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Despite the best efforts of the exponents of social movement theory, the dynamics of empowerment of women in India has not been (re)visited to lend specificity to the Indian gender mainstreaming strategies. So the Indian post-feminist efforts to engender 'a gender-just society' by empowering women, critical symbols of continued sub-alternship, need to be put under post feminist scanners. Against this backdrop, it is mooted that the principal aim of this paper is to (re)define empowerment of women in India as an open-ended process aiming at the felicitating (i) abolition of gender-based discrimination in all institutions and structures of the India society and (ii) participation of women in policy and decision-making processes at private and public levels of assorted activities, qualified by all dyadic relations among mind, matter, politics of knowledge, gender politics, and poetics of lack and desire. Adapted from the source document.

My discussion of intersexuality's changing exemplificatory position within feminist studies of science explains how its medical management has emerged as an exemplary injustice of recognition. Specifically, the surgical protocol that aims to make unusual genitalia invisible, & the medical obfuscation of intersexuality's ramifications for the cultural construction of gender, have been written as a wrong by Anne Fausto-Sterling & Suzanne Kessler. By mapping intersex treatment as a discursively produced injustice, I argue that it is accordingly within discourse that the wrongs of intersex treatment may be redressed -- not by undoing past surgeries, or by punishing clinicians as personally "guilty.". 52 References. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd.]

The Tanzanian Gender Networking Programme (TGNP) is a feminist, activist organization promoting gender equality, women's advancement, & social transformation at all levels of society. TGNP works with more than 40 national organizations to challenge neo-liberal policy & to promote public debate on macro economic policy. This paper is a budget review presented at the weekly Gender & Development Seminar Series in response to the Tanzanian 2005/6 budget presented by the Minister of Finance. It stresses that although Tanzania is experiencing economic growth, the country is unlikely to meet the Millennium Development Goal of reducing poverty by 50% in 2015. The following budgetary topics are reviewed in further detail: resource allocation; wages & taxation; employment & livelihood; agriculture; & health & HIV/AIDS. References. R. Prince

Anti-globalization movements are now facing unprecedented situations with regard to their organization. The feminist, movement, however, can claim an extendet historical experience in ways of activism often different from conventional politics, even from the models of left-wing parties. The author proposes therefore to capitalize on the feminist experience & to exploit it as a virtual model, in many' aspects, for the new ways of engaging in politics in the network-society of the global era. Adapted from the source document.

Feminist legal scholars & political theorists have criticized the use of cultural evidence by immigrant defendants in criminal cases on the grounds that such use can deny equal protection of the laws to immigrant women, but they have neglected a distinct & potentially greater problem: that mainstream legal doctrines which immigrants seek to use are themselves formulated & applied in ways that support gender inequality. Immigrants' claims of "cultural defence" for actions that harm women seem to be most successful when they resonate with patriarchal norms in the wider society. While the defense in the "marriage by capture" & "wife-murder" cases emphasized cultural differences between immigrants & mainstream Americans, there is a striking congruence in the norms of majority & minority cultures regarding the realm of intimate relations between the sexes: that "no" doesn't mean no, & that a man's violent retaliation against his female partner's infidelity is a "reasonable" response. In these cases, minority practices have found support from certain illiberal mainstream norms expressed in legal doctrine & practice. Thus, if we wish to pursue both greater equality for women & greater equality for cultural minorities, we cannot simply embrace or reject cultural defenses; rather, we need to re-evaluate mainstream legal defenses alongside minority practices -- not only to guard against cross-cultural hypocrisy but to pursue equal justice for all. Adapted from the source document.

Since the 1970s, women's movements have been full with provocative policies of attentiveness making the invisible visible & naming & articulating the unsaid & secret. However, after successful participation & women's rights paradigms, disillusion set in regarding these inconsequential successes. More participation did not automatically signify more influence. Transnational women networks paid a high price for the inclusion on the global governance level: autonomous positions are barely recognizable & women's politics in institutional processes have been de-politicized & de-radicalized. E. Sanchez

During the last quarter of a century, Iran has undergone fundamental changes. The revolution was supported by a heterogeneous coalition of social forces, but it led to a war with Iraq & the stabilization of an Islamic regime. Since the end of the 1980s, four different types of new social actors have emerged in Iran: post-Islamist intellectuals; feminists; students as a non-revolutionary, reformist & democratically minded group; & ethnic movements. These actors mostly (with the exception of some intellectuals) belong to a generation which did not take part in the revolution; their aspirations & demands are totally different from those most characteristic of the revolutionary phase. The election of President Khatami in 1997 was a result of these changes. Since then, a stalemate has prevailed: the society is post-Islamist, whereas the decisive power centers are controlled by Islamist conservatives. 20 References. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright 2004.]