Suchergebnisse

This document aims at reporting the progress of the Indofarm Project (CIRAD-SPKS partnership) and proposing improvements for the next surveys. So far, one village from Sumatra (Bencah Umbai, Riau Province) has been fully surveyed, totalling 98 smallholders and mapping 111 oil palm plots. The use of tablets supporting the Kobo ToolBox questionnaires and the GPS for mapping has worked very well for data collection. However a first analysis shows that the quality of the data itself is not fully satisfactory. We should therefore work on improving the survey's method and questionnaire; refine the training of surveyors and the set up data quality management procedures. The first part of the report explores the way the surveys are conducted by the team recruited by SPKS as well as the quality of the data obtained. We found that the surveyors often do the interview at a pace that doesn't allow good data verification, sometimes up to 7 interviews in the same day. The main issue in terms of data input and data quality is the identification of smallholders and plots. The ID numbers (NIK ad plot ID) have many typos and sometimes duplicates. Monitoring and correcting those errors is critical for further data analysis but also is we want the survey to serve as a basis for land ownership recognition. The agronomical data in terms of planting density, production etc. is sometimes incoherent. This is mostly a problem of conversion and units. A field book will be provided to the survey team for the next villages to help with data checking and agronomical observations. It appeared that the survey is very long (several hundreds of question) and that we have to define the main focus of our research. This does not necessarily mean we have to drop questions but that we have to define clearly the ones that will serve research purposes to improve the data quality and data interpretation on those specific topics. It is also important to determine what the project can provide to farmers in the short run (training guides or poster, training with agronomists, etc.) and in the long run (official land registration, advice to fertilize, price information, etc.) Socialisation with farmers and the head of village is a key aspect of the project to access data but also for SPKS to build a network that will serve its future purpose. Villagers are asking for more training and technical information on the part of CIRAD and SPKS. Moreover, additional open interviews with local governments (Kepala Desa) and the key actors of the value chain (middlemen) are necessary to fully understand the context in which palm oil smallholders make their agronomical decision. In the second part of the report we give a quick overview of the data already available on Bencah Umbai. In terms of economy and livelihood, it confirms the crucial part played by the oil palm. The adoption of the crop has fuelled the development of the village and is now the main source of income for most villagers. This development is recent, most palms were planted in 2008-2012, and was strongly correlated with a migration wave from North Sumatra (Medan's Javanese Community ). The population has doubled in the last 6 years and the village is now mostly populated by migrants (60%) who all planted oil palm. The local inhabitants (Melayu people) also massively adopted the cash crop after the migrants introduced it. The adoption of all palm was massive at the village level and globally improved the livelihood of the inhabitants (access to housing, motorcycles, electricity). It also reshaped the land ownership system and the land market, increasing the price of land and the number of transactions. Agronomical practices were also analysed. The data obtained confirms that the yield gap is important between smallholders and agro-industries. Most of them produced between 5-15t FFB/ha/ year, but the yield disparities between smallholders is strong. Most of them don't use selected planting material, and the high proportion of Dura fruits lead to price gap between independent smallholders and plasma plots. In terms of yield gap the main problems seem to be1) the quality of the nurseries and planting, 2) the fertilization (lack of K fertilizers) and 3) an inappropriate soil cover management on slopes. Most of them use chemical herbicide at a high dose, which is both hazardous and agronomically counter-productive. In terms of fertility, we make the hypothesis that most the farmers have benefit from a "forest precedent" but will face fertility problems in the next years due to improper fertilization and soil erosion. The oldest plots in the village (>10years) already show a decline in yield and the one we visited displayed acute symptoms of mineral deficiency. As a conclusion we suggests different ways in which the quality of the data could be improved, mainly through: 1) Continuous data analysis and monitoring 2) Follow up and training of the surveyors 3) additional interviews with keys stakeholders for context information 4) Feedback and focus groups with farmers.

На территории Красноярского края России, в долине р. Ус, на границе в Республикой Тыва, до настоящего времени проживает особая тувинская общность усинские тувинцы. Статья посвящена их истории и основывается на документах архивов Красноярского края, Минусинска, Иркутской области, Республики Тыва. Науке хорошо известны тувинцы Монголии и Китая. Усинские тувинцы же практически не изучались и не включались в число коренных народов Красноярского края. Лишь в последние 5 лет появились работы ученых Сибирского федерального и Тувинского госуниверситетов по этносоциальным и языковым особенностям усинских тувинцев. Есть две версии истории заселения тувинцами Усинского района: 1) предки тувинцы кочевали в долине Уса, и этот район входил в территориальную область завершающего этапа тувинского этногенеза после XVII в.; 2) заселение тувинцами долины началось почти одновременно с появлением первых русских переселенцев. Можно предположить, что современный этап тувинского освоения Усинской долины начался в XVIII в., после окончательного закрепления этой территории за Россией и после оформления в Китайской империи административного образования Урянхай. Активное русское освоение Усинского района началось в XIX в. Это привело к изменениям в тувинском освоении этой территории, например, тувинские власти в 1860-х гг. пытались создать препятствия русской земледельческой колонизации. Стали сокращаться тувинские кочевья, развивается хозяйственная кооперация и рост зависимости тувинцев от русских предпринимателей и крестьян. Тем не менее, на рубеже XIX-ХХ вв. тувинское население округа оставалось многочисленным. Росли русско-тувинские противоречия. Принятие Тувы под политическое покровительство России в 1914 г. вызвало и вопрос об организации усинских тувинцев. Они полностью сохраняли все атрибуты подданства цинскому императору. Наличие постоянного тувинского населения на соседней территории обусловило территориальные претензии Тувинской Народной республики. Вопрос о присоединении Усинского района к Туве сохранял остроту несколько первых десятилетий ХХ в. В целом, с момента пограничного русско-китайского размежевания в первой половине XVIII в. и до вхождения Тувы в состав России в 1944 г. постоянно проживавшие в Усинском районе тувинцы русской властью воспринимались в качестве иностранцев. Лишь с 1950-х гг. в делопроизводственных документах местного сельсовета отражается местное тувинское население. Между тувинцами Тувы и Усинского района сохранялись активные миграционные процессы, но усинские тувинцы всегда имели этнокультурную специфику, которая формировалась фактом их проживания за пределами национального государственного образования и тесным взаимодействием с русским населением. ; In the valley of the Us river, in the borderlands between Krasnoyarskii Krai and the Republic of Tuva, lives a community of the so-called Usinsk Tuvans. The article examines the history of this sub-ethnicity as it is shown in the documents preserved at the archives of Krasnoyarskii Krai, Minusinsk, Irkutsk Oblast and the Republic of Tuva. Unlike the Tuvans living in Mongolia and China, Usinsk Tuvans have received almost no scholarly attention and have not been listed among the indigenous minorities of Krasnoyarskii Krai. It was only in the last 5 years that they have been for the first time studied by the researchers from Siberian Federal and Tuvan State Universities, with a special focus on ethnosocial and linguistic peculiarities of the Usinsk Tuvans. Two versions of how the Tuvan population arrived in the contemporary Usinsk rayon are known to exist. According to the first, the nomadic ancestors of the Tuvans roamed the Us valley, and since the 17th century, this area has witnessed the final stage of Tuvan ethnogenesis. The second version maintains that the Tuvans arrived in the area almost at the same time as the first Russian settlers. It can be suggested that the contemporary stage of settling in the Us valley began in the 18th century when Russia's hold on the area was formalized by a treaty with China, and the Chinese empire, in its turn, set up the administrative unit of Uriankhai. In the 19th century, Russians started to actively settle in what now is known as Usinsk rayon, which led to a change in Tuvan settlement of the same territory. In the 1860s, for instance, Tuvan leaders tried to prevent Russian agricultural colonization of the area. Nevertheless, nomadic camping grounds grew smaller, and agricultural cooperation began, which made Tuvans increasingly dependent on Russian traders and farmers. However, at the turn of the 20th century the Tuvan population of the area was still small, and the tension between Russians and Tuvans grew high. When Tuva became a political protectorate of Russia in 1914, the issue of administrative status of Usinsk Tuvans came to a head. With Tuvans preserving the subjecthood of the Qing empire, their presence in the adjacent area gave rise to the territorial claims of the People's Republic of Tuva. The issue of possible cession of Usinsk rayon to Tuva had remained urgent for several decades in early 20th century. Overall, from the Russian-Chinese border delineation in the first half of the 18th century to Tuva's accession into the USSR in 1944, the Tuvans permanently residing in Usinsk rayon were viewed by Russian authorities as foreign subjects. They appeared in the documentation of local village councils as late as in 1950s. There have always been active migration between Usinsk rayon and the Republic of Tuva, but Usinsk Tuvans at the same time have remained ethnoculturally distinct, which was upheld by the fact of residing outside the national region and close contacts with the Russian population.

Aim of the research During the last decades, society has changed and become increasingly market driven. As a result, organizations within all sectors of society, and particularly those within the nonprofit/voluntary sector, have been encouraged, and in many cases forced, to compete for funding from a diminishing governmental budget while simultaneously minimizing their excessive governmental dependence. Consequentially, traditional sector boundaries have eroded. However, neither the state nor the free market have managed to provide universal social welfare/security or respond to some of our major societal challenges (e.g., mass migration and inequality; Huybrechts & Nicholls, 2012). A possible answer to these challenges might be social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurs are found within the blurred sectors of society. Social entrepreneurs in sports consist of organizations that prioritize social values ahead of both sporting results and financial profits (Schenker & Peterson, 2017), differing from CSR in terms of the organizations' primary goals and handling of profits (Huybrechts & Nicholls, 2012). Research has however shown that organizations engaged in social entrepreneurship have difficulties in creating sustainable businesses (e.g., Austin, Stevenson & Wei-Skillern, 2006). One possibility often highlighted in research to successfully maintain and develop such businesses is the use of networks. Despite this, Phillips, Lee, Ghobadian, O'Regan and James (2015) show that (a) social entrepreneurs struggle to identify and develop relevant networks, and (b) research needs to be more empirical (qualitative) regarding which roles the actors within the organizations might have for social entrepreneurs. The aim of this study is to better understand and discuss how social entrepreneurship and networking can be manifested in a sports organization. Hence, this study fills a knowledge gap in research on social entrepreneurship in general, and in sport in particular. Theoretical background Social entrepreneurs do not operate in a vacuum, but in a social context in which they navigate to find resources. By synthesizing the welfare triangle, with its theoretical description of society's organization (Pestoff, 1998), with different types of networks (Lechner, Dowling & Welpe, 2006), it is possible to illustrate, understand and discuss the transboundary work and networking of social entrepreneurs within the blurred sectors of society. Methodology This study is based on an explorative case study of a sports organization within the voluntary sector, situated on a small island in Sweden. The sports organization can, based on Schenker and Peterson's (2017) theoretical development of the concept of sport and social entrepreneurship, be compared to a social entrepreneurial sports organization. The data includes documents (e.g., annual reports) and semi-structured interviews with six respondents from the sports organization as well as its partners, who were chosen based on the theoretical framework. The data underwent a qualitative content analysis. Data containing the organization's business and network was first organized based on the theoretical framework. All identified partners were then categorized with respect to the welfare triangle. Lastly, the different collaborations were analysed and discussed in a concept-driven manner. Results The sports organization in question has a multifaceted business, which can be seen as a result of their stated social goal. An example of their social responsibility is that they incorporate youths from a juvenile detention centre into their activities, thereby contributing to the youths' rehabilitation. The study shows that the organization relies on and uses various types of networks within different sectors of society. Most collaborations are with other actors in the voluntary sector. This finding implies that organizations most easily collaborate with actors with similar sectorial affiliations, probably because these organizations "play" by the same rules (Pestoff, 1998). Also, due to the organizational form, the organization has access to several institutional networks (e.g., with the municipality). Some of these are strengthened by the organization's use of various reputational networks (e.g., by contact with universities), which increase their legitimacy. However, the organization is not dependent on institutional networks and grants. It generates approximately 55 percent of its revenue by arranging income-generating activities of their own and through the use of different networks (e.g., a commercial local hotel & conference center). Several of these networks are furthermore characterized by both an interdependence and a drive for win-win situations, rather than the unilateral dependence otherwise apparent in research. The present study fills a research gap (Phillips et al., 2015) and contributes to an understanding of the importance of various types of networks. Additionally, although entrepreneurs exist within a certain social context, this study contributes to inspiration for practitioners. References Huybrechts, B. & Nicholls, A. (2012). Social entrepreneurship: Definitions, drivers and challenges. In C. K. Volkmann, K. O. Tokarski, & K. Ernst (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship and social business: An introduction and discussion with case studies (pp. 31–48). Wiesbaden: Springer-Gabler. Lechner, C., Dowling, M. & Welpe, I. (2006). Firm networks and firm development: The role of the relational mix. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 514–540. Pestoff, V. A. (1998). Beyond the market and the state: Social enterprises and civil democracy in a welfare society. Aldershot: Ashgate. Peterson, T. & Schenker, K. (2017). Sport and social entrepreneurship in the Swedish context. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. Advance online publication. 1–16. Phillips, W., Lee, H., Ghobadian, A., O'Regan, N. & James, P. (2015). Social innovation and social entrepreneurship: A systematic review. Group and Organization Management, 40, 428– 461.

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.

The French associative landscape against HIV/AIDS sees at the end of the 1990s the emergence of a set of immigrant organizations, especially led by persons born in sub-Saharan Africa. Heavily affected by the epidemic and long forgotten by the programs to combat the epidemic, immigrant women became a priority target of the health authorities and now occupy a particular position within immigrant organizations. The objective of this thesis is to shed light on the specific role played by women born in sub-Saharan Africa in the fight against HIV/AIDS in France and to analyze the consequences of such an associative commitment on various spheres of their lives. A socio-ethnographic survey was conducted in the Ile-de-France region, between 2011 and 2013, from the observation of the daily lives, actions and events of six organizations. Eighty-six interviews were conducted among women met in twelve organizations, in order to reconstruct their biographical trajectory, and among doctors and hospital social workers in order to seize their representations of these associative players. Theories of care and agency form the analytical framework emerging from the empirical materials. The survey shows that the associative projects led by women born in sub-Saharan Africa respond sensitively to the needs of the most vulnerable immigrants but also to the needs of the social and health professionals. Predominantly female, these groups fit into an associative grammar of care based on self-support and the meeting between two profiles: the female users in a liminal position and the caregivers with diverse resources. The female users draw on these spaces the necessary supports to get out of the liminal status, while the caregivers develop a field expertise which allows them to fit into HIV/AIDS policies and professional spheres. The analyses point out the agency process of the women engaged within these organizations. The female users negotiate the mode of their social integration in France tactically resorting to the associations they frequent. The caregivers rely on the fight against HIV/AIDS to exceed the position traditionally assigned to immigrants in France and to have access to the public space. Furthermore, the specific positioning of women within immigrant organizations offers them a special opportunity to strategically appropriate the gender norms integrated over their socialization. However, HIV/AIDS social issues linked to the social position of women in the migration context hamper the different voice/way which seems to be open to them in the fight against the epidemic in France. ; Le paysage associatif français de lutte contre le VIH/sida voit émerger dès la fin des années 1990 un ensemble d'associations d'immigrant-e-s, en particulier porté par des personnes nées en Afrique Subsaharienne. Lourdement affectées par l'épidémie et longtemps oubliées des programmes de lutte contre le VIH/sida, les femmes immigrantes devenues une cible prioritaire des autorités sanitaires y occupent une position particulière. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'éclairer le rôle spécifique joué par les femmes nées en Afrique Subsaharienne dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida en France et d'analyser les conséquences d'un tel engagement associatif sur les différentes sphères de leur vie. Une enquête socio-ethnographique a été réalisée en Île-de-France, entre 2011 et 2013, à partir de l'observation du quotidien de six associations, d'actions et d'événements associatifs divers. Quatre-vingt-six entretiens ont été conduits auprès de femmes rencontrées dans douze associations, afin de reconstituer leur trajectoire biographique, et auprès de médecins et assistantes sociales hospitalières pour saisir leurs représentations de ces actrices associatives. Le care et l'agency forment le cadre analytique émergeant des matériaux empiriques. L'enquête montre que les projets associatifs menés par les femmes nées en Afrique Subsaharienne répondent de manière sensible aux besoins des immigrant-e-s les plus vulnérables mais également aux besoins de soutien des professionnel-le-s de l'action sociale et de santé. Majoritairement féminins, ces collectifs s'inscrivent dans une grammaire associative du care reposant sur l'auto-support et la rencontre entre deux profils : les usagères en situation de liminalité et les aidantes aux ressources diverses. Les usagères puisent dans ces espaces les supports nécessaires à la sortie du statut liminal, tandis que les aidantes développent une expertise du terrain qui leur permet de s'insérer dans les sphères professionnelles et politiques du VIH/sida. Les analyses pointent le processus d'agence des femmes engagées au sein de ces associations. Les usagères négocient les modalités de leur insertion sociale en France en recourant de manière tactique aux associations qu'elles fréquentent. Les aidantes s'appuient sur la lutte contre le VIH/sida pour dépasser la place traditionnellement réservée aux immigrant-e-s en France et accéder à l'espace public. De plus, le positionnement spécifique des femmes aux sein des associations d'immigrant-e-s leur offre une opportunité particulière de s'approprier stratégiquement les normes de genre intégrées au fil de leur socialisation. Cependant, les enjeux sociaux de la lutte contre le VIH/sida articulés à la position sociale de ces femmes dans le contexte migratoire freinent la voix/e différente qui semble leur être ouverte par la lutte contre l'épidémie en France.

Purpose. Influence of the administrative-territorial reform, initialized by the government of Ukraine in 2015, on the social-economic development of the country, plans of territorial development, and residential housing has been studied insufficiently, and needs in-depth analysis and specification. There is a need for further study of the influence of administrative-territorial reform on transformation of living of an individual citizen, and of the society as a whole, particularly on changes of the residential construction structure, application of energy-efficient technologies in housing construction, and та investment attractiveness of the united communities' territories. Methodology. The proposed algorithm of study of the influence of administrative-territorial reform on changes to society and development of low-rise energy-efficient residential housing is based on determination of cooperation between certain internal and geopolitical processes, and replication of changes alike in other countries of the world. Findings. It is determined that implementation of the administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine has significant impact on improvement of socialeconomic relationships, development of the united communities' territories, structure and quality characteristics of low-rise housing. The administrative-territorial reform also has great impact on migration and demographics of the Ukrainian society. According to the study results, state and local authorities, scientific environment, business structures, local and foreign investors, and Ukrainian citizens as subjects of the administrative-territorial reform, are acquire quality components for organizing their own plans of participation in the transformation processes of the country. Originality. The improvement of studying the impact of the administrative-territorial reform on social changes and Ukrainian citizens' quality of life by studying of cooperation between certain local and geopolitical processes and replication of changes alike in other countries of the world. Practical value. Using the study of influence of the administrative-territorial reform on social-economic development of the state, plans of territories' development, and residential housing will allow to use the results of these influences in the formation of plans for development of the united societies' territories, applying energy-efficient technologies in low-rise housing, development of business and investment plans. ; Цель. Влияние административно-территориальной реформы, инициированной властями Украины в 2015 году, на общественно-экономическое развитие государства, планы развития территорий и жилищное строительство изучен недостаточно, требует анализа и конкретизации. Есть необходимость более детального изучения влияния административно-территориальной реформы на трансформации жизни общества в целом и каждого гражданина индивидуально, в частности изменение структуры жилищного строительства, применение энергоэффективных технологий при строительстве жилья и инвестиционной привлекательности территорий объединенных общин. Методика. Предложенный алгоритм изучения влияния административно-территориальной реформы на изменения общества и развитие малоэтажного энергоэффективного жилищного строительства базируется на определении взаимодействия определенных внутригосударственных и геополитических процессов, а также применение аналогий подобных изменений в других странах мира. Результаты. Установлено, что воплощение в Украине административно-территориальной реформа может влиять на совершенствование общественно-экономических отношений, развитие территорий объединенных общин, структуру и качественные характеристики малоэтажного жилья. Административно-территориальная реформа имеет значительное влияние на миграционные и демографические процессы украинского общества. Согласно полученным результатам исследований, органы государственной власти и местного самоуправления, научную среду, бизнес структуры, отечественные и зарубежные инвесторы, а также граждане Украины, как субъекты административно-территориальной реформы, приобретают качественные составляющие для организации собственных планов участия в трансформационных процессах страны . Научная новизна. Совершенствование изучения влияния административно-территориальной реформы на общественные изменения и качество жизни граждан Украины путем определения взаимодействия определенных внутригосударственных и геополитических процессов, а также применение аналогий подобных изменений в других странах мира. Практическая значимость. Использование изучение влияния административно-территориальной реформы на общественно-экономическое развитие государства, планы развития территорий и жилищное строительство позволит применить результаты данных воздействий при формировании планов развития территорий объединенных общин, применении энергоэффективных технологий в малоэтажном домостроении, разработке бизнес и инвестиционных планов. ; Мета. Вплив адміністративно-територіальної реформи, ініційованої владою України в 2015 році, на суспільно-економічний розвиток держави, плани розвитку територій та житлове будівництво вивчений недостатньо, потребує аналізу та конкретизації. Є необхідність більш детального вивчення впливів адміністративно-територіальної реформи на трансформації життя суспільства в цілому та кожного громадянина індивідуально, зокрема на зміну структури житлового будівництва, застосування енергоефективних технологій при зведенні житла та інвестиційної привабливості територій об'єднаних громад . Методика. Запропонований алгоритм вивчення впливу адміністративно-територіальної реформи на зміни суспільства та розвиток малоповерхового енергоефективного житлового будівництва базується на визначенні взаємодії певних внутрішньодержавних та геополітичних процесів, а також застосування аналогій подібних змін в інших країнах світу. Результати. Встановлено, що втілення в Україні адміністративно-територіальної реформа має значний вплив на вдосконалення суспільно-економічних відносин, розвиток територій об'єднаних громад, структуру та якісні характеристики малоповерхового житла. Адміністративно-територіальна реформа також має значний вплив на міграційні та демографічні процеси українського суспільства. Згідно з отриманими результатами досліджень, органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування, наукове середовище, бізнес структури, вітчизняні та закордонні інвестори, а також громадяни України, як суб'єкти адміністративно-територіальної реформи, набувають якісні складові для організації власних планів участі в трансформаційних процесах країни. Наукова новизна. Удосконалення вивчення впливу адміністративно-територіальної реформи на суспільні зміни та якість життя громадян України шляхом визначення взаємодії певних внутрішньодержавних та геополітичних процесів, а також застосування аналогій подібних змін в інших країнах світу. Практична значимість. Використання вивчення впливу адміністративно-територіальної реформи на суспільно-економічний розвиток держави, плани розвитку територій та житлове будівництво дозволить застосувати результати даних впливів при формуванні планів розвитку територій об'єднаних громад, застосуванні енергоефективних технологій в малоповерховому домобудуванні, розробці бізнес та інвестиційних планів.

Purpose. Influence of the administrative-territorial reform, initialized by the government of Ukraine in 2015, on the social-economic development of the country, plans of territorial development, and residential housing has been studied insufficiently, and needs in-depth analysis and specification. There is a need for further study of the influence of administrative-territorial reform on transformation of living of an individual citizen, and of the society as a whole, particularly on changes of the residential construction structure, application of energy-efficient technologies in housing construction, and та investment attractiveness of the united communities' territories. Methodology. The proposed algorithm of study of the influence of administrative-territorial reform on changes to society and development of low-rise energy-efficient residential housing is based on determination of cooperation between certain internal and geopolitical processes, and replication of changes alike in other countries of the world. Findings. It is determined that implementation of the administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine has significant impact on improvement of socialeconomic relationships, development of the united communities' territories, structure and quality characteristics of low-rise housing. The administrative-territorial reform also has great impact on migration and demographics of the Ukrainian society. According to the study results, state and local authorities, scientific environment, business structures, local and foreign investors, and Ukrainian citizens as subjects of the administrative-territorial reform, are acquire quality components for organizing their own plans of participation in the transformation processes of the country. Originality. The improvement of studying the impact of the administrative-territorial reform on social changes and Ukrainian citizens' quality of life by studying of cooperation between certain local and geopolitical processes and replication of changes alike in other countries of the world. Practical value. Using the study of influence of the administrative-territorial reform on social-economic development of the state, plans of territories' development, and residential housing will allow to use the results of these influences in the formation of plans for development of the united societies' territories, applying energy-efficient technologies in low-rise housing, development of business and investment plans. ; Цель. Влияние административно-территориальной реформы, инициированной властями Украины в 2015 году, на общественно-экономическое развитие государства, планы развития территорий и жилищное строительство изучен недостаточно, требует анализа и конкретизации. Есть необходимость более детального изучения влияния административно-территориальной реформы на трансформации жизни общества в целом и каждого гражданина индивидуально, в частности изменение структуры жилищного строительства, применение энергоэффективных технологий при строительстве жилья и инвестиционной привлекательности территорий объединенных общин. Методика. Предложенный алгоритм изучения влияния административно-территориальной реформы на изменения общества и развитие малоэтажного энергоэффективного жилищного строительства базируется на определении взаимодействия определенных внутригосударственных и геополитических процессов, а также применение аналогий подобных изменений в других странах мира. Результаты. Установлено, что воплощение в Украине административно-территориальной реформа может влиять на совершенствование общественно-экономических отношений, развитие территорий объединенных общин, структуру и качественные характеристики малоэтажного жилья. Административно-территориальная реформа имеет значительное влияние на миграционные и демографические процессы украинского общества. Согласно полученным результатам исследований, органы государственной власти и местного самоуправления, научную среду, бизнес структуры, отечественные и зарубежные инвесторы, а также граждане Украины, как субъекты административно-территориальной реформы, приобретают качественные составляющие для организации собственных планов участия в трансформационных процессах страны . Научная новизна. Совершенствование изучения влияния административно-территориальной реформы на общественные изменения и качество жизни граждан Украины путем определения взаимодействия определенных внутригосударственных и геополитических процессов, а также применение аналогий подобных изменений в других странах мира. Практическая значимость. Использование изучение влияния административно-территориальной реформы на общественно-экономическое развитие государства, планы развития территорий и жилищное строительство позволит применить результаты данных воздействий при формировании планов развития территорий объединенных общин, применении энергоэффективных технологий в малоэтажном домостроении, разработке бизнес и инвестиционных планов. ; Мета. Вплив адміністративно-територіальної реформи, ініційованої владою України в 2015 році, на суспільно-економічний розвиток держави, плани розвитку територій та житлове будівництво вивчений недостатньо, потребує аналізу та конкретизації. Є необхідність більш детального вивчення впливів адміністративно-територіальної реформи на трансформації життя суспільства в цілому та кожного громадянина індивідуально, зокрема на зміну структури житлового будівництва, застосування енергоефективних технологій при зведенні житла та інвестиційної привабливості територій об'єднаних громад . Методика. Запропонований алгоритм вивчення впливу адміністративно-територіальної реформи на зміни суспільства та розвиток малоповерхового енергоефективного житлового будівництва базується на визначенні взаємодії певних внутрішньодержавних та геополітичних процесів, а також застосування аналогій подібних змін в інших країнах світу. Результати. Встановлено, що втілення в Україні адміністративно-територіальної реформа має значний вплив на вдосконалення суспільно-економічних відносин, розвиток територій об'єднаних громад, структуру та якісні характеристики малоповерхового житла. Адміністративно-територіальна реформа також має значний вплив на міграційні та демографічні процеси українського суспільства. Згідно з отриманими результатами досліджень, органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування, наукове середовище, бізнес структури, вітчизняні та закордонні інвестори, а також громадяни України, як суб'єкти адміністративно-територіальної реформи, набувають якісні складові для організації власних планів участі в трансформаційних процесах країни. Наукова новизна. Удосконалення вивчення впливу адміністративно-територіальної реформи на суспільні зміни та якість життя громадян України шляхом визначення взаємодії певних внутрішньодержавних та геополітичних процесів, а також застосування аналогій подібних змін в інших країнах світу. Практична значимість. Використання вивчення впливу адміністративно-територіальної реформи на суспільно-економічний розвиток держави, плани розвитку територій та житлове будівництво дозволить застосувати результати даних впливів при формуванні планів розвитку територій об'єднаних громад, застосуванні енергоефективних технологій в малоповерховому домобудуванні, розробці бізнес та інвестиційних планів.

Changes in living conditions of the modern woman enhance its role in society life except the positive general public importance has a certain negative impact on her health. This is primarily due to the significant physical, psycho-emotional and stress impact on the female body. To these changes belong socio-economic conditions, population migration, and information overload in psychologically important areas of life, which is caused by political, social, economic, moral and ethical destabilization of society. All this leads to emotional stress, resulting in a risk of adverse changes in reproductive health, because women psycho-emotional state is her constituents. On the other hand, the vegetative regulation is one of the most important mechanisms of adaptation to stressful conditions in which the last two years are Ukrainian women. Worst of the recent history of our country events are rise to a high level of social tension affecting the health of women through stress action on the body.We have examined 120 women of childbearing age with impaired autonomic homeostasis in the form of autonomic dysfunction syndrome and somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system hypertonic, hypotonic and cardiac type who underwent artificial abortion. Study results have shown that the most of women, who detected high levels of emotional stress, has disorders of the vegetative homeostasis in the form of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system on hypotonic type.Analysis of situational and personal anxiety in women showed almost the same number of patients with low, medium and high levels of psychological adaptation. The moderate level of personal anxiety was observed in the vast majority of women with hypotonic type of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.The main changes in the state of psychological adjustment in fertile age women that had an artificial abortion were disadaptation and stress. ; Изменения условий существования современной женщины, повышение ее роли в жизни общества, кроме положительного общественно-социального значения, оказывают и определенное негативное воздействие на ее здоровье. Прежде всего это связано со значительной физической, психоэмоциональной и стрессорной нагрузкой на женский организм. К упомянутым изменениям можно в первую очередь отнести социально-экономические условия, массовую миграцию населения, информационную перегрузку в психологически значимых сферах жизни, обусловленную политической, социально-экономической и морально-этической дестабилизацией общества. Все это приводит к психоэмоциональному перенапряжению, вследствие чего возникает риск негативных изменений репродуктивного здоровья, поскольку психоэмоциональное состояние женщины является его составляющей. С другой стороны, вегетативная регуляция представляет собой один из важнейших механизмов адаптации организма к стрессогенным условиям, в которых на протяжении двух последних лет пребывают украинские женщины. События сложнейшего периода новейшей истории нашей страны обусловливают очень высокий уровень социальной напряженности, что влияет на состояние здоровья женщин путем стрессорной нагрузки на организм.Мы обследовали 120 женщин фертильного возраста с нарушениями вегетативного гомеостаза в виде синдрома вегетативной дисфункции и соматоформной дисфункции вегетативной нервной системы по гипертоническому, гипотоническому и кардиальному типу, которые перенесли артифициальный аборт. Согласно результатам исследования, наибольшее количество женщин, у которых определялся высокий уровень психоэмоционального стресса, имели нарушения вегетативного гомеостаза в виде соматоформной дисфункции вегетативной нервной системы по гипотоническому типу.Анализ показателей уровня ситуативной и личностной тревожности у участниц исследования показал почти одинаковое количество пациенток с низким, средним и высоким уровнем психологической адаптации.При этом умеренный уровень личностной тревожности наблюдался у подавляющего большинства женщин с нарушениями вегетативного гомеостаза в виде соматоформной дисфункции вегетативной нервной системы по гипотоническому типу.Основными изменениями в состоянии психологической адаптации у женщин фертильного возраста, перенесших артифициальный аборт, были дизадаптация и стресс. ; Зміни умов існування сучасної жінки, підвищення її ролі в житті суспільства, окрім позитивного загальносуспільного значення, справляють і певний негативний вплив на її здоров'я. Насамперед це пов'язано зі значним фізичним, психоемоційним та стресорним навантаженням на жіночий організм. До згаданих змін можна в першу чергу віднести соціально-економічні умови, масову міграцію населення, інформаційне перевантаження в психологічно значущих сферах життя, яке зумовлене політичною, соціально-економічною і морально-етичною дестабілізацією суспільства. Все це призводить до психоемоційного перенапруження, внаслідок чого виникає ризик негативних змін репродуктивного здоров'я, оскільки психоемоційний стан жінки є його складовою компонентою. З іншого боку, вегетативна регуляція являє собою один із найважливіших механізмів адаптації організму до стресогенних умов, в яких протягом останніх двох років перебувають українські жінки. Події найскладнішого періоду новітньої історії нашої країни обумовлюють дуже високий рівень соціальної напруги, що впливає на стан здоров'я жінок шляхом стресорного навантаження на організм.Нами було обстежено 120 жінок фертильного віку з порушеннями вегетативного гомеостазу у вигляді синдрому вегетативної дисфункції та соматоформної дисфункції вегетативної нервової системи за гіпертонічним, гіпотонічним та кардіальним типом, які перенесли артифіційний аборт. Згідно з результатами дослідження, найбільша кількість жінок, в яких виявлявся високий рівень психоемоційного стресу, мала порушення вегетативного гомеостазу у вигляді соматоформної дисфункції вегетативної нервової системи за гіпотонічним типом.Аналіз показників рівня ситуативної та особистісної тривожності в учасниць дослідження показав майже однакову кількість пацієнток із низьким, середнім та високим рівнями психологічної адаптації. При цьому помірний рівень особистісної тривожності спостерігався у переважної більшості жінок із порушеннями вегетативного гомеостазу у вигляді соматоформної дисфункції вегетативної нервової системи за гіпотонічним типом.Основними змінами в стані психологічної адаптації у жінок фертильного віку, які перенесли артифіційний аборт, були дизадаптація та стрес.

The supposed ice melting process leads to a fundamental change in the geopolitical status of the Arctic region: it is becoming more open to different kinds of maritime activities implementation, including navigation, commercial fishing, mineral and energy resources extraction. Not only the Arctic Five (A5) countries, whose coasts are directly washed by the Arctic Ocean, are interested in their realization, but non-regional states also. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) gives them such opportunities. According to UNCLOS, the central part of the Arctic Ocean beyond the 200-mile exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the Arctic countries can be considered as a high seas enclave, with all freedoms of the high seas: of navigation; of overflight; of fishing; of scientific research; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines; to construct artificial islands and other installations. The high seas are open to all states, whether coastal or land-locked, which have equal rights here. In addition, it should be noted that other countries have a right to carry out certain practical activities associated with three (out of six) freedoms named above: of navigation (with some restrictions under Article 234 of UNCLOS); of overflight; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines – within the Arctic states EEZ. The appearance of new Arctic players interested in its spaces and resources is connected with significant increase in risks and threats, primarily non-military. This is largely due to fundamental differences between the Arctic Ocean and other sea areas, such as the Indian or Atlantic Ocean. Among these differences: only five Arctic states are washed by the Arctic Ocean's waters; shallow depth; small total area; a significant length of the shelf zone; special climate conditions, including ice cap; finally – ecological vulnerability. In this regard, the process of the Arctic region's opening for different kinds of maritime activities implementation poses a problem of the environmental security, protection and preservation of the marine environment and its biological diversity. Despite the fact that security issues in their traditional interpretation are not under the jurisdiction of the Arctic Council, its primary environmental focus indicates that these issues are directly correlated with the main area of its activities. Anyway, the modern interpretation of the "security" concept includes not only a "military", but also an "environmental" component. For the Arctic states, whose geographical position makes them the first victims of any environmental disaster in the region, the provision of environmental security should be the main priority in their mutual policies. The most effective model for the non-military security threats response in the Arctic is cooperation and coordination between all Arctic states at the regional level. One of the problems in the way is that the Arctic Ocean could not be compared with the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, to which the Article 123 of the UNCLOS "Cooperation of States Bordering Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas" provides the states' right to "coordinate the management, conservation, exploration and exploitation of the living resources of the sea", and to "coordinate the implementation of their rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment". However, the recent transformation of the international maritime law gives Arctic countries some opportunities in this area. First, the regime of the high seas is becoming less conducive for implementation of specific types of maritime activities. In the future, we can expect that the extent of regulation in this area of the World ocean will be significantly increased. The implementation of the high seas freedoms is largely conditioned by the realization of the tasks to protect and preserve the marine environment and its biodiversity. Second, there is a continuing practice of expanding the authority of coastal states in their jurisdiction zones, especially in the EEZ. Despite the fact that the coastal state is not granted any competence in the field of the EEZ security, the practice of a broad interpretation of the "security" concept includes food, resource and environment security. The enforcement of such security regimes is becoming an increasingly common practice, even though it imposes certain restrictions for third countries' rights in these sea areas. Finally, the adoption of security measures in the EEZ, on one hand, and at the high sea, on the other, should be recognized interdependent and considered all together. In the near future, the number of potential security threats can be significantly expanded due to the increase in the number of maritime activities participants. In addition to the already existing non-military threats (pollution of the marine environment; illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing), new threats may appear: armed robbery of ships (piracy); acts of terrorism affecting both the shipping and offshore installations (oil and gas platforms); illegal transportation of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD); illegal transportation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; illegal movement of people by sea, including illegal migration. An effective response to these types of threats requires not only individual efforts of the Arctic Five countries, but also collective security measures. In this regard, in order to create a regional security model, the development of collaboration and cooperation between the Arctic countries is essential. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the Russian Humanitarian Scientifi c Foundation Project No. 14-07-00050 "Institutions and Principles of Supranational Governance Formation in World Politics: Concepts and Activities".

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.

The introduction of Christianity to the Pacific Islands has had lasting consequences for the region. Over a period of more than 200 years Christian missionaries have assimilated local cultures and their embedded value systems to construct one of the most successful processes of religious conversion and 'inculturation'1 in modem history. Today over ninety-five percent of Pacific Island populations profess allegiance to a growing number of Christian denominations. Across the region churches play an important role in the delivery of social services, catering for both the spiritual and physical needs of their respective constituents. Though heavily dependent on government funding, church-delivered services generally enjoy an excellent reputation for high standards of efficiency and dedication, particularly in cases where there is no government equivalent in a given (generally rural) locality. The relationship between church groups and states in the Pacific, as described in the constitutional and legislative frameworks of each country, is rather unidirectional in nature; religious freedom is defined mainly, though by no means entirely, through limits to state power vis-a-vis religious practice rather than how religious power can affect the state. It is for these reasons that this report recommends a consensus be developed about the respective roles of government, civil society, and other private actors in the governance of Pacific Island states. Churches in the Pacific, through their developmental roles in communities, should be treated as 'civil society actors' by way of separationism. Advocates of the separation doctrine emphasise fundamental support for the libertarian principle of freedom of religious practice. This mandates that a state should not select an official religion, ensuring that citizens are not coerced into adopting a religion favoured by the state or marginalized as to the distribution of political and economic goods and the distribution of political power. The separation doctrine is also conscious of the reflexive relationship between church and state, and the need for the state to receive a degree of protection from the influence of churches and other civil society actors. It is critical, however, that the doctrine of separation be clearly distinguished from that of secularism. Secularists identify religion in order to separate it from the domains of the state, economy and science, viewing it as a 'natural' evolutionary step towards universal morality and as a consequence of economic modernization. Separationism, in contrast, recognises that stringent neutrality between church and state is not only unachievable but also undesirable; such 'absolutism' does not take into account the diverse religious attributes of existing states and the diversity of social structures in the region. The major recommendation of this report is that a formal memorandum of understanding (MOU) be formulated to distinguish the roles of churches and states and foster a more symbiotic relationship through formal mechanisms of dialogue. A broader acknowledgement of churches as civil society actors, rather than as pseudo-governmental entities, serves to best protect the religious and civic freedoms of religious entities from state incursion; so too protecting the prescribed authority of states in acting independently of non-state entities. A formal acknowledgement of this type would serve to advance a broader governance agenda. Formal implementation of the principles of separationism would recognise that consistent reliance upon non-state actors in the delivery of key social services detracts from the state's ability to define itself, seek legitimacy and build its national capacity. This is not to say that separationism seeks to dispose with churches, nor 'dilute' their local capacity. Nor does separationism intend to 'treat churches as state employees,' or seek to circumvent or detract from the contributions made by church entities in advancing the social good. Instead, it seeks to formalise their civic and religious freedoms in terms of their rights and responsibilities as actors of' civil society.' An MOU could also lead to the development of more collaborative strategies between churches and states in key service delivery areas. This is to suggest that separationist principles should give greater impetus to reciprocal dialogue between church and state actors. Churches often have greater reach and authority in delivering social services within local communities, whereas states play a key role in funding, regulating, monitoring, designating and evaluating service delivery. Across much of the region there remain major gaps between state institutions, concentrated in the urban areas, and informal and traditional institutions, such as churches, that govern village life. Whilst the roles of churches and states are increasingly seen to differ, separationism would help foster a sense of mutual compatibility; widespread discussion of these issues between states and local communities, churches and specialist agencies would enhance the implementation and effectiveness of decisions and increase stakeholder participation. Moreover, rather than relying upon the often ambiguous constitutional and legislative freedoms pertaining to religiosity, an MOU that acknowledges the distinct yet equally valid roles of church and state would stimulate debates about a form of 'non-constitutional pluralism,' which recognises and stimulates religious diversity. This would help the region's states better manage changes to traditional social structures resulting from migration, urbanization and religious pluralism within the context of globalisation.

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.

Transnationaalisen perheen rakentuminen arjessa: Puolalainen kokemus ylirajaisesta elämästä Suomen ja Puolan välillä kylmän sodan aikana ja sen jälkeen Tämä antropologinen tutkimus tarkastelee sellaisia perheitä, joiden arkielämä jakaantuu Suomen ja Puolan välille, ja joiden jäsenet elävät arkeaan erillään toisistaan näissä maissa. Tutkimuksessa on mukana sekä pysyvästi että väliaikaisesti Suomessa asuvia puolalaisia, heidän Suomessa kasvaneita lapsiaan sekä heidän Puolassa asuvia perheenjäseniään. Ajallisesti tutkimus kattaa sekä Kylmän sodan ajan että sen jälkeisen ajan. Tällaiset perheet, jotka elävät arkeaan kansallisvaltion rajojen yli, määritellään tutkimuksessa transnationaaleiksi eli ylirajaisiksi perheiksi. Tutkimus perustuu etnografiseen kenttätyöhön, joka toteutettiin Suomessa ja Puolassa vuosina 2006-2009. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kriittisesti sitä ajatusta, että ihmiset kiinnittyisivät luonnollisesti vain yhteen paikkaan; siis sitä, että ihmiset kuuluvat vain yhteen kansakuntaan ja elävät elämäänsä yhdessä massa ja yhden katon alla. Vakiintunut maastamuutto-maahanmuutto-sopeutuminen-kotoutuminen –malli heijastelee hyvin tätä yhteen paikkaan juurtumisen ideaalia. Tässä ajattelutavassa oletetaan, että että kun ihmiset muuttavat uuteen maahan, he samalla katkaisevat suhteensa entiseen asuinmaahansa sekä sinne jääneisiin perheenjäseniin, ja keskittyvät sen sijaan sopeutumaan uuteen maahan. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että Suomessa asuvat puolalaiset ylläpitävät vahvoja siteitä Puolaan ja siellä oleviin perheenjäseniin. Ylirajaista tai transnationaalia perhettä ylläpidetään suhteellisen järjestelmällisten "sukulaistamisen" käytäntöjen avulla. Näihin käytäntöihin kuuluvat vierailut, ritualisoitu teknologiavälitteinen yhteydenpito sekä tunnesiteiden ylläpito. Ylirajainen perhe-elämä ei näyttäydy yksinomaan positiivisena, vaan myös monia ristiriitoja sisältävänä. Suurvaltapolitiikka sekä erilaiset kansalliset politiikat ovat luoneet toisistaan poikkeavat olosuhteet perhesuhteiden ylläpidolle. Tutkimus osoittaa, kuinka ylirajainen perhe-elämä muotoutuu historiallisten olosuhteinen asettamissa rajoissa, mutta ei ole suoraan niiden määräämää. Kylmän sodan aikana perhe-elämä oli paljon haastavampaa rautaesiripun yli kuin nykyisin; erityisesti kommunistisen Puolan valtion tiukka maastamuuttopolitiikka sekä ristiriitainen suhde länteen vaikeuttivat perhe-elämää tuona aikana. Kaikesta huolimatta perheet ylläpitivät suhteita myös Kylmän sodan aikana, purkaen näin rautaesiripun tuottamia jakolinjoja. Nykyisin ylirajainen perhe-elämä ja ylisukupolvinen jatkuvuus ovat monin tavoin helpompia ylläpitää, mutta nykyaika on tuonut myös uusia sekä materiaalisiin olosuhteisiin että perheiden tunnesuhteisiin liittyviä haasteita. Kansallisvaltiot eivät ole menettäneet merkitystään, vaan ne muokkaavat transnationaalia perhe-elämää ehkä hienovaraisemmilla tavoilla kuin aikaisemmin. Sekä Suomi että Puola ovat tärkeitä paikkoja tutkimukseni henkilöille. Transnationaalit perheet kiinnittyvät paikkoihin erilaisten arkisten käytäntöjen avulla, ja he kiinnittävät uudet suomalaiset jäsenensä osaksi kansallisvaltiot ylittävää perheverkostoaan ja sen arkea. Erityisesti toinen sukupolvi kiinnittyy Suomeen hyvin vahvasti. Tutkimukseni transnationaaleja perheitä ei siis sido kiinnittyminen vain yhteen paikkaan, kuten maahanmuuttopolitiikka ja kansallismieliset ideologiat usein olettavat. Sekä fyysisesti että mentaalisesti nämä perheet elävät perhe-elämäänsä rajojen yli, pikemminkin kuin niiden sisäänsä sulkemana. ; This anthropological study addresses families that live their everyday life separated from each other between Poland and Finland during and after the Cold War, from the perspective of Polish people residing permanently or temporarily in Finland, their children who grew up in Finland and family members in Poland. The families living separated by national borders are defined as transnational families. They include biological and in-law family members, close friends and companion animals. The study is based on the ethnographic fieldwork I conducted in Finland and Poland between 2006 and 2009. The study looks critically at the sedentary idea that people live and are naturally linked to only one country: they have one national belonging and lead their family life within one country and under "one roof", which is considered as the moral family ideal. This sedentary idea is reflected in the popular emigration-immigration-assimilation model, which assumes that when people migrate, they severe ties with the country of origin and family members they left behind, and focus on the "assimilation" to the country of destination. In contrast, my study shows that Polish people living in Finland have continuously maintained strong ties with Poland and family members living there. Transnational life is maintained through the relatively ordered process of transnational "kinning", including ritualized practices of technologically-mediated communication and visits, transnational emotion work and support in negotiating socioeconomic hierarchy. For my interlocutors, the transnational family life is ambivalent, rather than strictly positive experience. Different geopolitical conditions and nation-state policies created different conditions for the kinning practices. My study shows that transnational families work through different historical periods and nation-state policies rather than being determined by them. Living across borders was more difficult across the Iron Curtain, due to the Polish communist state's unfavourable emigration policies and ambiguous political-economic relationship with the Western world. Nevertheless, families maintained transnational contact also during the Cold War, dismantling the Iron Curtain divide. Nowadays, transnational family life, including its intergenerational continuity, seems to be easier to maintain, but it becomes difficult in new ways, emotionally and materially. Nation-state has not ceased to matter, but conditions transnational family in more subtle ways than before. Poland is important for my interlocutors' transnational family life, but so is Finland. In this thesis, transnational families are emplaced rather than deterritorialized, expanding their living habitat and incorporating new "Finnish" social and cultural ties into their transnational family life. Emplacement in Finland is particularly visible among the second generation of transnational family members, whom I discuss as the transnational second generation. Transnational family members of my study are thus not bounded by a reference and belonging to a single country as migration policies and nationalist ideologies assume. Physically and mentally, they live across borders, rather than within them.

Mexican communities of African descent currently exist in a state of practical non-recognition on the part of both Mexican society and governmental intuitions. The causes of this lack of recognition are twofold. First there is a lack of sufficient academic research dealing with the current reality of afro Mexican communities, and second, Mexican Government intuitions have in no way formally or informally recognized the existence Afro-Mexican communities within Mexico. As a consequence of this cultural and official invisibility, Afro-Mexican communities are frequently denied access to healthcare, education work and larger integration within Mexican civil society. These communities are also losing their socio-cultural identity as lack of access to the above social services creates a process of out migration to both Mexican and international destinations, which disrupts both communal life and cultural cohesion among Afro-Mexicans. In the Costa Chica of Oaxaca, the largest area of Afro-Mexican inhabitation within Mexico, there is a particular high rate of ethnic exclusion and lack of cultural recognition existing despite attempts at both bettering the economic conditions of community members in the region and official recognition of Afro-Mexicans as a unique ethnic group. This exclusion has cut off Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica from benefiting from government programs recognizing specific cultural rights. In light of this reality, the work focuses on two key elements of Afro-Mexican issues: first, the need to research and better document the existence of Afro-Mexican communities in the Costa Chica region of Mexico, taking into account the traditional cultural elements, which characterize the socio-cultural identities of these communities. Second, the research focuses on the ways through which Afro Mexican identity and existence can be formally and informally recognized on a national level, highlighting the importance of the unique socio-cultural reality of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica. The first line of inquiry works specifically on the internal Afro-Mexican community, focusing on the problem of understanding a cohesive identity based on values, traditions, symbols, beliefs and forms of behavior that function as cohesive elements within the Afro-Mexican community which can act as the base with which Afro-Mexicans build their feeling of membership (or cultural identity). The second, built on the first one, seeks to understand the relationship between Mexican civil society and Afro-Mexicans based on the principles of categorization, identification, comparison and distinction associated with normative rights, obligations and sanctions, which form roles (or social identities). ; El olvido en el cual ha caído la cultura negra de México se remite a dos factores centrales de la cuestión. Por una parte depende de una falta de producción académica profunda acerca de las necesidades que los pueblos afrodescendientes del país demuestran en la actualidad; por la otra, se refiere a la falta de cualquier reconocimiento institucional por parte del Estado mexicano acerca de las comunidades negras del país. Las mismas que hoy afrontan tanto una invisibilidad cultural y una consiguiente marginalidad absoluta en relación a la posibilidad de acceso a los servicios de salud, de educación, de trabajo, o de la integración con la sociedad civil; como una grave perdida de su identidad sociocultural debida a las necesidades de migración desde sus asentamientos originarios hacia otras zonas del país o del continente americano. Específicamente, por lo que concierne a la negritud de los pueblos de la Costa Chica oaxaqueña del sur-oeste de la República, los niveles de exclusión registrados son los más altos que es posible destacar en el país y, a pesar de los esfuerzos que se han hecho para mejorar las condiciones de vida de las comunidades de la zona mencionada, los afromexicanos no han alcanzado ni el reconocimiento formal de su identidad sociocultural, ni la obtención de benefícios especiales otorgados por la presencia de derechos culturales específicos. La propuesta que de esa manera se hace manifiesta vierte sobre dos puntos clave del problema: en primer lugar se dirige hacia el estudio de las comunidades afrodescendientes de la Costa Chica oaxaqueña tomando en consideración todos aquellos elementos tradicionales que contribuyen a caracterizar la identidad cultural de sus comunidades. En segunda instancia se basa en la generación de una concientización nacional acerca de la presencia y de la necesidad de reconocimiento de una identidad social de los grupos africanos del país. Por lo que concierne al primer punto se hace referencia a la relación interna a las comunidades dirigida a la definición del problema de la identidad teniendo en cuenta del conjunto de valores, tradiciones, símbolos, creencias y modos de comportamiento que funcionan como elemento cohesionador dentro de las comunidades negras del país y que actúan como sustrato para que los individuos que lo forman puedan fundamentar su sentimiento de pertenencia (identidad cultural). Por lo que interesa al segundo, se analiza la relación que existe entre sociedad civil mexicana y población afrodescendiente en base a los principios de categorización, identificación, comparación y distinción (identidad social).

The history of populations or species is of fundamental importance in a variety of areas. Gaining details about demographic, cultural, climatic or political aspects of the past may provide insights that improve the understanding of how populations have evolved over time and how they may evolve in future. Different types of resources can be informative about different periods of time. One especially important resource is genetic data, either from a single individual or a group of organisms. Environmental conditions and circumstances can directly affect the existence and success of a group of individuals. Since genetic material gets passed on from generation to generation, traces of past events can still be detected in today\''s genetic data. For many decades scientists have tried to understand the principles of how external influences can directly affect the appearance and features of populations, leading to theoretical models that can interpret modern day genetic variation in the light of past events. Among other influencing factors like migration, natural selection etc., population size changes can have a great impact on the genetic diversity of a group of organisms. For example, in the field of conservation biology, gaining insights into how the size of a population evolves may assist in detecting past or ongoing temporal reductions of population size. This seems crucial since the reduction in size also correlates with a reduction in genetic diversity which in turn might negatively affect the evolutionary potential of a population. Using computational and population genetics methods, sequences from whole genomes can be scanned for traces of such events and therefore assist in new interpretations of historical details of populations or groups of interest. This thesis focuses on the detection and interpretation of past population size changes. Two approaches to infer particular parameters from underlying demographic models are described. The first part of this thesis introduces two summary statistics which were designed to detect fluctuations in size from genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data. Demographic inferences from such data are inherently complicated due to recombination and ascertainment bias. Hence, two new statistics are introduced: allele frequency-identity by descent (AF-IBD) and allele frequency-identity by state (AF-IBS). Both make use of linkage disequilibrium information and exhibit defined relationships to the time of the underlying mathematical process. A fast and efficient Approximate Bayesian Computation framework based on AF-IBD and AF-IBS is constructed that can accurately estimate demographic parameters. These two statistics were tested for the biasing effects of hidden recombination events, ascertainment bias and phasing errors. The statistics were found to be robust to a variety of these tested biases. The inference approach was then applied to genome-wide SNP data to infer the demographic histories of two human populations: (i) Yoruba from Africa and (ii) French from Europe. Results suggest, that AF-IBD and AF-IBS are able to capture sufficient amounts of information from underlying data sets in order to accurately infer parameters of interest, such as the beginning, end and strength of periods of varying size. Additionally the results from empirical data suggest a rather stable ancestral population size with a mild recent expansion for Yoruba, whereas the French apparently experienced a rather long-lasting strong bottleneck followed by a drastic population growth. The second part of this thesis introduces a new way of summarizing information from the site frequency spectrum. Commonly applied site frequency spectrum based inference methods make use of allele frequency information from individual segregating sites. Our newly developed method, the 2 point spectrum, summarizes allele frequency information from all possible pairs of segregating sites, thereby increasing the number of potentially informative values from the same underlying data set. These additional information are then incorporated into a Markov Chain Monte Carlo framework. This allows for a high degree of flexibility and implements an efficient method to infer population size trajectories over time. We tested the method on a variety of different simulated data sets from underlying demographic models. Furthermore, we compared the performance and accuracy of our method to already established methods like PSMC and diCal. Results indicate that this non-parametric 2 point spectrum method can accurately infer the extent and times of past population size changes and therefore correctly estimates the history of temporal size fluctuations. Furthermore, the initial results suggest that the amount of required data and the accuracy of the final results are comparable with other publicly available non-parametric methods. An easy to use command line program was implemented and will be made publicly available. In summary, we introduced three highly sensitive summary statistics and proposed different approaches to infer parameters from demographic models of interest. Both methods provide powerful frameworks for accurate parameter inference from genome-wide genetic data. They were tested for a variety of demographic models and provide highly accurate results. They may be used in the settings as described above or incorporated into already existing inference frameworks. Nevertheless, the statistics should prove useful for new insights into populations, especially those with complex demographic histories.