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Information basic to understanding why some parents are abusive is presented in a manner intended to be useful in a training program for nonprofessionals

SummaryAn account is presented of the increasing use of drugs in sport, the attempts to test for and control the drugs used, and the devices used to evade detection. The author's view is that all the drugs being used at present can be detected, provided that sufficient funds are available for organizing tests and that national federations co-operate fully.

Argues for an open, unprejudicial reading of the works of Carl Schmitt, a European thinker whom critics have dismissed as terminally fascist. Those seeking to legitimize managerial-liberal thought that claims a linear theory of history as progressive & emancipative & ascribes dominance as neutral & natural dismiss all other theories of political organization. Schmitt provides conceptual tools for understanding this situation, including the idiosyncratic reaction against his ideas. Although Schmitt made some terrible political choices in uniting with Nazism in the 1930s, he began to emphasize "concrete order," a pre-legal institutional framework that emphasized the primacy of the state over the Nazi Party. His attempts to contain the Nazis were unsuccessful, & he was thrown out of the party in 1936. Schmitt rejected totalitarianism & believed that the autonomous state became strong by affirming the freedom & autonomy of civil society (Cristi). Understanding Schmitt could lead to a better understanding of American institutions & to confronting their failures in order to strengthen them. L. A. Hoffman

L'établissement d'un État moderne en Europe a entraîné l'apparition d'un système d'introduction d'un État sur l'ensemble de son territoire. La raison en est que les décisions gouvernementales doivent être appliquées de manière égale à tous. Cela ne peut être garanti que si les fonctionnaires, nommés par le gouvernement et responsables de la mise en oeuvre et du suivi de la politique gouvernementale, les transfèrent effectivement du niveau de fonctionnaire gouvernemental au niveau local et régional. En règle générale, l'administration centrale s'acquitte de tâches de caractère national dont la mise en oeuvre en vertu de la loi ne peut être confiée à un niveau régional. Cependant, l'État doit également avoir des fonctionnaires au niveau local qui mettront en oeuvre de véritables pouvoirs lors de la prise de décisions (sur la base de la délégation de pouvoirs), afin de prendre en compte les besoins et la situation locales. La «déconcentration» représente précisément cela. Par conséquent, nous traitons avec des services qui incluent des fonctionnaires nommés qui sont soumis à l'autorité d'un organisme central et qui représentent localement le gouvernement et les ministères. En France et en général, nous distinguons trois catégories d'administrations: l'administration centrale, l'administration périphérique (décentralisée ou déconcentrée), l'administration spécialisée indépendante qui reste néanmoins rattachée à l'un des ministères compétents qui supervisent les organismes placés sous le contrôle du gouvernement. La déconcentration à la française enrichit la dimension interministérielle, présente localement chez le préfet qui représente le président du gouvernement et les ministres et qui est chargé de la gestion du territoire, du dialogue avec les représentants locaux du pouvoir exécutif et de la modernisation de l'administration. Compte tenu de la carte administrative de la France comprenant trente mille communes, une centaine de départements et une vingtaine de régions (13 depuis 2015), la déconcentration repose sur les éléments suivants: le préfet de région met en oeuvre la politique nationale et la politique de la communauté (européenne) fixe des objectifs stratégiques, alloue des ressources , évalue l'activité de l'Etat. Le préfet de département est responsable de l'activité opérationnelle et de l'administration des politiques publiques. Le vice-préfet initie et rejoint des partenaires dans des «centres de vie» (villes et villages) au sein d'un département. ; Uspostava moderne države u Europi dovela je do uvođenja države na cijelom njezinom teritoriju. Razlog za to je potreba da se njene odluke primjenjuju jednako na sve. To se može osigurati jedino ako službenici, koje vlada imenuje i koji su odgovorni za provedbu i praćenje vladine politike, iste učinkovito prenose s državne na lokalnu i regionalnu razinu. Središnja uprava općenito obavlja poslove nacionalnog karaktera čija se provedba sukladno zakonu ne može staviti na regionalnu razinu. Međutim, država također mora imati dužnosnike na lokalnoj razini koji će provoditi stvarne ovlasti prilikom donošenja odluka (na temelju delegiranja ovlasti), kako bi se brinuli o lokalnim potrebama i okolnostima. Ovdje je riječ o "dekoncentraciji". Radi se, dakle, o uslugama koje uključuju imenovane službenike koji podliježu središnjem tijelu vlasti i koji lokalno predstavljaju vladu i ministarstva. U Francuskoj i općenito razlikujemo tri kategorije uprave: središnja, periferna (decentralizirana ili dekoncentrirana), te neovisna specijalizirana uprava koja je ipak povezana s jednim od relevantnih ministarstava koja nadziru tijela koja su pod kontrolom vlade. Dekoncentracija na francuski način obogaćuje međuresorsku dimenziju, lokalno prisutnu u osobi imenovanog prefekta koja predstavlja predsjednika vlade i ministre i koja je zadužena za upravljanje teritorijem, održavanje dijaloga s lokalnim predstavnicima izvršne vlasti i modernizaciju uprave. S obzirom na administrativnu kartu Francuske koja uključuje trideset tisuća općina, oko stotinu odjela i dvadeset regija (13 od 2015.), dekoncentracija se temelji na sljedećem: regionalni župan provodi nacionalnu politiku i politiku (europske) zajednice uspostavlja strateške ciljeve, alocira resurse , ocjenjuje državnu aktivnost. Župan odjela je odgovoran za operativne aktivnosti i upravljanje javnim politikama. Potpredsjednik pokreće i pridružuje se partnerima u takozvanim «središtima života» (gradovima i selima) u okviru odjela. ; Establishing a modern state in Europe has brought about the appearance of a system of introducing state on all of its territory. The reason this has come about is the need for government decisions to be applied in an equal way to everyone. This can only be ensured if officials, whom the government appoints and who are responsible for implementing and following government policy, effectively transfer them from government official level onto local and regional level. Central administration generally singularly carries out tasks of a national character the implementation of which pursuant to law cannot be placed onto a regional level. However, the state also must have officials at a local level who will implement real powers when making decisions (based on delegating powers), in order to take care of local needs and circumstances. «Deconcentration» precisely represents that. Therefore, we are dealing with services which include appointed officials who are subject to central body authority and who locally represent the government and ministries. In France and in general, we differentiate among three categories of administration: central administration, peripheral administration (decentralized or deconcentrated), independent specialized administration which are nevertheless still linked to one of the relevant ministries which supervise the bodies which are under government control. Deconcentration French style enriches the inter-department dimension, locally present in the person named prefect who represents government president and ministers and who is in charge of managing territory, maintaining dialogue with local representatives of executive powers and modernization of administration. Given the administrative map of France which includes thirty thousand municipalities, about a hundred departments and twenty regions (13 since 2015), deconcentration is based on the following : regional prefect implements national policy and policy of (European) community establishes strategic goals, allocates resources, evaluates state activity. The department prefect is responsible for operative activity and administering public policies. The vice-prefect initiates and joins partners in so-called «life centers» (towns and villages) within a department framework.