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The hysteria on the part of the non-indigenous people and the euphoria on the part of the indigenous people underline that the Mabo decision is a fine judicial balancing act. The decision concerns fundamental human rights and, being in line with international rights norms, has saved the Australian state from the embarrassment of being perpetually considered as racist.

Although devoting its attention primarily to preparatory work for the Second Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization, the ICAO Council during its third session also approved the first sets of International Standards and Recommended Practices designed to produce uniform operation of international air transport. The standards, which were the results of studies conducted by the organization since its inception in 1944, dealt with personnel licensing, rules of the air, meteorological codes, aeronautical charts, and dimensional units to be used in air-ground communications. The Council asked that all member states incorporate the Standards into their national legislation as nearly as possible in the exact terminology used by ICAO, giving the closest possible approach to absolute uniformity.

Twenty-seven governments having substantial interests in cotton, as exporters or importers, were represented at the fifth meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) in Washington, from May 7 to 14, 1946. ICAC was established by the International Cotton Meeting of 1939 for the purpose of recommending steps to achieve international agreement on the regulation of world cotton supplies in relation to demand, so as to eliminate problems and difficulties presented by a world surplus of cotton. Governments represented at the May meeting were Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, France, Greece, Great Britain, India, Iran, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Turkey, USSR, the United States, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia.

Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die nationale und internationale Dimension der Außenpolitik des Widerstandes gegen den Nationalsozialismus. Der Autor versteht unter Widerstands-Außenpolitik die Bemühungen einer Widerstandsgruppe, wenn nötig unter Umgehung offizieller Wege, Beziehungen zur Außenwelt herzustellen mit dem Ziel, diese Außenbeziehungen dem inneren Zwecke, der Strategie der Verschwörung und Konspiration, dienstbar zu machen. Entsprechend werden diesbezügliche Ansätze der Widerstandsgruppen nachgezeichnet, Mittel und Ebenen der Widerstandsaußenpolitik sichtbar gemacht. (RG)

The eighteenth annual report of the Bank for International Settlements, which reviewed the period from April 1, 1947, to March 31, 1948, called for abandonment of the wartime type of direct controls on prices, production and trade, and the restoration of a functioning price system, operating under well-controlled monetary regimes. The report, the most comprehensive ever issued by the Bank, dealt in detail with such topics as 1) recovery and set-back in 1947, 2) restoration of monetary order, 3) price movements, 4) the tense position of international trade, 5) foreign exchange rates, 6) production and movements of gold, 7) international credit conditions and the trend of interest rates, 8) European payment agreements, multilateral monetary compensation and the European Recovery Program, and 9) current activities of the Bank. Reference was made to the fact that the Bank for International Settlements had acceded to a request to act as technical agent for the Agreement on Multilateral Monetary Compensation, signed in Paris on November 18, 1947. Practical compensation operations under this agreement were begun in December 1947.

The purpose of the article is to assess how the provisions resulting from international programmatic norms in the field of human genetic data are implemented. The presented study, adopting the perspective of institutional rationalism extended to the paradigm of legalism, considers examples of the implementation of these standards in selected legal systems – Germany, the United States of America and France. The selection of the research paradigm is preceded by a theoretical introduction, which presents three ways of conceptualizing the notion of soft law in the legal sciences. Following an outline of this legal regime in positivism, and the theories of rationalization and constructivism, the author focuses on the provisions of the International Declaration on Human Genetic Data of 16 October, 2003, which are compared with the legislative initiatives of Germany, the United States of America and France, to show the influence that the choices of states has on selection of the implemented standards and how they are implemented.