Suchergebnisse

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Вопросы безгражданства" ; В статье рассмотрены положения правовых источников Республики Беларусь, направленные на предотвращение и сокращение безгражданства. Автор выделяет две группы таких положений: положения, касающиеся приобретения гражданства Республики Беларусь, и положения, касающиеся его прекращения. Анализ соответствующих положений в рамках обеих групп проводится автором с точки зрения их соотношения с нормами международных договоров, участницей которых не является Республика Беларусь: Конвенции о некоторых вопросах, касающихся коллизий между законами о гражданстве, от 12 апреля 1930 г., Конвенции о сокращении безгражданства от 30 августа 1961 г., Европейской конвенции о гражданстве от 6 ноября 1997 г. По результатам исследования автором сформулированы предложения, направленные на совершенствование законодательства Республики Беларусь в целях исключения и уменьшения числа ситуаций, которые могут привести или приводят к безгражданству. = The article examines provisions of legal sources of the Republic of Belarus aimed at prevention and reduction of statelessness. These provisions are divided into two groups: provisions relating to acquisition of citizenship of the Republic of Belarus and provisions relating to cessation of citizenship of the Republic of Belarus. The author analyses relevant provisions within both groups from the point of view of their correlation with provisions of international treaties to which the Republic of Belarus is not a party: Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, of 12 April 1930, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness of 30 August 1961, European Convention on Nationality of 6 November 1997. As a result of the research the author formulates certain proposals aimed at improvement of the legislation of the Republic of Belarus for the purpose of elimination and prevention of situations which lead or may lead to statelessness.

Environmental degradation is ultimately driven by societal consumption. Individuals, corporations and governments are increasingly interested in making environmentally preferable purchasing and investment decisions. To do so requires an ability to comprehensively evaluate the environmental performance of products. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) can produce a detailed record of the environmental burdens attributed to a product as a result of its production, distribution, use and disposal. However, comprehensively evaluating products based on this multi-attribute data can be challenging. There is no formal guidance on how to aggregate LCA results, and no axiomatically defensible consensus methodology has emerged. The principal objective of this research is to develop a methodologically sound approach to a composite environmental performance indicator (CEPI) for evaluating decision alternatives. This is achieved using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and multivariate analysis methods. First, this research examines the variety of MCDA methods that can be used to explicitly interpret multi-attribute data, highlighting alternatives to the ubiquitous weighted sum. The author elucidates the hidden assumptions of MCDA models and presents a systematic approach to help analysts make appropriate methodological choices, bridging the gap between the rhetoric and mathematics of environmental and sustainability assessment. Second, this research investigates the problem of criteria interaction, which can lead to 'double counting' by aggregation models that assume independence (e.g. weighted sum). The Choquet integral is an aggregation model based on a fuzzy measure, which can account for criteria interaction. However, estimating the criteria weights has been problematic. The author develops and demonstrates a novel method of criteria weight estimation that overcomes limitations of existing approaches. Third, this research considers how to aggregate multi-attribute data into a readily understood metric that ...

This writing deals with the issue of the emergence and recognition of indigenous rights. After a brief synthesis of the iusphilosophical postures that underline the article, the author analyses the indigenous subject at three distinct and fundamental stages: the colonial paradigm, the republican model of Nation state and the contemporary state of affairs- mith XXscentury onwards- It goes on tu affirm status of indigenous rights faithfully mirrors the political and cultural structures inherent to the bourgeois-shaped Nation state. The author concludes bringing forward a redefinition of the notion of equality, an understanding of right as a social construct, and a proposal for an intercultural State, in the light of pluralism and a fairer, more egalitarian society ; Fil: Zimerman, Silvina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho; Argentina ; El presente trabajo aborda la problemática del surgimiento y reconocimiento de los derechos indígenas. Para ello -y luego de sintetizar brevemente las corrientes iusfilosóficas que enmarcarán el desarrollo - la autora analiza en primera instancia el lugar que ocupó el sujeto indígena en tres momentos fundamentales: el modelo colonial, el modelo republicano del Estado-nación y el modelo contemporáneo vigente desde mediados del S.XX. Sostiene a continuación que el status actual de los derechos indígenas es un fiel reflejo de las estructura político-culturales inherentes al Estado- nación moldeado por -y a la medida- del ciudadano burgués occidental. La autora finaliza planteando la necesidad de resignificar la noción de igualdad entendiendo a los derechos como construcción social y a la luz de una propuesta pluralista tendiente a la edificación de un Estado intercultural, comprensivo de una sociedad más igualitaria y más justa

John Stuart Mill is an author who generates fascination and loyalty in equal measure with indifference and paternalism. The former is due to the outstanding coherence between his ideas, his life and his political actions, while the latter has led to him being denounced as an author who is too eclectic and difficult to classify, being neither liberal or socialist. At present, we are witnessing a flood of publications in a celebration of the two-hundredth anniversary of Mill's birth. This is an appropriate moment to consider why Mill and his work continue to gain depth of meaning and relevance to the present. This article focuses on his political philosophy, one of the least studied aspects of his work, though increasingly valued. We examine his thoughts on participatory and deliberative democracy, in addition to his call for the extension of these principals to the private and economic sphere. ; John Stuart Mill es un autor que genera tanta fascinación y lealtad —por la asombrosa coherencia entre sus ideas, su vida y su práctica política— como indiferencia y paternalismo. En este último caso queda descalificado como un autor ecléctico, inclasificable, ni liberal ni socialista, ya lo había dicho Marx: «Mill, ese pequeño burgués bienpensante». Inmersos como estamos en las publicaciones que continúan celebrando el bicentenario de su nacimiento, es un buen momento para valorar por qué su figura y su obra están ganando en profundidad y actualidad con el tiempo. En este artículo nos centramos en su filosofía política, una de las partes menos estudiadas y cada vez más reivindicada. En concreto en sus planteamientos sobre la democracia participativa y deliberativa y la demanda de extender sus principios a la esfera privada y la económica.

This monograph is meant to provide an unbiased examination of: the scarcity of natural gas in the contemporary security environment; the salience of natural gas in Russia's national security strategies; and, the natural gas pipeline politics in Eastern and Central Europe. While the tendency of most energy security scholars has been to collectively analyze Europe's dependency on oil and gas, this author analyzes the two energy markets separately, and demonstrates that natural gas is a more potent instrument of coercion in the contemporary security environment than oil was in the traditional security environment. Sufficient evidence is also provided that Russia continues to perceive NATO as a hostile alliance, and that future natural gas disruption by Russia—who holds a monopoly on the supply of natural gas via pipeline to Eastern and Central Europe—will prove deadly to the economies of many NATO member states. The salience of natural gas as an instrument of state power is emphasized in Russia's negotiations with Ukraine; this monograph credits the 2006 and 2009 gas wars between the two nations as the main causes for the failure of the Orange Revolution in Ukraine. Ultimately, today, Russia uses the same tools it used in Ukraine—in the context of natural gas negotiations—to bribe Western European nations; to divide the NATO Alliance; and to rule over its traditional sphere of influence in Eastern and Central Europe. Finally, the author emphasizes that with the Russian construction of Nord Stream and South Stream natural gas pipelines, and unless alternatives to Russian natural gas are found, it is only a matter of time until Russia will use natural gas as an instrument of coercion against NATO member states. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1332/thumbnail.jpg

The overarching theme of this thesis concerns the possibility of balancing the values of unity and pluralism in education in developed nation states characterized by an increasing pluralism when it comes to the beliefs and values of its citizens. The author suggests that democracy has a normative basis in the principle of reciprocity which can be supported in an overlapping consensus by reasonable persons who differ in their moral, religious and philosophical beliefs. It is argued that this basis mandates a deliberative kind of democracy and that certain implications follow for how to understand the relation between democracy and individual rights, between democracy and religious belief and speech, and between rationality and deliberation, among other things. The author proceeds to discuss three educational issues in relation to the principle of reciprocity and its implications: 1. The legitimacy and content of a mandatory citizenship education, 2. Children's rights to develop personal autonomy, 3. The opportunity for parents and children to choose which school children attend. These issues are important in relation to the question of how to balance unity and pluralism in education in that they concern the promotion of certain common beliefs, values and dispositions among citizens or the creation of a system of choice between schools with different profiles. The purpose of the discussion is to construct a theoretical position which balances the values of unity and pluralism in education, by giving diversity its due (contra communitarianism) while upholding a measure of unity (contra libertarianism and radical multiculturalism) which is located in the democratic and autonomy- promoting purposes of education rather than (exclusively) in its economic/vocational purposes (contra neo-liberalism). The discussions make use of political philosophy, educational philosophy and empirical research carried out by other researchers.

В статье рассматриваются принципы предпринимательского (хозяйственного) права. Автор обосновывает их применение в качестве принципов государственного регулирования экономики. Особое внимание уделяется принципам свободы предпринимательской деятельности, равенства хозяйствующих субъектов и партнерства хозяйствующих субъектов. Конкретизация названных принципов применительно к государственному регулированию экономики, их надлежащее правовое оформление и господство в хозяйственных отношениях важнейшая задача предпринимательского (хозяйственного) права. ; The article deals with the principles of entrepreneurial (economic) law. The author justifies their application as the principles of state regulation of economy. Under the principles of entrepreneurial (economic) law the economic and law science understands legislatively fixed fundamental principles of legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity. Special attention is given to the principles of liberty of entrepreneurial activity, the equality and partnership of businesses. The principle of liberty of contract in entrepreneurial (economic) law is regarded as a part of the principle of freedom of entrepreneurial activity. The equality of businesses' principle suggests, in particular, the absence of privileges for some businesses in prejudice of others. The partnership principle applied to vertical economic relations should involve business cooperation of units regulating and performing economic activity, their mutual support in carrying out vertical economic obligations, and rational economic management in the objective sense. The principles of entrepreneurial activity's freedom, equality and partnership of businesses are interrelated and interdependent. Their concretisation in relation to the state regulation of economy, their proper legal documentation and dominance in economic interactions is a major objective of entrepreneurial (economic) law. The result of efficient application of these principles is rational economic management which is understood by the author as effective and optimal economic activity in the conditions of global problems of the mankind and aimed at maximum satisfaction of public demands at minimum costs.

International audience ; The article is devoted to research of right depriving kind of jural facts, that is to possibilities to cause the consequence as depriving the rights, duties or legal relationships. An author examines all forms of actions and events from point of this kind and formulates suggestions concerning the legislative fixing of right depriving kind in the legal texts of Ukraine. In the article every form of actions and events is considered for the purpose of possibility of serving of right depriving function. The features of wrong and legitimate acts, which have a right depriving character, are determined by author. The results of the scientific research conducted in the article is presented a basis for the further improvement of points of views on properties of jural facts in a civil law. ; Статья посвящена исследованию правопрекращающего свойства юридических фактов, то есть возможности привести к последствию в виде прекращения прав, обязанностей или правоотношений. Автор рассматривает все формы действий и событий с точки зрения этого свойства и формулирует предложения по поводу законодательной фиксации правопрекращающего свойства в нормативно-правовых актах Украины. В статье каждая форма действий и событий рассмотрена на предмет возможности исполнения правопрекращающей функции. Определены особенности правомерных и неправомерных действий, которые имеют правопрекращающий характер. Результаты научного исследования, проведенного в статье, являются почвой для дальнейшего усовершенствования взглядов на свойства юридических фактов в гражданском праве. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню правоприпиняючої властивості юридичних фактів, тобто можливості викликання ними наслідку у вигляді припинення прав, обов'язків або правовідносин. Автор розглядає всі форми дії й подій з точки зору цієї властивості й формує пропозиції щодо законодавчої фіксації правоприпиняючої властивості в нормативно-правових актах України. У статті кожна форма дії та події розглянута на предмет можливості виконання правоприпиняючої ...

Main description: With the first part of this study Ignaz Stegmiller provides an introduction to the problem of pre-investigations, the second part gives an overview of the OTP's structure.Part III addresses how the selection process is performed. In this part, the complexity of pre-investigations is revealed. The three trigger mechanisms - State referrals, SC referrals, and the proprio motu mechanism - are illustrated, Self-referrals are critically analyzed and the author argues that the Prosecutor should use his proprio motu power more frequently. Perceptions of OTP's lack of independence must be rebutted. The proprio motu tool could have a great share in that, while the self-referral practice is associated with nepotism.Part IV analyses the criteria used to select situations including Article 53. As regards admissibility, the two notions of complementarity and gravity can be distinguished. Bearing in mind the inactivity criterion, complementarity is basically analyzed in a threefold manner: (1) as a rule whereby situations and cases are admissible if the State remains inactive; (2) exceptions as found in articles 17 (1) (a)-(c), 20 (3), which can lead to inadmissibility; (3) in turn, article 17 (2), (3) provides "exceptions to the exceptions" if a State is unwilling or unable to genuinely carry out proceedings. Gravity is a very complex notion. The author differentiates two concepts: "legal" and "relative" gravity. Legal gravity must then be linked to article 53 (1) (b) and relative gravity is part of article 53 (1) (c)'s assessment of the "interest of justice." Only a broad application of the "interest of justice" gives the OTP the flexibility that it needs. Parts V and VI then summarize the most important results of this study.

The main objective of the paper is to examine the concepts of region and regional identity in order to point out their political, social and theoretical/philosophical opportunity, and also their highly problematic character, especially in the current Eastern European context. The author tries to determine the contents of the concept of region from phenomenological perspective and shows that it is hardly possibly because, in practice, "region" refers more to arbitrary political and administrative criteria than to what can be experienced as a common "surrounding world". The examples of regions analyzed in the paper are those of the infra‐state Polish region Podlasie and of the supra‐state Euregion Neman. In conclusion, the author claims that the opposition cultural/political, or experienced/constructed, should be mediated by European legal and moral rules. It is also claimed that only awareness of difficulties connected with the project of regions can allow their construction in a realistic, not arbitrary and not utopian way.


Tarp lokalumo, nacionalumo ir globalumo: regioninių tapatumų problema


Santrauka


Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti regiono ir regioninio tapatumo sampratas, siekiant ne tik išsiaiškinti jų politinę, socialinę ir teorinę bei filosofinę esmę, bet ir išties problemišką pobūdį, ypač dabartiniame Rytų Europos kontekste. Autorė siekia apibrėžti regiono sampratos turinį iš fenomenologinės perspektyvos ir parodo, kad tai vargu ar įmanoma, nes praktiniu požiūriu regionas labiau nurodo politinius ir administracinius kriterijus, o ne tai, kas gali būti vertinama kaip supantis pasaulis. Straipsnyje analizuojami du regionai – lenkų infranacionalinis Palenkės regionas ir supranacionalinis Nemuno euroregionas. Tvirtinama, kad kultūros bei politikos ir patirties bei supratimo prieštaravimus turi derinti Europos įstatymai ir moralės normos. Autorė teigia, kad tik kylančių sunkumų dėl regionų tyrimo įsisąmoninimas leidžia jų realų, o ne arbitralinį ar utopinį konstravimą.

This paper analyses an article (Gulston 1980) that constructs a particular lesbian identity position by combining elements of female masculinity/butchness with a camp stance usually attributed to gay men. Beyond the text itself, the analysis also addresses how the article, which was published in a British feminist magazine in 1980, sets this identity in opposition to prevailing discourses on lesbian identity at that historical moment. More generally, the paper is intended to contribute to a data-driven discussion that links claims about the relations between language, gender and sexuality back to concrete textual evidence. Drawing on the discourse-historical approach (Wodak 2002), the analysis includes parameters such as social actors, evaluation, metaphor, as well as intertextuality and interdiscursivity. It shows how the author draws on earlier discourses and practices by setting up 1950s-style butches and femmes as social actor groups, while ironically alluding to 1970s lesbian feminist who criticised lesbian genders as an emulation of oppressive heterosexuality. Irony is a predominant feature in the text, realised by metaphors that draw on biologist notions of gender (e.g. BUTCHES ARE AN ENDANGERED SPECIES), and by extreme hypotaxis mimicking archaic speech styles. Apart from irony, the text also shows other features of 'camp talk' (Harvey 2000) such as innuendo, Latinate terms, or hyperbole. The text constructs a hybrid butch/camp identity while ironically drawing on essentialist notions of gender and sexuality, and can therefore be regarded as an early instance of queer discourse. How the author parodies and exaggerates lesbian feminist notions of butch/femme as a bygone 1950s cliché shows her as being ahead of her time. An analysis of her text is thus highly relevant for present-day scholars of language, gender and sexuality.

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The author argues that<span style="color: black;"> despite the rhetoric of Canada's youth justice system framework, there is a striking lack of funding for, or commitment to, alternatives to formal justice when dealing with marginalized young people. One consequence of this is an epidemic of ill health, both physical and emotional, among at-risk youth. It is this reality, not criminality, that is the defining characteristic of this vulnerable population. To underline this point, the author presents his research on marginalized Aboriginal youth, and notes that the public perception of young people in conflict with the legal system is defined by fear and hostility rather than sympathy. He also discusses examples of micro-communities that understand the epidemic of ill health plaguing marginalized youth and that provide an antidote to the condemnation of children and youth in the larger society. </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: ";Times New Roman";,";serif";; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-GB">He notes that for children and youth, involvement with the law is a profound individual and collective health risk and argues against conservative law and order politics. He emphasizes the importance of research driven intervention, crime prevention and alternatives to the criminal justice system. </span>

The main objective of the paper is to examine the concepts of region and regional identity in order to point out their political, social and theoretical/philosophical opportunity, and also their highly problematic character, especially in the current Eastern European context. The author tries to determine the contents of the concept of region from phenomenological perspective and shows that it is hardly possibly because, in practice, "region" refers more to arbitrary political and administrative criteria than to what can be experienced as a common "surrounding world". The examples of regions analyzed in the paper are those of the infra‐state Polish region Podlasie and of the supra‐state Euregion Neman. In conclusion, the author claims that the opposition cultural/political, or experienced/constructed, should be mediated by European legal and moral rules. It is also claimed that only awareness of difficulties connected with the project of regions can allow their construction in a realistic, not arbitrary and not utopian way. Tarp lokalumo, nacionalumo ir globalumo: regioninių tapatumų problema Santrauka.Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti regiono ir regioninio tapatumo sampratas,siekiant ne tik išsiaiškinti jų politinę, socialinę ir teorinę bei filosofinęesmę, bet ir išties problemišką pobūdį, ypač dabartiniame Rytų Europos kontekste.Autorė siekia apibrėžti regiono sampratos turinį iš fenomenologinėsperspektyvos ir parodo, kad tai vargu ar įmanoma, nes praktiniu požiūriu regionaslabiau nurodo politinius ir administracinius kriterijus, o ne tai, kas gali būtivertinama kaip supantis pasaulis. Straipsnyje analizuojami du regionai – lenkųinfranacionalinis Palenkės regionas ir supranacionalinis Nemuno euroregionas.Tvirtinama, kad kultūros bei politikos ir patirties bei supratimo prieštaravimusturi derinti Europos įstatymai ir moralės normos. Autorė teigia, kad tik kylančiųsunkumų dėl regionų tyrimo įsisąmoninimas leidžia jų realų, o ne arbitralinįar utopinį konstravimą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: civilizacija, ...

The main objective of the paper is to examine the concepts of region and regional identity in order to point out their political, social and theoretical/philosophical opportunity, and also their highly problematic character, especially in the current Eastern European context. The author tries to determine the contents of the concept of region from phenomenological perspective and shows that it is hardly possibly because, in practice, "region" refers more to arbitrary political and administrative criteria than to what can be experienced as a common "surrounding world". The examples of regions analyzed in the paper are those of the infra‐state Polish region Podlasie and of the supra‐state Euregion Neman. In conclusion, the author claims that the opposition cultural/political, or experienced/constructed, should be mediated by European legal and moral rules. It is also claimed that only awareness of difficulties connected with the project of regions can allow their construction in a realistic, not arbitrary and not utopian way. Tarp lokalumo, nacionalumo ir globalumo: regioninių tapatumų problema Santrauka Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti regiono ir regioninio tapatumo sampratas,siekiant ne tik išsiaiškinti jų politinę, socialinę ir teorinę bei filosofinęesmę, bet ir išties problemišką pobūdį, ypač dabartiniame Rytų Europos kontekste.Autorė siekia apibrėžti regiono sampratos turinį iš fenomenologinėsperspektyvos ir parodo, kad tai vargu ar įmanoma, nes praktiniu požiūriu regionaslabiau nurodo politinius ir administracinius kriterijus, o ne tai, kas gali būtivertinama kaip supantis pasaulis. Straipsnyje analizuojami du regionai – lenkųinfranacionalinis Palenkės regionas ir supranacionalinis Nemuno euroregionas.Tvirtinama, kad kultūros bei politikos ir patirties bei supratimo prieštaravimusturi derinti Europos įstatymai ir moralės normos. Autorė teigia, kad tik kylančiųsunkumų dėl regionų tyrimo įsisąmoninimas leidžia jų realų, o ne arbitralinįar utopinį konstravimą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: civilizacija, kultūra, globalizacija, tapatumas, tauta irvalstybė, fenomenologija, politika, regionas. First published online:10 Feb 2011

Инвестиции в их классическом понимании могут осущест вляться лишь в сфере платных образовательных услуг, а наибо лее перспективным сектором рынка для частных инвестиций яв ляется рынок дополнительного профессионального образования. Инвестиции в образование со стороны предпринимателей не явля ются сколько-нибудь значимым источником его финансирования в настоящее время, что связано главным образом со своеобрази ем правового регулирования образовательной деятельности. Автор анализирует недостатки существующего законодатель ства и показывает, почему инвестирование не является легитим ным в современных российских условиях, определяет желатель ные изменения в конкретных законах. Автор полагает, что новая форма автономного учреждения может быть использована для осуществления частных инвестиций в образование при условии минимальной законодательной поддержки. В качестве инструмен та предлагается использование облигаций, эмитируемых образо вательным учреждением (для негосударственных образователь ных организаций сертификатов участия в предоставлении плат ных образовательных услуг). ; Investments, in the traditional meaning of this term, can be made only in the sphere of paid education services. The most promising field for them is the market of supplementary professional education. Investments in education by businessmen currently do not constitute a significant source of education funding. That has mainly to do with the legislative regulation of the education sphere. The article analyzes shortcomings of the present legislation and shows why investments are illegal under present Russian conditions, as well as describes desirable changes in particular laws. The author suggests that the new form of autonomous institution could be used to carry out private investments in education provided some minimal legislative support is extended. As a specific tool, the author suggest to use obligations issued by an education institution (for non-governmental education institutions those would be certificates of participation in providing paid education services).