This article situates the emergence of pioneer modern architects and architecture of Singapore in the longer history of colonial and post-colonial modernities and modernization, and in relation to socio-economic forces of capitalism and socio-political influences of the modern state in both the colonial and post-colonial eras. Rather than understand modern architecture in terms of style, this article goes behind style to explore the social, economic, technological and political conditions of producing modern architecture.
This paper discusses the relationship between planning, sustainable development and the environment in Ireland. The paper firstly explores the development of planning as a Concept. It then sets out the key 'actors' in Irish environmental policy. The paper goes on to describe the planning system in Ireland with a specific emphasis on its relationship to sustainable development and the environment. Irish environmental performance is assessed. Irish environmental policy 'drivers' are then examined with a view to explaining the emphasis of Irish environmental policy. The paper demonstrates and explains the lack of influence of the planning system on key areas of environmental policy but emphasises its importance in addressing, in particular, urban and suburban environmental problems. The paper identifies the following impediments to the effective operation of tile planning system in enhancing sustainable development: lack of consistency in government policy and legislation as regards sustainable development; poor public perception of planning and the role of political system therein; limited policy instruments and the emphasis on regulation; and lack of research for evidence-based policymaking.
This article examines how the African Union (AU) has handled Africa's peace and security challenges since 2002, defines what has been successful and what remains aspirational. It does so by examining how the AU has responded, from using sanctions against coups, to deploying peacekeeping missions and mediating in conflicts. An African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) has developed since 2002, including a Peace and Security Council, an African Standby Force, a Continental Early Warning System and a Panel of the Wise. This sounds impressive, but the operationalization record is patchy: AU-deployed missions have been fully dependent on external donors; harmonization is a major problem; serious questions remain over AU capacity; and some of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) are developing at a quicker pace than the AU. Given these circumstances and its internal capacity deficit, the AU will likely struggle to exercise oversight of regional processes, including the development of regional standby force arrangements. APSA is clearly based on a liberal peace model, yet democratic systems, respect for human rights and good governance aren't always in place in African countries, and the self-interest of elites continues to be a constraint on APSA and its success. Over the last decade the AU has found a voice and, despite some setbacks, it has shown through AMISOM in Somalia that it is capable of conducting a successful peacemaking operation. Its biggest challenge is not making the decision to intervene or deploy forces, but the capacity of most African states to deploy effectively. APSA's dependence on external partners needs to diminish over the next decade if better African solutions are to be found to peace and security challenges in the continent. Yet, the internationalized nature of crises such as the one in Mali in 2012-13 requires international partnerships. Not all of Africa's security problems can be solved by Africa alone, but APSA does provide a vision framework for African and external partnership. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)
Tim Behrend, University of Auckland, Nouvelle-Zélande Frontispiece Architecture in Ngayogyakarta : Notes on Structure and Sources Cet article considère le manuscrit javanais comme un objet codicologique. Il explore les diverses raisons pour lesquelles il est à la fois unique et relié aux produits d'autres traditions scripturaires en Asie du Sud-Est et au Moyen-Orient, en envisageant notamment les transformations radicales survenues avec l'islamisation. À travers un aperçu des aspects visuels et physiques de l'enluminure des manuscrits javanais (en particulier les frontispices, ou wadana) et une description minutieuse d'un manuscrit de 1829 créé par le fondateur du palais Pakualaman, cet article offre un modèle de traitement de la complexité formelle des manuscrits javanais ; il propose également une taxonomie de la description des wadana.
"The statutory development control and planning law system of the United Kingdom is one of the most comprehensive and detailed in the world. Inevitably then, development control is one of the most significant matters concerning anyone involved in the development of land, and an understanding of the Acts, legislations and enforcement of said powers is essential to the success of any development project.This book is the fourth edition of a highly regarded work widely used by students and practitioners of real estate management, development, surveying, valuation, planning and law. Written by two experienced experts on law and the UK planning system, Development and Planning Law is essential reading for anyone involved in building and construction, surveying, planning, and development and who need to know the law as it relates to their every day professional practice. It has been extensively updated to reflect the most recent legal developments, including the 2011 Localism Act"--
