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AbstractIn this article I examine the simultaneous expansion of urban sprawl and influx of middle‐class migrants in the context of Gurugram, India, to highlight how physical and social space plays an integral role in shaping class distinction among the migrant middle classes. I make a case for social class, generally, and migrant middle classes in neo‐urban contexts, specifically, to be understood as a sociospatial category. My arguments build primarily on Bourdieu's argument that both physical and social space operates on similar principles of reciprocal externality of positions in the context of social class distinction. I highlight how the migrant middle classes formulate and consolidate their social class distinction against competing claims over sociospatial dominance of the local ancestral agrarian community in neo‐urban Gurugram, India. My findings highlight how existing local sociopolitical fractures interact with global capitalist circuits of capital to shape the sociospatial context in which social class distinction is formulated. The article allows for grounding theorizations of social class to accommodate local sociopolitical and sociospatial dynamics.

"Political Career and Social Advancement. Conservative and Christian Social Politicians from Vorarlberg as an Example (1860-1918/19). As far as the political developments in Vorarlberg were concerned, Martin Thurnher and Johann Kohler have lived in a time of rapid changes. Many of the newly elected deputies to the provincial parliament in 1870, and later also to the Imperial Council, now came from a petty or lower middle-class milieu. For them, political involvement, supported by structural factors such as the successive extension of voting rights to lower social strata, and the increasingly professional self-organization of the Catholic-conservative camp, provided an opportunity for social mobility. Martin Thurnher and Johann Kohler are just two examples of how political engagement enabled social advancement. Further quantitative and qualitative research would provide important insights into the social processes set in motion by the emergence of modern mass parties and the expansion of political participation. Keywords: social mobility, parliamentarism, Habsburg Monarchy, Imperial Council "

Not only in terms of health, the COVID-19 outbreak also has an impact on other sectors, namely social and economic conditions. Currently there are still many people who are experiencing an economic crisis, the problem of poverty is still the center of government efforts to improve the social welfare of the population. Through social assistance programs as a government effort to overcome poverty and unemployment which is increasing. However, there are problems that arise in the implementation of the social assistance program to be precise in Kersik Putih Village, the implementation of Social Assistance is still a dilemma. Many residents still question the recruitment of social assistance recipients, the transparency of the distribution and the Bansos report, and the lack of clarity about the criteria for Bansos recipients and so on. The purpose of this study was to describe an evaluation of the social assistance program implemented in Kersik Putih Village, using the CIPP evaluation indicator with the name formative evaluation proposed by Endang Multiyaningsih.

Since the long period of political, social stability and especially the peacebuilding under the interfering of the United Nation, in 1991 the Paris Peace Accord was signed. Cambodia was settled in a peaceful state and it has achieved the basic fundamental for county's economic development with rapidly status. Accordingly, the social protection policy has critically recognized by the government recently, however, whilst the economic gains are more likely fragile, most of the people are still in the poverty line, the long-term economic prospects are uncertain, such as its weak institution, social inequality and unemployment issues, and social protection system. The social protection system in Cambodia, as a particular, is at an early stage, and very limited. With the small proportion of the covered social insurance program, there are lifecycle shocks and economic downturn have resulted. Thus, the role of private insurance (insurance industry) in boosting the domestic financial economy, and its potential in risk management and complement state's social insurance program have become the prime matters of considerable interest to state's regulators and policy-makers.

In 2008, I published a theoretical frame of White institutional space beginning with the generalized proposition that social organizations, social institutions, and social structure are fundamentally and recursively related. In other words, individual organizations (like particular law schools) are produced by and function to reproduce racialized social institutions (like the institutions of education and law), just as social organizations and institutions are produced in as an element of and therefore reify the racial social structure—which in the United States is based on White supremacy. Within U.S. social organizations, there exist routine and systematic mechanisms, including racist historical and contemporary institutionalized hierarchies of power, racist institutionalized logics, and racist discourses and ideologies which inform everyday racialized practices, that function synergistically to channel the resources of U.S. organizations and institutions disproportionately to Whites. In this article, I utilize elements of my original research in elite law schools to delineate and demonstrate how mechanisms of White institutional space function tacitly and explicitly to reify White power and privilege.

Social Conflict Management and Effort Solved. Social conflict in Riau generally triggeredby a dispute over natural resources, agriculture and forestry. The existence of land in Riau systemdisorder such as overlapping land permits on the ground that trigger social conflict. Not least inPelalawan, social conflict in this district is high, especially conflicts related to plantations. Giventhe breadth of the plantation in Pelalawan, and high population growth in this area will possiblymany social conflicts. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the prevention of socialconflicts, whoever the parties involved in the prevention of social conflict in the social conflict inPelalawan, and how the conflict resolution. The method used in this research is descriptivequalitative research instrument in the form of in-depth interviews, observation and documentation.The results showed that the dominant conflict occurred in the regency is a natural resourceconflicts. This happens because of government policies that arbitrarily granting licenses andconcessions to companies engaged in extractive such as plantations and large-scale mining. Opennew plantations of palm oil, both on land which claimed the community as their communal land, orby converting forest.

This chapter aims to look at the current status of poverty and existing social policies in Pakistan. Poverty is one of the concerns for the governments of almost all countries including Pakistan. There is a continuous research on the policy measurements by national and international organizations in Pakistan, which demonstrated the decline in poverty. The government has launched many social policies in the past three decades to help the nation in reducing the poverty. Apart from government, many national and international organizations have also contributed a lot in the effort of reducing the poverty. However, there is very little research available on the effectiveness of these social policies, and on the need of social policy areas in particular. Disparity among the urban and rural population is another important factor, which has been discussed in almost every research on poverty. Still, very few social policies in Pakistan are focusing on rural population. Therefore, the issue of social policy needs fresh exploration in the country, which is necessary to make new social policies that can benefit all citizens.

"EU social policy has generally been limited to the de?nition of non-binding social outcome targets, a governance model known as 'second order output governance'. However, many EU Member States have failed to make progress in ?ghting poverty. This begs the question of whether a more performant EU-level involvement in the ?eld of social policy is conceivable. In this paper, we argue that European minimum standards are the place to start, including principles for minimum social security and minimum wages, as i) the European social objectives cannot be attained without guaranteeing adequate incomes to those in and out of work, and ii) social co-ordination should thus go beyond broad outcome goals such as the reduction of the number of households at risk of poverty or social exclusion. We propose to include policy indicators regarding minimum income protection in the recently revised EU monitoring process of the European Semester." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Although there is some evidence individuals' knowledge of the organization's social network can be a valuable resource, providing advantages, it is unclear whether those advantages also relate to employee performance outcomes, such as career advancement. Thus, the question this study seeks to answer is "Does accuracy of the social network provide a unique resource unto itself, positively affecting one's promotion in the organization?" This question is answered from a social exchange and social resources view using cognitive social structure-style data collected in the call center of a large U.S. restaurant equipment manufacturing firm. Evidence suggests that social network accuracy of the work-related trust and distrust networks increased the chances for promotion compared with the less accurate. In addition, trust and distrust network accuracy moderated supervisor-rated performance effects on promotion, such that accuracy is generally more beneficial for low compared with high performance individuals, increasing their chances of promotion. Contributions to research in career advancement, social networks, network cognition, and positive and negative tie perception are discussed.

Social media use is on the rise throughout the world. Influenced by this trend, governments of all levels and sizes are establishing their social media (like Facebook) presence due to the communication and interaction capabilities that such a presence brings. This study examines and explains the social media presence of Turkish local governments from a usability perspective. Usability studies provide governments with important empirical data about the citizens'/users' view/perception of the efficiency, effectiveness and satisfaction of web-based content. Consequently, there is a need for usability testing of government social media services.The analysis of local government social media sites through scientific usability methods, such as expert review, guidelines and eye-tracking, reveals the strengths and weaknesses of government social media services in terms of usability. The study concludes with specific recommendations for improvement of government social media presence, which are applicable, to a great extent, to governments of all levels and sizes in Turkey and elsewhere.

A qualitative study was conducted to explore the motivations of individuals, who advocate politically for members of social outgroups. Long interviews with social activists focused on self-ascribed motivations for activism, relationship with the outgroup, and the costs and benefits associated with being an outgroup activist. A thematic analysis revealed that feelings of social responsibility were shared by the activists, who were interviewed. Further, some activists attributed their behavior to their personal relationships, while others believed they had a psychological predisposition to engage in social justice. Experiences of personal marginality were also highlighted as a key contributor to social justice efforts. The respondents emphasized the importance of a fundamental, shared human connection between themselves and members of outgroups, suggesting that universalism may be importantly implicated in forging bonds across social identities. Finally, participants tendency to explicitly describe their social justice work according to cost-benefit analyses may signal a desire for recognition or reward for their efforts in light of perceived personal costs.

Рассмотрена специфика поведения разных участников социального процесса в социальных сетях виртуальной реальности. Цифровые сетевые связи являются основой современного сетевого общества, которое построено на основе существовавших в индустриальную эпоху энергетических сетях. Необходимо отметить, что социальные сети проявлялись в различных формах, в зависимости от культуры, политических и социальных институтов, политического и социального курса общества. Можно говорить о том, что виртуальные социальные сети имеют претензию на статус глобальных. ; This article describes the specific behavior of different social actors in social networks in the virtual reality. Digital communication networks are the foundation of modern society, which is built on the basis of existing industrial era in energy networks. It should be noted that social networking is manifested in various forms, depending on the culture, political and social institutions, political and social policy in the society. In addition, as virtual social networks are built on information networks, those are the global network, we can say that virtual social networks as they are, have a claim to global status.

Recently, significant attention has been given to employers' concern and involvement over employees' use of social media. The amount of attention given to social media has resulted in a number of proposed federal laws and multiple state laws discussing employers' involvement and participation in employees' social media use. The purpose of this note is to advocate for a more hesitant legislative stance toward social media password protection laws in an effort to avoid unnecessarily over-legislating in an area of privacy law that is still developing. While the author does not make an outright rejection of such legislation, the author argues that the speed and political vigor with which lawmakers are moving forward with such statutes raises the risk of statutory ambiguity, confusion amongst affected parties, and unnecessary burdens on employers. The note provides a thorough review of current trends in employers asking for social media login information, current legislation protecting employees' social media use, and proposed legislation meant to combat an employer's ability to obtain social media information.

'Anarcho'-capitalism has for decades occupied a small but significant position within 'business ethics', while the anarchism associated with the larger traditions of workers and social movements has only had a spectral presence. Social anarchisms' forms of opposition and proposed alternatives to standard liberal business practices, identities and presuppositions have appeared only fleetingly in mainstream business ethics. In the light of these anarchist hauntings, this paper identifies and explores social anarchism's critique of dominant forms of business ethics, and business practice. It applies anarchism's critical insights to market-based ethics, of which Milton Friedman's influential essay, 'The Social Responsibility of the Businessman is to Increase Profits,' is used as an exemplar. This paper differentiates the anarchist critique from the criticisms of corporocentric, economic-liberalism emanating from social democrats and advocates of corporate social responsibility. It demonstrates the pertinence of social anarchist approaches to re-thinking the co-ordination of the production and distribution of goods, highlighting inadequacies in state-centred managerial responses to the harms and deficiencies of Friedman's free-market.

The goal of the current article is to describe how an ecological perspective could further our understanding of the division of labor in families. We consider how social contexts, or "space," in conjunction with individual, family, social, and historical "time" influence the division of labor in families as well as its consequences for family members' well‐being and relationship quality. Research is examined that explores how social class, race and ethnicity, family structure and life course issues directly and indirectly affect the division of labor in families. Using examples from current research, we show that at times the predictors and outcomes of the division of family labor differ as a function of the social context in which they occur and as a function of unique historical and social time periods. An ecological perspective provides a framework for considering how the complex power and influence processes in families play out in different ways as a function of social values and norms reflected in our race and ethnicity, social class, gender, life stage, and family structure.