Suchergebnisse

22 pages, à paraître dans un ouvrage collectif intitulé Epopées du monde: contribution à un panorama (presque) complet, chez les Classiques Garnier en 2011 ; This article sets out the history and the characteristics of this genre in the Iranian domain, and then studies Ferdowsi's Book of Kings, of which the first part can be considered as a mystical epic, organised in cycles and inspired by ancient cosmogonic and etiological indio-european myths previous to the separation between the Indian and Iranian branches, and transmitted via the Avesta or some religious middle-Persian texts, and from which the part dedicated to Sassanids is related to historical epic, and is based on written texts similar to a chronicle that appeared in a clerical setting more court than warrior (Khwaday-nâmag), and reacts to the crisis provoked by the Arabic and afterwards Turkish invasion with the proposal of a new political model, the infiltration of the state machinery through well-informed Iranian collaborators, which would eventually be more effective than the royal power. ; Le Shâhnâme de Ferdowsi trahit la diversité des matériaux compilés par Ferdowsi et l'extraordinaire fécondité de son œuvre en littérature persane : deux grandes parties peuvent être distinguées ; la première, plus mythologique, se réfère à de très anciennes sources religieuses ; la seconde, plus historique, retrace l'histoire des Sassanides à partir de chroniques. Terminée à une époque où l'Iran commençait à être gouverné par des dynasties turques, le Shâhnâme propose un nouveau rôle à la noblesse et aux érudits iraniens : l' " iranisation " culturelle et administrative des nouvelles cours.

Background UK NHS Stop Smoking Services provide cost effective smoking cessation interventions but, as yet, there has been no assessment of their provision of relapse prevention interventions. Methods Electronic questionnaire survey of 185 UK Stop Smoking Services Managers. Results Ninety six Stop Smoking Service managers returned completed questionnaires (52% response rate). Of these, 58.3% (n = 56) ran NHS Stop Smoking Services which provided relapse prevention interventions for clients with the most commonly provided interventions being behavioural support: telephone (77%), group (73%), and individual (54%). Just under half (48%, n = 27) offered nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), 21.4% (n = 12) bupropion; 19.6% (n = 11) varenicline. Over 80% of those providing relapse prevention interventions do so for over six months. Nearly two thirds of all respondents thought it was likely that they would either continue to provide or commence provision of relapse prevention interventions in their services. Of the remaining respondents, 66.7% (n = 22) believed that the government focus on four-week quit rates, and 42.9% (14 services) believed that inadequate funding for provision of relapse prevention interventions, were major barriers to introducing these interventions into routine care. Conclusions Just over half of UK managers of NHS Stop Smoking Services who responded to the questionnaire reported that, in their services, relapse prevention interventions were currently provided for clients, despite, at that time, there being a weak evidence base for their effectiveness. The most commonly provided relapse prevention interventions were those for which there was least evidence. If these interventions are found to be effective, barriers would need to be removed before they would become part of routine care.

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development. Évora, Portugal, 22-26 June. ; This work emerges from the perspective that research has implications which can serve or hinder environmental and social justice within sustainable development. Who we listen to and how we listen are important to what narratives are highlighted through research. This study involves local residents as well as international tourists and people in the marine tourism industry and marine sciences in the Azores, Portugal in comparison with Newfoundland, Canada. The researchers dance between stepping out of the way in order to make room for voices and perspectives often ignored or silenced in educational and tourism stories of whales and the ocean, and stepping in to help uncover otherwise hidden forces of imperialism, and other oppressions. This study about perceptions of the ocean explores whose expression of heritage provides the driving force for commerce, business, leisure and politics. It also looks at the dynamic nature of heritage as it responds to changes in work, play and politics. Using various interview techniques including photo elicitation and focus groups, we gather rich narratives of visiting, living near and working in the sea. Multiple frames of lived experiences, ethics and politics support the narratives told. Some frames support the perceptions of diverse groups of people, while others privilege the stories of only a few. This study explores local power dynamics and global forces by asking about the ways in which people have learned about the ocean as well as how people decide what is relevant to their learning and what is important to sustain.

The β decays of N12 and B12 have been studied at KVI and JYFL to resolve the composition of the broad and interfering 0+ and 2 + strengths in the triple-α continuum. For the first time a complete treatment of 3α decay is presented including all major breakup channels. A multilevel, many-channel R-matrix formalism has been developed for the complete description of the breakup in combination with the recently published separate analysis of angular correlations. We find that, in addition to the Hoyle state at 7.65 MeV, more than one 0+ and 2+ state is needed to reproduce the spectra. Broad 03+ and 22+ states are found between 10.5 and 12 MeV in this work. The presence of β strength up to the N12 Q-value window suggests the presence of additional 0+ and 2 + components in the C12 structure at energies above 12.7 MeV. © 2010 The American Physical Society. ; Supported by the Academy of Finland (Project No. 44875), by the Spanish Agency CICYT (Nos. FPA2005-02379 and FPA2007-62216) and MEC Consolider Project No. CSD2007-00042, by the Belgian IAP P6/23 project and FWO-Vlaanderen, by the European Union sixth Framework Programme "EURONS"(No. 506065), and by the Swedish Research Council and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. T.N. is a Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow supported by a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The work at KVI was performed as part of Program 48 (TRIµP) of the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM). ; Peer Reviewed

Mi ensayo, dentro del marco de celebración del bicentenario de la independencia, se aproxima a la memoria de los hechos rescatados por la literatura, enfocándose en cómo se representa el recuerdo de las mujeres pro independistas. Tiene como tesis central que una vez que se patentizan las reivindicaciones sociales, políticas en contra de la colonia, también se evidencian las demandas culturales en torno al sexo femenino. Usa como modelos dos retratos literarios Manuela de Luis Zúñiga y Judith de la novela Mientras llega el día. Al ser fijadas como mujeres subversivas, en contra de la norma, por su actuación en las lides emancipadoras, obligan a tomar distancia de los discursos patriarcales que las someten y a valorar su presencia en la historia que tradicionalmente dio poco testimonio de su actuación en estos momentos decisorios. ; Within the framework of celebrations of the Bicentenary of Independence my essay aims at the memory of contemporary events preserved in literature, focusing on how women who were in favour of the independence are remembered. My main thesis is that whenever social and political claims against the Spanish Empire arise, cultural demands towards the feminine appear at the same time. Two literary portraits will serve as examples: Manuela by Luis Zuñiga and Judith in Juan Valdano´s novel Mientras llega el día. As they are depicted as subversive women who fought for the independence, they are opposed to traditional patriarchal texts where they used to be suppressed. Now they have to be considered important in history which traditionally gave little attention to women´s deeds in such decisive times. ; Cuenca ; no. 22

Background UK NHS Stop Smoking Services provide cost effective smoking cessation interventions but, as yet, there has been no assessment of their provision of relapse prevention interventions. Methods Electronic questionnaire survey of 185 UK Stop Smoking Services Managers. Results Ninety six Stop Smoking Service managers returned completed questionnaires (52% response rate). Of these, 58.3% (n = 56) ran NHS Stop Smoking Services which provided relapse prevention interventions for clients with the most commonly provided interventions being behavioural support: telephone (77%), group (73%), and individual (54%). Just under half (48%, n = 27) offered nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), 21.4% (n = 12) bupropion; 19.6% (n = 11) varenicline. Over 80% of those providing relapse prevention interventions do so for over six months. Nearly two thirds of all respondents thought it was likely that they would either continue to provide or commence provision of relapse prevention interventions in their services. Of the remaining respondents, 66.7% (n = 22) believed that the government focus on four-week quit rates, and 42.9% (14 services) believed that inadequate funding for provision of relapse prevention interventions, were major barriers to introducing these interventions into routine care. Conclusions Just over half of UK managers of NHS Stop Smoking Services who responded to the questionnaire reported that, in their services, relapse prevention interventions were currently provided for clients, despite, at that time, there being a weak evidence base for their effectiveness. The most commonly provided relapse prevention interventions were those for which there was least evidence. If these interventions are found to be effective, barriers would need to be removed before they would become part of routine care.

Other written product issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "This document is an E-supplement to GAO-10-390. The 2000 elections in Maine and Arizona were the first in the nation's history where candidates seeking state legislative seats had the option to fully fund their campaigns with public moneys. In 2003, GAO reviewed the public financing programs in Maine and Arizona and found the programs' goals were to (1) increase electoral competition; (2) increase voter choice; (3) curb increases in campaign costs; (4) reduce interest group influence; and (5) increase voter participation. GAO reported that while the number of candidates who participated in the programs increased from 2000 to 2002, it was too soon to determine the extent to which these five goals of the programs were being met. Senate Report 110-129 directed GAO to update its 2003 report. This report: (1) provides data on candidate participation and (2) describes changes in five goals of Maine's and Arizona's programs in the 2000 through 2008 elections and the extent to which changes could be attributed to the programs. To address its objectives, GAO analyzed available data about candidate participation, election outcomes, and campaign spending for the 1996 through 2008 legislative elections in both states, reviewed studies, and interviewed 22 candidates and 10 interest group officials selected to reflect a range of views. The interview results are not generalizable to all candidates or all interest groups. GAO is issuing an electronic supplement with this report--GAO-10-391SP--which provides data and summaries of statistical analyses conducted."

O presente estudo descreve a estrutura dos bosques de mangue do rio Cajutuba, no município de Marapanim, estado do Pará, Brasil. Para o estudo estrutural do bosque, foi utilizado o método do quadrante centrado (PCQM), para o qual foram demarcadas duas transecções em dois diferentes sítios (C1 e C2). A salinidade da água intersticial foi medida apenas pontualmente em uma única coleta. Foram observadas três espécies típicas de mangue (Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia germinans (L.) L. e Laguncularia racemosa C. F. Gaertn.). Em C1, foram encontradas as três espécies, enquanto C2 apresentou apenas indivíduos de R. mangle e A. germinans. C2 pode ser considerado um bosque monoespecífico de R. mangle, pois, em meio às árvores de R. mangle, apenas um indivíduo de A. germinans foi encontrado. Em C1, as árvores apresentaram altura entre 4 e 21 m e diâmetro entre 8,6 e 108,3 cm. Em C2, a altura das árvores variou entre 10 e 22 m e o diâmetro entre 10,5 e 97,1 cm. Como consequência do elevado diâmetro, C2 apresentou os maiores valores de área basal. Em C1, são encontrados muitos indivíduos em classes intermediárias de diâmetro, porém com presença de indivíduos de pequeno porte. Já em C2, 76% dos indivíduos têm diâmetro entre 25 e 30 cm, sendo que indivíduos de pequeno porte são quase inexistentes, mostrando uma grande uniformidade na estrutura do bosque. Altura e diâmetro das árvores de mangue do bosque em C2 são significativamente maiores do que aquelas do bosque de mangue em C1. Como a salinidade foi medida apenas pontualmente, os resultados não permitem resultados conclusivos.

IntroductionThe overlapping drug toxicity profiles, drug‐drug interactions and complications of management of both HIV and tuberculosis (TB) in patients with advanced HIV have not been fully delineated.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of the outcomes of tuberculosis treatment among 69 HIV‐infected patients with TB, who were hospitalized in Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran between 2002 and 2006, and who received standard category 1 (CAT‐1) regimens. Group I (N = 47) included those treated from 2002 to 2005 with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiated after eight weeks of TB treatment for those whose CD4 count was <200 cells/mm3. Group II (N = 22) included TB patients treated from 2005 to 2006, with HAART initiated after two weeks of TB treatment if their CD4 count was <100 cells/mm3 and eight weeks after initiation of TB treatment for those whose CD4 count was between 101 and 200 cells/mm3.ResultsThere were no differences between Groups I and II with regard to: adverse drug reactions [four (8.5%) versus two (9%), p = ns]; IRIS [six (12.7%) versus three (10.7%), p = ns]; and new opportunistic infections [eight (17.0%) versus two (9.1%), p = ns]. Death, however, occurred more frequently in Group I than in Group II [13 (27.7%) versus (4.5%), p = 0.03], where HAART was initiated earlier. Injection of drugs was the most common route of HIV transmission in both groups (72.3% in Group I and 77.3% in Group II).ConclusionThis manuscript shows that in a retrospective review of HIV/TB patients hospitalized in Tehran, improved survival was associated with earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/TB patients with CD4 counts of below 100 cells/mm3.

BackgroundIdentification of factors that determine quality of life is important in order to better tailor health and social care services, and thereby improve the functioning and well being of people living with HIV. The estimated number of people living with HIV in eastern Europe and central Asia is 1.6 million. Little is known about the quality of life of people living with HIV in this region. The main purpose of the present study was to identify the factors influencing quality of life in a sample of HIV‐infected persons in Estonia.MethodsA convenient sample of 451 patients attending three infectious diseases clinics for routine HIV clinical care visits was recruited for a cross‐sectional survey. The World Health Organization's Quality of Life HIV instrument was used to measure quality of life of the participants and medical data was abstracted from clinical records.ResultsGood overall quality of life was reported by 42.6% (95% CI: 38.0–47.2%) of the study participants (53% men, 60% self‐identify as injecting drug users, 82% <30 years of age, 30% with CD4+ T cell count <300 cells/mm3, and 22% on antiretroviral treatment). We identified the following variables as independent predictors of good overall quality of life: being currently employed or studying (AOR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.18–4.38); and the absence of HIV‐related symptoms (AOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.24–4.29).ConclusionA comprehensive and competent care system, including health care providers and social workers, is required for an effective response. In addition, social interventions should seek to enhance the economic and employment opportunities for people living with HIV in the region.

This paper presents a new concept – the global roles of currencies. The concept combines the domestic and international (cross-border) use of currencies and therefore captures the overall importance of different currencies in a globalised economy. The measure of a currency's global role is based on the size and stage of development of the underlying economy, as well as the size and stage of development of its financial markets and the scope of financial instruments available in this currency. The paper applies the concept to 22 currencies of advanced and emerging economies. The results confirm the well-known ranking for the leading currencies – in particular the US dollar and the euro – but give considerably greater weight to currencies of emerging economies than the results obtained from the international debt market, which has so far been used as the basis for measuring the international role of currencies in capital markets. The paper also discusses this established measure in detail, arguing that in view of financial globalisation, an indicator based on currency shares in the international debt market alone represents a decreasing share of international financial market activity, as this market excludes government debt, other domestic debt and equities, which are in- creasingly of interest to international investors. The paper also presents an empirical application of the new global concept to examine cross-border portfolio holdings in debt and equity markets across advanced and emerging economies. It finds that the global role indicator is positively correlated with such holdings and, especially for emerging economies, fares better than the established international debt market indicator. The findings suggest a positive relationship between domestic financial development and international financial integration.

The paper concentrates on architectural discourse of the interwar period (1918–1940) of Lithuania. The main objective of the paper is to represent the history of the Lithuanian architectural thought of the period through analysis of the interwar press. Due to a wide scope of the problem the paper is devoted to one of the major problems of architectural theory – relation of policy/power and space. Following publications in the press, a few dominant aspects of the problem were distinquished: representation of the state (as an exemplar element of global political ideology), and issues of social housing (as illustration of local, towards practical decisions oriented policy). It is discovered that the dominant theoretical position concerning the matters of spatial representation is discussions on "national style". While the socio-political discourse of Modern Movement mainly concentrates on discussions about "social housing colonies". Santrauka Straipsnis skirtas Lietuvos tarpukario laikotarpio (1918–1940) teorinio diskurso analizei. Tekste, remiantis periodikoje publikuotais straipsniais, skirtais architektūros temoms, siekiama pažvelgti į šio periodo architektūrinės minties palikimą. Dėmesio objektu pasirinkta viena iš svarbesnių architektūrinio diskurso temų – architektūros ir politikos sąsajos. Išskiriami keli to meto spaudoje dominavę architektūros ir politikos sąveikos aspektai: valstybės erdvinės reprezentacijos problematika (kaip globalios, ideologinės politikos apraiška) bei socialinio būsto problematika (kaip lokalios, į tiesioginius sprendimus orientuotos politikos apraiška). Nustatyta, kad reprezentacinėje plotmėje dominuojanti teorinė pozicija – "tautinio stiliaus" paieškos. Socialinei, politizuotai modernizmo teorijai būdingi aspektai daugiausiai reiškėsi menkiau teoretizuotose diskusijose apie "pigių būstų kolonijų" kūrimą. First Published Online: 22 May 2013 Reikšminiai žodžiai: tarpukaris, architektūros teorija, architektūros politika, tautinis stilius, pigus būstas, modernizmas.

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Overuse of antibiotics is the main force driving the emergence and dissemination of bacterial resistance in the community. France consumes more antibiotics and has the highest rate of beta-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae than any other European country. In 2001, the government initiated "Keep Antibiotics Working"; the program's main component was a campaign entitled "Les antibiotiques c'est pas automatique" ("Antibiotics are not automatic") launched in 2002. We report the evaluation of this campaign by analyzing the evolution of outpatient antibiotic use in France 2000-2007, according to therapeutic class and geographic and age-group patterns. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This evaluation is based on 2000-2007 data, including 453,407,458 individual reimbursement data records and incidence of flu-like syndromes (FLSs). Data were obtained from the computerized French National Health Insurance database and provided by the French Sentinel Network. As compared to the preintervention period (2000-2002), the total number of antibiotic prescriptions per 100 inhabitants, adjusted for FLS frequency during the winter season, changed by -26.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] -33.5% to -19.6%) over 5 years. The decline occurred in all 22 regions of France and affected all antibiotic therapeutic classes except quinolones. The greatest decrease, -35.8% (95% CI -48.3% to -23.2%), was observed among young children aged 6-15 years. A significant change of -45% in the relationship between the incidence of flu-like syndromes and antibiotic prescriptions was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The French national campaign was associated with a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, particularly in children. This study provides a useful method for assessing public-health strategies designed to reduce antibiotic use.

This paper will examine the seminal events leading up to passage of the Fewer School Boards Act (Bill 104), and its impact on the newly created Toronto District School Board (TDSB). While the focus of this paper will be on Bill 104, it is important to note that significant structural changes needed to occur in Toronto and its neighbouring municipalities before Bill 104 could take effect. To facilitate these changes, the Ontario government introduced and passed Bill 148 An Act to Establish a New City of Toronto. Bill 148 amalgamated the City of Toronto with the surrounding cities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York to create the "New" City of Toronto with a combined population of 2.5 million citizens. Passage of Bill 148 cleared a path for the Ontario government to then pursue passage of Bill 104. Passage of the Fewer School Boards Act amalgamated Toronto's Public School Board with its five neighbouring cities but it also terminated the Metropolitan Toronto Public School Board. Where 74 trustees had represented citizens in Metropolitan Toronto, the newly elected 22- member TDSB became responsible for over 300,000 students, 21,000 employees, and almost 600 schools. Each trustee represents a ward containing nearly 100,000 residents (Bedard and Lawton 2000). While this study will focus on Toronto, both Bills 148 and 104 were part of a larger agenda by the Ontario Progressive Conservative government to restructure a number of Ontario sectors, with education being the most predominant. As Leithwood, Fullan, and Watson note, the latter half of the 1990s in Ontario can be viewed as "the most tumultuous in the province's history" (2003, 1).

International audience ; BACKGROUND: Overuse of antibiotics is the main force driving the emergence and dissemination of bacterial resistance in the community. France consumes more antibiotics and has the highest rate of beta-lactam resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae than any other European country. In 2001, the government initiated "Keep Antibiotics Working"; the program's main component was a campaign entitled "Les antibiotiques c'est pas automatique" ("Antibiotics are not automatic") launched in 2002. We report the evaluation of this campaign by analyzing the evolution of outpatient antibiotic use in France 2000-2007, according to therapeutic class and geographic and age-group patterns. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This evaluation is based on 2000-2007 data, including 453,407,458 individual reimbursement data records and incidence of flu-like syndromes (FLSs). Data were obtained from the computerized French National Health Insurance database and provided by the French Sentinel Network. As compared to the preintervention period (2000-2002), the total number of antibiotic prescriptions per 100 inhabitants, adjusted for FLS frequency during the winter season, changed by -26.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] -33.5% to -19.6%) over 5 years. The decline occurred in all 22 regions of France and affected all antibiotic therapeutic classes except quinolones. The greatest decrease, -35.8% (95% CI -48.3% to -23.2%), was observed among young children aged 6-15 years. A significant change of -45% in the relationship between the incidence of flu-like syndromes and antibiotic prescriptions was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The French national campaign was associated with a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, particularly in children. This study provides a useful method for assessing public-health strategies designed to reduce antibiotic use.