Suchergebnisse

La 4e de couv. indique : "La crise des réfugiés qui secoue l'espace européen depuis 2015 a mis en lumière l'incapacité des institutions politiques à fournir des réponses satisfaisantes à tous les profils de migrants. Fruits de globalisations contradictoires, les flux migratoires s'accélèrent à travers le monde. Alors même que des frontières se ferment et que des murs s'érigent, les catégories de migrants et de réfugiés se brouillent, les pays de départ deviennent pays de transit et d'accueil et inversement, le contenu de la citoyenneté se diversifie, l'expression d'un droit à la mobilité des personnes émerge partout dans le monde. Réel enjeu planétaire, longtemps oubliées des grandes questions mondiales, les migrations transforment et affectent les relations internationales, redéfinissent la souveraineté des États. Elles disent surtout l'urgence d'une diplomatie nouvelle intégrant leur gouvernance mondiale et régionale."

On 20 November 1990, the twentieth State made a declaration recognizing ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other participating State accepting the same obligation, the competence of an International Fact-Finding Commission whose task it will be to investigate allegations by any such State. Article 90 of Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 provides for the setting up of the Commission once 20 States have recognized its competence. The Commission will be competent to enquire into any facts alleged to be a grave breach as defined in the Conventions and Protocol I or other serious violation of those instruments and to facilitate, through its good offices, the restoration of an attitude of respect for the Conventions and the Protocol.

This study argues for a behavioral interpretation of rational choice in a changing environment that potentially restores the equilibria of discounted repeated games as useful descriptors of long-term bilateral relations between nation-states. The analysis reveals that all subgame perfect equilibrium strategies fall into one of three classes: countervailing, strongly inducive, or weakly inducive. Only strongly inducive strategies require knowledge of the opponent's exact strategy choice to achieve equilibrium. At the other extreme, countervailing strategies require only the expectation of some form of countervailing behavior from the opponent to become a rational choice. The intermediate weakly inducive strategies allow each side to choose some bound of tolerance for the opponent's actual behavior, permitting a range of countervailing behaviors within these bounds. The formal analysis provides constructive access to interesting subgame perfect equilibria of discounted repeated games and is suggestive of the observable and empirically testable consequences of rational behavior.

The seven articles in this special issue represent a wide range of international comparative and review studies by international research teams from China, Germany, India, Russia, Switzerland and Mexico. The presented projects are part of the national program "Research on the Internationalisation of Vocational Education and Training", funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). An adapted version of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory forms the conceptual framework of the special issue. The four system levels (micro, meso, exo and macro) are addressed by one article each. The article on the microsystem level focuses on the intended and implemented curricula in a cross-country comparison of China and Russia. The article on the mesosystem level aims at the development of a quality management model for vocational education and training (VET) institutions in India. At the exolevel, the regional structures of the education and employment systems in Mexico, particularly the cooperation between schools and companies in the hotel industry, are investigated. At the macrosystem level, the social representation of non-academic labour in Mexico is examined in terms of cultural artefacts. Furthermore, three overarching review studies systematise relevant research developments and approaches. The topics of the three review studies are European VET policy, transfer of VET and VET research. The scope ranges from the development of a comparative research tool to a summary analysis of over 5,000 individual publications. Given the broad scope and heterogeneity of the findings, a summative conclusion would hardly be appropriate. Nevertheless, with regard to the model of the 'triadic conception of purposes in comparative VET research' that represents a heuristic for describing the purposes of international VET research, we conclude with an emphasis on a need of more criticality. In this context, one finding can be pointed out as an example: One review study found that most studies (here, with reference to VET transfer) refer to the recipient country without a comparative perspective. Thus, there is a clear demand for more comparative research following a critical-reflective approach. (DIPF/Orig.)

Abstract Caste is an informal institution that influences socioeconomic action in many contexts. It is becoming increasingly evident that international business research, practice, and policy need to programmatically address caste. To facilitate this endeavor, we review the limited research in IB that has addressed caste, and theorize caste as a distinct informal institution by distinguishing it from other systems of stratification like race, class, and gender. In addition, we propose a parsimonious framework to highlight the implications of caste for Indian and non-Indian MNEs in their Indian and global operations. In doing this, we focus on implications with respect to the internal organization and inter-organizational relationships of MNEs, and consider how these implications might differ as based on the MNEs' organizational forms. We then build on these implications to discuss how MNEs and other stakeholders of international business can address caste inequalities via policies related to human rights, anti-racism, and affirmative action. By bridging theory, practice, and policy, we pave the way for MNEs to address global inequalities that relate to caste.