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SummaryA series of artisan revolts in the London corporations between 1635 and 1659 found both radical ideas of individual liberty and the guild ethos of fraternity relevant to their aims. The apparent paradox of democratic demands combined with calls for stricter economic regulation can be explained only by examining the participants' concrete grievances and specific demands. The protesters were neither rising industrial capitalists nor a new wage-earning class, but small masters attempting to restrain competition, the use of cheap labour, and the enlargement of enterprises. Their concerns had something in common with those of the Levellers, but the movements diverged in significant ways.

Within months of its publication in January 1929 Erich Maria Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) was the world's best-selling book. It provoked a feverish controversy between those who claimed that it was an accurate representation of the war experience of 1914–18, portraying the utter futility of war, and those who denounced it as propaganda and an irreverent commercial exploitation of the Great War. Ironically, despite the intended focus of this heated debate, both the novel and the response which it elicited were more an emotional expression of postwar disillusionment and distress than a contribution to the understanding of the actual war experience.

In the context of the euro crisis, several member states of the Eurozone were forced to implement so-called Economic Adjustment Programmes. The implementation of these programmes was supervised by a troika consisting of the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. Fiscal adjustment was one cornerstone of the adjustment programmes. The objective of the programmes was to reduce previously soaring public deficits and to stabilise and reduce public debt in the long term. All programmes primarily aimed at cutting government spending. Increasing government revenues was to play only a secondary role. However, a look at the adjustment programmes for Ireland and Portugal shows a striking difference in the fiscal adjustment strategies. Different Irish governments pursued an adjustment strategy with a strong focus on expenditure cuts. By contrast, Portugal's adjustment strategy changed over the course of the programme and was increasingly driven by increases in revenues. How can we explain these differences? To answer this question, my dissertation provides two in-depth case studies of the adjustment programmes for Ireland and Portugal. I argue that fiscal adjustment strategies are determined by the activity of coalitions of different economic actor groups at the domestic level. These actor groups have different fiscal policy preferences. On the one hand, they differ in terms of their preferred level of redistribution and the economic risks to which they are exposed. On the other hand, sectoral actor groups have different preferences based on their prioritisation of international competitiveness and domestic demand. Actor groups with similar preferences form coalitions to influence the government's policy-choice. Two logics determine which coalitions ultimately prevail. On the one hand, some coalitions are involved in policy-making through social pacts and other institutional arrangements. On the other hand, sectoral coalitions are influential due to their importance for economic ...

The main purpose of this dissertation is to study whether the official rhetoric on the role that cooperatives could play in the quest for agricultural modernisation in Uganda have any resemblance with how farmers view the benefits and problem with cooperation. This question was motivated by the political initiative in the early 21st century to revive the cooperative movement in Uganda, a movement burdened with a history of political intervention and difficulties to adapt to a de-regulated agricultural market system. In the thesis, the move to revive the cooperative movement is linked to another more encompassing political initiative, that of the modernisation and commercialisation of small-scale agriculture. The book consists of two empirical studies, where interviews and text analysis have been important research methods. By first analysing the rhetoric emanating from political institutions and donor agencies, the conclusion is drawn that cooperatives are seen primarily as an institutional device which, it is hoped, will fill spaces that have been abandoned by the state and not filled with private sector initiatives. A focused case study of a dairy cooperative and a number of its members in Uganda shows that farmers' expectations of the cooperative to some extent converge with those revealed in the first study: for example they expected the cooperative to provide a stable outlet for their production of milk. The interviews and quantitative analysis indicate that farmers' preferences for both fast cash and a stable income can create incentives for members to free-ride on the collective efforts of their fellow members. This can be cumbersome in a competitive marketing situation where other buyers compete with the cooperative for the members' produce. The cooperative can find it difficult to secure a necessary level of member commitment if members do not share a common code of conduct.

Elections always have consequences, but the 2017 Bundestag election in Germany proved particularly consequential. With political upheaval across the globe-notably in Britain and the USA-it was vital to European and global order that Germany remain stable. And it did through the re-election of Angela Merkel as chancellor, now in her fourth term. Just under the surface, however, instability is mounting-exemplified by the entry of the right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) as the largest opposition party, the decline of the Social Democrats, the ever-restive Bavarians, and the growing factionalism within the Christian Democratic Union as the Merkel era comes to an end. Paying special attention to the rise of the AfD, this volume delves into the campaign, leading political figures, the structure of the electorate, the state of the parties, the media environment, coalition negotiations, and policy impacts

American violence is schizophrenic. On the one hand, many Americans support the creation of a powerful bureaucracy of coercion made up of police and military forces in order to provide public security. At the same time, many of those citizens also demand the private right to protect their own families, home, and property. This book diagnoses this schizophrenia as a product of a distinctive institutional history, in which private forms of violence - vigilantes, private detectives, mercenary gunfighters - emerged in concert with the creation of new public and state forms of violence such as police departments or the National Guard. This dual public and private face of American violence resulted from the upending of a tradition of republican governance, in which public security had been indistinguishable from private effort, by the nineteenth-century social transformations of the Civil War and the Market Revolution

The digitalization of enterprise's business processes is an integral part of the modern competitive policy of a commercial organization. The use of the results of qualitative and quantitative analyzes of existing scientific approaches in the field of identifying and developing ontologies that mediate the production of goods / services can positively affect the adoption of strategic decisions due to the reduction of time for review and research of the same ideas and methods. The article is devoted to the use of graph theory elements for the analysis of many conceptual schools and approaches to the ontology of business processes. The authors analyzed 216 scientific sources on this topic. As a result of the study, a citation graph was constructed that systematized the authors of the study area selected according to the methodology described above. This tool of the analysis methodology can be scaled and used by interested parties for a better analysis of the literature on the ontology of enterprise business processes.

Magistrska naloga obravnava in analizira odnose med županom kot najvišjim političnim funkcionarjem in direktorjem občinske uprave kot najvišjim javnim uslužbencem. V prvem delu sta predstavljeni zgodovina lokalne samouprave v Sloveniji in Ustava Republike Slovenije, ki je najvišji splošni pravni akt in lokalni samoupravi posveča svoje poglavje. Načela, ki vodijo lokalno samoupravo in so pomembna za uspešno delovanje in razvoj lokalne samouprave, so načelo avtonomije, načelo subsidiarnosti in načelo regionalizacije. Slovenske občine se vedno bolj vključujejo v skupne občinske uprave za opravljanje posameznih nalog, saj so občinske uprave v manjših občinah kadrovsko nedohranjene. Prav tako se občine vključujejo v združenja občin, saj lahko na ta način bolje zagotavljajo svoj skupni interes na področju lokalne samouprave. Občine med seboj sodelujejo tudi na podlagi sporazumov o pobratenju, ki ima pozitivne učinke na lokalno samoupravo in lokalno okolje, saj gre za stik z mednarodnimi partnerji, izmenjavo izkušenj in pridobitev različnih novih znanj. V nadaljevanju naloge so predstavljene ravni lokalne samouprave v sosednjih državah Republiki Hrvaški in Republiki Avstriji. V drugem, raziskovalnem delu naloge je prikazana primerjava lokalnih skupnosti v dveh izbranih evropskih državah. Na podlagi intervjujev je bila izvedena primerjava odnosov med oblastjo v lokalni samoupravi in politiko. V intervjujih so sodelovali župani in direktorji občinskih uprav manjših slovenskih, hrvaških in avstrijskih občin. V nalogi so predstavljena tudi mnenja županov in direktorjev občinskih uprav o njihovih odnosih v občinah. ; This research work discusses and analyses the relationship between the mayor, as the highest political official and the director of municipal administration as senior civil servant. The first section presents the history of local government in Slovenia and the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, which is the highest general legal act and the local government has its own chapter in the Constitution. Principles that lead local government and are important for a successful operation and development of local self-government is the principle of autonomy, the principle of subsidiarity and the principle of regionalization. Slovenian municipalities are increasingly involved in Joint Municipal Administration to perform specific tasks, as the municipal administration in small municipalities are understaffed. In addition, the municipalities integrate themselves in the Association of Municipalities to ensure their common interests better in the field of local self-government. Municipalities cooperate with each other based on agreements of town, which has a positive impact on local government and the local environment, because of the contact with international partners, exchange of experience and the acquisition of various new skills. In the following part of the work levels of local government in the neighbouring countries, the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Austria are presented. The second part of the research work, a comparison of local communities in the two selected European countries, is presented. A comparison was made about relations between the authorities and the local government policy based on interviews. In the interviews, the mayors and directors of municipal administrations of small Slovenian, Croatian and Austrian municipalities participated. The thesis also shows the opinions of mayors and the directors of municipal administrations of their relations in the municipalities.

Why did the Soviet system fail? How is it that a political order, born of revolution, perished from stagnation? What caused a seemingly stable polity to collapse? Philip Roeder finds the answer to these questions in the Bolshevik "constitution"--the fundamental rules of the Soviet system that evolved from revolutionary times into the post-Stalin era. These rules increasingly prevented the Communist party from responding to the immense social changes that it had itself set in motion: although the Soviet political system initially had vast resources for transforming society, its ability to transform itself became severely limited.In Roeder's view, the problem was not that Soviet leaders did not attempt to change, but that their attempts were so often defeated by institutional resistance to reform. The leaders' successful efforts to stabilize the political system reduced its adaptability, and as the need for reform continued to mount, stability became a fatal flaw. Roeder's analysis of institutional constraints on political behavior represents a striking departure from the biographical approach common to other analyses of Soviet leadership, and provides a strong basis for comparison of the Soviet experience with constitutional transformation in other authoritarian polities

This essay sets out to explore the relationship between French performance and ecology by concentrating on the work of Philippe Quesne and Vivarium Studio, one of the few experimental theatre companies in France to have attracted recognition by French and Anglophone scholars in recent years. The essay proceeds by explaining Quesne's self-confessed concern with the environment before concentrating on the aesthetic and theoretical difference between 'ecological images' and 'images of ecology'. The final section of the essay pays close attention to how the ecological image functions in several of Quesne's plays including La Démangeaison des ailes (2003), Expériences (2004), D'après nature (2006a), L'Effet de Serge (2007) and Big Bang (2010). By weaving environmental discourse with aesthetic thought, the essay offers the first in-depth interpretation of Quesne's work in English and French as well as expanding the discursive parameters of French theatre. In keeping with the fact that 'ecological thinking' problematises any attempt to separate the metaphorical from the literal, mind from matter, the aim of this essay is to perform its own act of ecology: by which I mean that my objective is to contest the reductive 'monoculturism' of Anglophone theatre research, which has shown little interest in work performed in a language other than English, while simultaneously increasing the 'biodiversity' of French theatre criticism, which, to date, has paid little attention to ecology in terms of theme or form.

Museum was a man-made thing, a culture. This situation made the museum polluted with many tension, especially for the museum founded or managed by the government. This paper tried to evaluate the appeareance of the State Museum of DIY "Sonobudoyo" as a general museum and Jogja Kembali Monument as a tematic museum, and found some political aspects involved in their buildings, collections, exhibitions and other things

Palonen, Kari, Rosales, José María & Turkka, Tapani. The politics of dissensus: parliament in debate. Santander: Cantabria University Press; McGraw-Hill, 2014, 521 pp. ; Palonen, Kari, Rosales, José María y Turkka, Tapani. The politics of dissensus: parliament in debate. Santander: Cantabria University Press; McGraw-Hill, 2014, 521 pp.

In 2013, the Australian oil and gas company, Woodside Petroleum, and its multinational joint venture partners announced that they would not be proceeding with a $40 billion liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing facility on the coast of the Kimberley, north-western Australia. The corporations' decision was made after a five-year campaign against the gas hub by Indigenous, community and environmental groups. The limited academic literature on this case has focused on particular sets of actors and stages of the conflict. This paper applies a broader perspective by examining the positions of a range of actors over a longer time period. It argues that i) the concept of the politics of time provides a useful lens for understanding the dynamics of the conflict ii) the state attempted to exercise control over the development using temporal strategies, but this facilitated alliances between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people and iii) the state also exercised control over corporate actors, but was ultimately unable to compel investment in an increasingly globalized market featuring new floating LNG technology (FLNG).

Christians in Australia have been far from unanimous about what their response should be to the ongoing global refugee crisis and Australia's role as a destination country. Despite this many congregations, however, have become involved in providing hospitality for refugees and advocating on their behalf justifying their involvement by reference to the teachings of Jesus. While this intuitive appeal to Scripture is not inappropriate as a starting point, the complexity of the issues that have emerged over time have raised questions that require a more substantial theological response.The theological resources laid out in Refuge Reimagined draw on interdisciplinary conversation between biblical scholarship and empirical accounts of refugee experience, and hospitality in refuge countries.

This article explores the process leading to the Afghan government's decision to implement a prohibition and eradication of opium in the northeastern province of Badakhshan. It explores why Daud chose Badakhshan, the impact of the opium ban on the people of Badakhshan and the future of opium production and trade, as well as the evolution of drug control in Afghanistan under the Musahiban dynasty. Ultimately, the ban was launched because it allowed Daud to garner international praise and financial support, while enforcing eradication in an area inhabited by ethnic minorities ensured that the Afghan government's coercive strategy would not generate resistance from rural Pashtun tribes historically opposed to these types of state intervention.