the respondents (47.53%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.01 per cent illiterates, 28.40 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.02 per cent middle school education, and 15.43 per cent high school education, 7.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.70 per cent attained graduation and 8.02 them had other education.  About, 45.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 60.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder and 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.12, women available in the micro watershed was 1.12, hired labour (men) available was 7 and hired labour (women) available was 7.00.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 81.62 per cent (35.74 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.49 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sunflower, Bengalgram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.64 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 8.57 percent possessed bank account.  About 8.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sunflower, Bengalgram was Rs.34581.45 , 24053.88 and 27404.84 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.10 and 1: 0.70 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 50428.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 27142.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.86 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5142.86 for land development and Rs. 1628.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 74.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 74.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (74.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 80.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (97.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (71.43%), high rate of interest on credit (71.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), inadequate extension services (11.43%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (68.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 469 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 263 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 206 ha by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series 6 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 263 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 36 per cent area is very shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon, 10 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) 2 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  About 41 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 9 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) and 6 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 46 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-4 is located at North latitude 160 54' 2.051" and 160 52' 20.777" and East longitude 770 14' 23.244'' and 770 13' 0.007" covering an area of about 467.67 ha coming under Motanahalli, Kotageri and Katagi Shahapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-4 micro watersheds of Yadgir Rf subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rf-4 micro-watershed among households surveyed 25 (71.43%) were marginal, 4 (11.43%) were small and 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 77 (52.74%) men and 69 (47.26 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 4.4, small farmers were 4.3 and semi medium farmers were 3.5.  Majority of the respondents (41.78%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.48 per cent illiterates, 41.09 per cent pre university education and 2.05 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.60 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent possess TV, 34.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 57.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.15, women available in the micro watershed was 1.15, hired labour (men) available was 7.76 and hired labour (women) available was 7.82.  Further, 94.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (26.36 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Red gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 103.81 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Red gram and Groundnut was Rs.28377.27 , 82075.37, 30297.85, 28377.27 and 127706.25 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.03, 1: 0.67, 1: 1.02, 1: 1.03 and 1:0.85 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 42282.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 22140.00 comes from agriculture.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 285.71 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 77.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 94.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (80.00%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (80.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.00%), high rate of interest on credit (17.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40.00%), Less rainfall (51.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

This study assessed the capacity for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies, strategies, and programs in Nigeria. Data for this study were derived from initial consultations at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (FMAWR), Federal Ministry of Women affairs and Social Development (FMWASD), and the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) early in 2008. Two consultation workshops were also held, one for relevant staff in the ministries, parastatals, and NGOs; and the other for relevant university professors and researchers. This was followed by a review of relevant literature and a more detailed survey of institutions and individuals. A sample of relevant institutions and individuals were purposively selected from the Federal Capital, Abuja, Oyo, Kaduna, Enugu Ogun, Benue, and Abia States. At each location, trained data collectors compiled a list of state and federal agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and universities where 32 institutional questionnaires were administered, of which 29 were valid for further analysis. Similarly, 320 individual questionnaires were administered, of which 183 were valid for further analysis. The null hypothesis that job satisfaction and institutional incentive was independent of selected background information (gender, position, years spent on job, nature of institution, and level of formal education) of the experts was tested using the Chi square analysis. The respondents were mostly male (23 of 24) and were either heads of departments (10 of 24) or directors, their deputies and their equivalents (12 of 24). Most of the respondents (22 of 24) exhibited an indifferent perception to the general environment and processes involved in policymaking. Reported capacity- strengthening efforts (for 13 of the 24 institutions surveyed) amounted to an average cost of US$76.98 per person per day for the 1-3 weeks training provided. While the practice of strategic planning was widespread, mission statements were widely used in only two-fifths of selected institutions; near-term strategies were widely used in about one third; and long-term visions were widely used in a little more than one third. Even the practice of participation in planning from a broad range of personnel within the institution was only widely used in one third of the selected intuitions. Similarly, written guidelines were widely available (22 of 24), but fully disseminated in less than half of the selected institutions. However, respondents claimed that the financial guidelines were being followed strictly, but half of the respondents (12 of 24) did not know the frequency of receiving reports from the accounting system. Most of the selected institutions had both a human resource management unit (70.8 percent) and dedicated staff training centers (54.2 percent), but about half of the respondents neither knew the regularity of review of staff training needs nor when last staff training needs were assessed. The implication of this is that the extent to which the training exercises match the skill gaps of staff and capacity requirements of the institutions were unknown. Between 75–80 percent of the selected institutions engaged in some collaborative programs and linkages with other government institutions, relevant NGOs, international development partners, training institutions, and research institutions. These collaborative ventures worked mainly through cost sharing, exchange, joint engagements, and sharing of reports. Over 70 percent of the individual respondents (experts) had at least a Master of Science (MSc) or its equivalent. The majority (79.7 percent) were male who had spent more than 10 years on the job. About half of the experts worked with universities, compared to 13.1 percent in the ministries and 37.7 percent in parastatals. Their expertise cut across a broad range of subjects relevant for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies— more than one quarter were experts in agricultural economics, extension, communication, rural development, and rural sociology. The most frequently mentioned (51.4 percent) person responsible for agricultural and rural development programs, policies, and strategies was the officer-in-charge, but the list of stakeholders was long and varied. Over 60 percent of the respondents stated that at least some consultation was done with stakeholders through face-to-face communication at stakeholder fora, meetings, conferences, summits, and talks. According to the respondents, the major concerns of stakeholders about agricultural and rural development policies, programs, or strategies were the extent to which they achieve stated goals. More than half of the respondents claimed that research evidence such as the achievements of previous and on going programs, results of fresh surveys, and extension and On farm Adaptive Research (OFAR) reports were used to support the development of agricultural and rural strategies, policies, and programs. This evidence was obtained mainly from agricultural institutions and universities as well as available reports, journals, and publications. The respondents stated that the major sources of funds for the process of agricultural and rural development policy were the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), The World Bank, state and local governments, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). They also stated that the various agricultural and rural development policies, strategies, and programs largely benefited the poor (52.5 percent). It was noteworthy that respondents preceived that the number of women at the ministerial and research levels of agricultural and rural development was less than 1 percent. Even at the level of rural farming communities, only 15.3 percent of the respondents felt that there were more women. Furthermore, only 27.4 percent of the experts incorporated environmental issues in their work and only 20.4 percent undertook environmental analysis in their work. Finally, 91.3 percent were indifferent to their job, meaning that it would be difficult for them to perform to the best of their abilities without allowing them greater freedom in the performance of their jobs and work out a reasonable and acceptable reward package for the job done. The results of the Chi square tests showed that the experts' perception of job satisfaction and institutional incentives is independent of all the background variables considered. The main capacity gaps for designing and implementing agricultural and rural development policies in Nigeria included 1) the need to entrench democratic principles and transparent leadership and 2) to bridge the gap between universities, research institutions, and policymaking and implementing entities. There was also a limited understanding of the relationships between institutional, human, and material resources versus impact of policy on target end-users at every level in the policy design, planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. Finally, there was a need for the institutionalization of effective measures for tracking changes in the role of evidence in strategic, gender-sensitive planning, through regular monitoring and evaluation, impact assessment, adequate documentation, and commitment to utilize the results of the exercise. Efforts should also be targeted towards improving the quality, gender sensitivity, timeliness, and circulation of policy-relevant evidence. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP37; GRP32; NSSP ; DSGD