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This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

This paper provides a tool to build climate change scenarios to forecast Gross Domestic Product (GDP), modelling both GDP damage due to climate change and the GDP impact of mitigating measures. It adopts a supply-side, long-term view, with 2060 and 2100 horizons. It is a global projection tool (30 countries / regions), with assumptions and results both at the world and the country / regional level. Five different types of energy inputs are taken into account according to their CO2 emission factors. Full calibration is possible at each stage, with estimated or literature-based default parameters. In particular, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), which is a major source of uncertainty on future growth and hence on CO2 emissions, is endogenously determined, with a rich modeling encompassing energy prices, investment prices, education, structural reforms and decreasing return to the employment rate. We present four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU), with stable energy prices relative to GDP price; Decrease of Renewable Energy relative Price (DREP), with the relative price of non CO2 emitting electricity decreasing by 2% a year; Low Carbon Tax (LCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 1% per year; High Carbon Tax (HCT) scenario with CO2 emitting energy relative prices increasing by 3% per year. At the 2100 horizon, global GDP incurs a loss of 12% in the BAU, 10% in the DREP, 8% in the Low Carbon Tax scenario and 7% in the High Carbon Tax scenario. This scenario exercise illustrates both the "tragedy of the horizon", as gains from avoided climate change damage net of damage from mitigating policies are negative in the medium-term and positive in the long-term, and the "tragedy of the commons", as climate change damage is widely dispersed and particularly severe in developing economies, while mitigating policies should be implemented in all countries, especially in advanced countries modestly affected by climate change but with large CO2 emission contributions.

"This book provides a roadmap for organizations that are seeking to address data challenges regarding sustainability impact and explains how the collection, measurement, and strategic integration of new alternative data sources on material, social, and environmental issues enable faster adoption of a sustainability-oriented thinking. Through case studies from organizations that have successfully adopted effective learning behaviors and leveraged sustainability initiatives using data-based business innovations, this book helps readers understand that social innovation, sustainable development, and organizational behaviors are extremely helpful in exploring, creating, and sustaining impactful organizations"--

AbstractSolving the crash risk problem of corporate stock price caused by information asymmetry can mitigate the negative externality of its carbon emission to become green, low-carbon, and high-quality development. Green finance generally profoundly impacts micro-corporate economics and macro-financial systems but remains a giant puzzle of whether they can effectively resolve the crash risk. This paper examined the impact of green financial development on the stock price crash risk using the sample data of non-financial listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A stock market in China from 2009 to 2020. We found that green financial development significantly inhibits the stock price crash risk; this is more obvious in listed companies with a high level of asymmetric information. And companies in high-level regions of green financial development attracted more attention from institutional investors and analysts. As a result, they disclosed more information about their operational status, thus reducing the crash risk of corporate stock price from the torrential public pressure of lousy environmental details. Therefore, this study will help continuously discuss the costs, benefits, and value promotion of green finance for synergy between corporate performance and environmental performance to improve ESG capabilities.

Success of strategies for solving problems of climate change, scarce resources and negative environmental impacts increasingly depends on whether changes in individual behaviour can and will supplement the technical solutions available to date.A relatively new way to influence behavior in a sustainable direction without changing values of people is nudging. Nudging can be used to help people make choices that are better for the environment or their health. The importance of the behaviour change strategies is being recognised in politics and among policy makers in diverse areas – from road safety to diet and physical activity; from pension plans to private economy and from littering to recycling. A renewed perspective on existing policy tools and potential strategies for behaviour change are entering public debate that have implications for behaviour of individuals, but that also raise critical questions about the role of the government in the society and transition to sustainability. Nudge means carefully guiding people behavior in desirable direction without using either carrot or whip. Instead when nudging one arranges the choice situation in a way that makes desirable outcome the easiest or the most attractive option. Knowledge about nudging opens up possibility to suggest new types of policy tools and measure that can contribute to sustainable consumption.In many countries, public or private knowledge centers are engaged in shaping nudging strategies and policy development. The report provides an international outlook with experiences from the USA, the UK, EU, Norway and Denmark. In the USA, nudging was institutionalised at the Office of Regulatory Affairs which develops and oversees the implementation of government-wide policies and reviews draft regulations in several areas. In the UK, nudge was firmly institutionalised when the Behavioural Insights Team (UK BIT) was established at the UK Cabinet Office in 2010. In February 2014, the team was 'spun out' of government and set up as a social purpose company but is still working primarily for the Cabinet Office. Instead of establishing a governmental unit, Denmark has an active non-profit organisation iNudgeYou outside the government that supports the use of nudges in policy making. Similarly to Denmark, Norway has an independent organisation promoting and supporting the use of nudges, GreeNudge, which has produced a report on the potential for nudging in Norway's climate policy.The guiding question is whether it is possible to help individuals make better decisions for themselves and society at large by overcoming limitations of human cognitive capacity and behavioural biases? In what way can behavioural sciences help people bridge the gap between good intentions and good deeds? Can learnings from nudge examples be used to shape behaviour in a more sustainable direction? In order to answer these questions, the report:• analyses existing academic knowledge on nudging and choice architecture• investigates lessons about effectiveness and efficiency of applied nudging tools and approaches in consumption domains of energy use in the home, food and mobility• presents evidence of factors of success of different nudge-based approaches• outlines the implications of these findings for policy strategies on sustainable consumptionThe report shows that lately applications of behavioural sciences and behavioural economics, such as nudge, have been helping policy makers in different countries and sectors to more systematically integrate behavioural insights into policy design and implementation. Some examples of these tools are:• Use default options in situations with complex information, e.g. pension funds or financial services• Simplify and frame complex information making key information more salient – energy labelling, displays• Make changes in the physical environment making preferable options more convenient for people – e.g. change layouts and functions, showing with steps and signs, give remainders and warnings of different kinds to individuals• Use of social norms – provide information about what others are doingHowever, the size of the effects of policy interventions and the actual outcomes of interventions in specific contexts remain hard to measure. Results from one experiment cannot be indiscriminately generalised to a different context or to a wider population. The problem is the complexity of human behaviour and the diversity of factors that influence it.Despite that, nudging is a useful strategy for inducing changes in contextspecific behaviour. Rather than being seen as a silver bullet, the largest promise of nudge is perhaps in helping design other initiatives better and in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of policy tools and the speed of their implementation. Nudge is a cost effective instrument that can enhance other policy tools and that targets behaviours not addressed by other policy instruments because the behaviours are based on automatic, intuitive and non-deliberative thinking.Nudging promotes a more empirical approach to policy design and evaluation, e.g. through experiments, pilots and random control trials, than the tools usually applied in policy making and ex-ante evaluation. Nudge tools are seen as a complement to the traditional policy instruments rather than as a substitute for laws and regulations and economic tools. Nudging in general and green nudges in particular are interesting tools that can be used alongside other instruments for behaviour change, but more research is needed on their effectiveness and efficiency, as well as on their theoretical underpinnings and practical applications in consumption-relevant domains.The report is written for policy makers, civil servants and representatives of the public, interested in behaviour change methods and the role of the government in shaping and facilitating the change.

List of tables and figures -- Introduction -- The global crisis of inequality and its South African manifestations Devan Pillay -- Part One: Inequality And Class: Polarities And Policies -- Chapter 1 Inequality in South Africa Neva Makgetla -- Chapter 2 A national minimum wage in South Africa: A tool to reduce inequality? Jana Mudronova and Gilad Isaacs -- Chapter 3 The politics of poverty and inequality in South Africa: Connectivity, abjections and the problem of measurement Sarah Bracking -- Chapter 4 The financialisation of the poor and the reproduction of inequality David Neves -- Part Two: The Politics Of Inequality -- Chapter 5 Liberal democracy, inequality and the imperatives of alternative politics: Nigeria and South Africa Samuel Oloruntoba -- Chapter 6 Liberalism and anti-liberalism in South Africa. Or, is an egalitarian liberalism possible? Daryl Glaser -- Chapter 7 Equality and inequality in South Africa. What do we actually want? And how do we get it? Roger Southall -- Part Three: Social Dimensions Of Inequality -- Chapter 8 Analysis must rise: A political economy of falling fees Stephanie Allais -- Chapter 9 Education, the state and class inequality: The case for free higher education in South Africa Enver Motala, Salim Vally and Rasigan Maharajh -- Chapter 10 Still waiting: The South African government's pending promise of equality for people with disabilities Jacqui Ala and David Black -- Chapter 11 Big fish in small ponds: Changing stratification and inequalities in small towns in the Karoo region, South Africa Doreen Atkinson -- Part Four: Land And Environment -- Chapter 12 Spatial defragmentation in rural South Africa: A prognosis of agrarian reforms Samuel Kariuki -- Chapter 13 Mining, rural struggles and inequality on the platinum belt, South Africa Sonwabile Mnwana -- Chapter 14 Challenging environmental injustice and inequality in contemporary South Africa Jacklyn Cock -- Chapter 15 The geography of nuclear power, class and inequality in South Africa Jo-Ansie van Wyk

"Interest in the food we eat and how it is produced, distributed, and consumed has grown tremendously in the last few years. Consumers are exchanging highly processed, genetically engineered, and pesticide-contaminated food for fresh produce grown using organic methods. For example, in both urban and rural areas, the number of farmers markets has grown from 1,755 in 1994 to 8,200 in 2014. This change is just one indication consumers are interested in knowing who produced their food and how it was produced. This book addresses the importance of creating food systems that are sustainable by bringing together a number of experts in the fields of law, economics, nutrition, and social sciences, as well as farmers and advocates. These experts share their perspectives on pressing issues related to sustainable food systems and offer solutions for achieving healthy, sustainable, and equitable food systems in the future."--Page [4] cover.

"Sustainability Accounting and Integrated Reporting deals with organizations' assessment, articulation and disclosure of their social and environmental impact on various groups in society. There is increasingly an understanding that financial information does not sufficiently discharge organizational accountability to members of society who are demanding an account of the social and environmental impacts of companies' and other organizations' activities. As a result, organizations report ever more social and environmental information, and there are simultaneous movements towards providing the information in an integrated fashion, showing how social and environmental activities influence each other, members of society and the financial aims of the organization. The book Sustainability Accounting and Integrated Reporting provides a broad and comprehensive review of the field, focusing on the interconnection between different elements of these topics, often dealt with in isolation. The book examines the accounting involved in the collection and analysis of data, control processes over the data, how information is reported to external parties, and the assurance of the information being reported. The book thereby provides an overview useful to practitioners (including sustainability managers, consultants, members of the accounting profession, and other assurance providers), academics, and students."--Provided by publisher

Klappentext: Until now, there has been only one source of data on global fishery catches: information reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by member countries. An extensive, ten-year study conducted by The Sea Around Us Project of the University of British Columbia shows that this catch data is fundamentally misleading. Many countries underreport the amount of fish caught (some by as much as 500%), while others such as China significantly overreport their catches. The Global Atlas of Marine Fisheries is the first and only book to provide accurate, country-by-country fishery data. This groundbreaking information has been gathered from independent sources by the world's foremost fisheries experts, and edited by Daniel Pauly and Dirk Zeller of the Sea Around Us Project. The Atlas includes one-page reports on 272 nations or regions, plus fourteen topical global chapters. National reports describe the state of the country's fishery, by sector; the policies, politics, and social factors affecting it; and potential solutions. The global chapters address cross-cutting issues, from the economics of fisheries to the impacts of mariculture. Extensive maps and graphics offer attractive and accessible visual representations. While it has long been clear that the world's oceans are in trouble, the lack of reliable data on fishery catches has obscured the scale, and nuances, of the crisis. The Atlas shows that, globally, catches have declined rapidly since the 1980s, signaling an even more critical situation than previously understood.--

Historical perspectives of biofuels : learning from the past to rediscover the future / David Songstad, Prakash Lakshmanan, John Chen, William Gibbons, Stephen Hughes, and R. Nelson -- The DOE BioEnergy Science Center, a U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergys Research Center / Russ Miller and Martin Keller -- Drivers leading to higher food prices : biofuels are not the main factor / Paul Armah, Aaron Archer, and Gregory C. Phillips -- The economics of current and future biofuels / Ling Tao and Andy Aden -- A multiple species approach to biomass production from native herbaceous perennial feedstocks / J.L. Gonzalez-Hernandez, G. Sarath, J.M. Stein, V. Owens, K. Gedye, and A. Boe -- Development and status of dedicated energy crops in the United States / Russell W. Jessup -- Genetic improvement of C4 grasses as cellulose biofuel feedstocks / Katrin Jakob, Fasong Zhou, and Andrew H. Paterson -- Short-rotation woody crops for bioenergy and biofuels applications / Maud Hinchee, William Rottmann, Lauren Mullinax, Leslie Pearson, and Narender Nehra -- The Brazilian experience of sugarcane ethanol industry / Sizuo Matsuoka, Jesus Ferro, and Paulo Arrunda -- Biofuels : opportunities and challenges in India / Mambully Chandrasekharan Gopinathan and Rajasekaran Sudhakaran -- Biofuels in China : opportunities and challenges / Feng Wang, Xue-Rong Xing, and Chun-Zhao Liu -- Genetic modification of lignin biosynthesis for improved biofuel production / Hiroshi Hisano, Rangaraj Nandakumar, and Zeng-Yu Wang -- Commercial cellulosic ethanol : the role of plant-expressed enzymes / Manuel B. Sainz -- Integrated biorefineries with engineered microbes and high-value co-products for profitable biofuels production / W.R. Gibbons and S.R. Hughes -- Biodiesel producion, properties, and feedstocks / Bryan R. Moser

This book analyses the economic and social impact of the Covid-19 crisis with special focus on India. It examines the economic disruption caused by the pandemic, policy responses to it and the prospect of a severe global recession. It also covers how the pandemic has contributed to considerable suffering among the masses and affected socio-cultural relationships, behavioural patterns and psychological attitudes governing human interaction. A topical and timely collection on the pandemic, the essays in the volume discuss several key themes which include, The Corona pandemic and the changing global economy; growth, trade and macroeconomic recovery; Public health and policy failures; appropriate policy response; Impact on education; guidelines for the future; Idea of economic herd immunity; impact of India's lockdown, crisis of the migrant labourers; Impact on agriculture, industry, firms, households and the informal sector; Implications of digital technology for production, labour and labour relations; Violence amidst the virus; Covid 19 and Hindu- Muslim conflict in India, domesticviolence, questions of occupation, identity, gender and vulnerability; De-globalisation and environmental challenges in the post-Covid era. Engagingly written, this comprehensive volume compiles original research by leading economists from India and abroad. It will be useful for scholars and researchers of economics, of the Indian economy, development economics, development studies, labour studies, public policy, public administration, governance, sociology and political economy.

An electronic version of this book is available Open Access at www.tandfebooks.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. One of the major challenges of urban development has been reconciling the way cities develop with the mounting evidence of resource depletion and the negative environmental impacts of predominantly urban-based modes of production and consumption. This book aims to re-politicise the relationship between urban development, sustainability and justice, and to explore the tensions emerging under real circumstances, as well as their potential for transformative change. For some, cities are the root of all that is unsustainable, while for others cities provide unique opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovations that address equity and ecological challenges. This book is rooted in the latter category, but recognises that if cities continue to evolve along current trajectories they will be where the large bulk of the most unsustainable and inequitable human activities are concentrated. By drawing on a range of case studies from both the global South and global North, this book is unique in its aim to develop an integrated social-ecological perspective on the challenge of sustainable urban development. Through the interdisciplinary and original research of a new generation of urban researchers across the global South and North, this book addresses old debates in new ways and raises new questions about sustainable urban development. .

Commercial farming of Atlantic salmon in Scotland started in 1969 and has since expanded to produce >179,000 t year-1. A government department has published annual statistics and information on the seawater and freshwater sub-sectors of the Scottish salmon farming industry since 1979, and this review collates and discusses metrics covering aspects of production, farm sites and systems, fish performance, socio-economics and environmental pressures. Trends illustrated in this case study of aquaculture development include: initial increases in numbers of farms and companies, followed by decreases due to industry consolidation; increases in average farm size, and productivity of systems and employees; increases in survival, size at age and productivity of fish (yield per smolt, ova per broodstock); reduced dependence on wild stocks for ova. This case study also illustrates the importance of disease management, control of biological processes to overcome natural seasonality (i.e. production of out-of-season smolt), and the international nature of aquaculture. Improvements in fish survival, growth and productivity are attributed to progress in vaccination and health management (including fallowing), husbandry, system design, feed formulation and provision, and introduction of technology and mechanisation. Salmon farming is discussed in relation to the challenging strategy of ``sustainable intensification{''}. Improved growth and survival over a period of increasing rearing unit size, farm size and output and decreasing relative staff input counters the common assumption that intensification compromises animal welfare. The value of capturing time series data on industry wide metrics is illustrated as it enables identification of trends, underperformance and bench-marking, as well as assessment of resource use efficiency, environmental pressures, and ultimately sustainability. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.}

International audience ; Organic production is one of the serious options for ensuring food safety and significantly reducing the risks of intoxication caused by chemicals. It is even more important for developing countries like Benin, where agriculture, one of the pillars of the economy, remains highly dependent of chemical pesticides. The aim of this study is to analyze the adoption of organic cotton in Kandi district (North- Eastern Benin). A total of 143 cotton producers were surveyed of which 70 organic cotton producers and 73 conventional cotton producers. The data was collected through individual interviews based on questionnaires. The analysis of adoption of organic cotton using a logistic regression model showed that the socio-economic characteristics of farmers and the physical distance between farm and house are the main factors influencing the choice of farmers to produce or not the organic cotton. Organic farming is more attractive women compared to conventional farming. This type of cotton allows them not only to no longer depend on their husband for inputs but also to hold a separate cotton farm. Farmers whose main activity is agriculture, have a high number of agricultural workers, and access to credit are more likely to adopt organic cotton. Similarly farmers who have their farm near home are more favorable to the organic farming than those who have the farm far from their house. ; La production biologique est l'une des sérieuses options à considérer pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire et limiter significativement les risques d'intoxication provoqués par les produits chimiques. Elle est d'autant plus importante pour les pays en voie de développement à l'instar du Benin où l'agriculture, un des piliers de l'économie reste fortement dépendante des pesticides chimiques. L'objectif visé par cette étude est d'analyser l'adoption de la production du coton biologique dans la commune de Kandi (Nord-Est du Benin). Au total 143 producteurs de coton ont été enquêtés dont 70 producteurs de coton biologique ...

Using an energy-economy model that integrates behavioural and technological detail, we evaluate the impact of key policies-energy efficiency subsidies (tax credits, zero-interest loans, reduced VAT, white certificates), the carbon tax and building codes-on residential energy demand for space heating in France. We find that the carbon tax is the most effective, yet most regressive, instrument. Taking into account all possible interactions among instruments, we find that they imply on average a 10% variation in policy effectiveness. Subsidies save energy at a cost of 0.05-0.08 euro per lifetime discounted kilowatt-hour, with a leverage of 0.9 to 1.4 in 2015, decreasing over time as the potential for energy-saving opportunities is being exhausted. Targeting subsidies towards low-income households, who tend to live in energy inefficient dwellings, increases leverage, thus reconciling economic efficiency and equity. The public cost of subsidies-3 billion euros in 2013-is outweighed by carbon tax receipts from 2025 onwards. Meeting the long-term energy saving targets set by the French Government however requires increasing subsidy rates and maintaining them through 2050. In particular, an order-of-magnitude discrepancy between simulated and observed numbers of zero-interest loans points to cognitive or strategic barriers that need to be removed to increase policy effectiveness.