This article investigates the relationship among political ideological orientations, exposure to news from public service and commercial broadcasters, and attitudes toward illegal immigration. Based on a comparative data set of a survey administered simultaneously in the United States, France, and Norway, we hypothesize that commercial news broadcasting drives stricter attitudes toward illegal immigration than public service broadcasting does. The findings suggest that political orientation is the strongest predictor of negative attitudes toward illegal immigration in all three countries. In addition, we find that exposure to commercial news broadcasting is positively related to negative attitudes toward illegal immigration in the United States, France, and Norway. Public service broadcasting, in contrast, leads to more positive attitudes toward illegal immigration in the United States but not in France and Norway. The implications for future research are discussed.
A dynamic descriptive model of the criminal justice system is implemented for the states of Missouri and Texas. The differences between sentencing strategies, prison population movements, and criminal behavior patterns are examined. Results for optimization of sentencing strategy and estimates for separate incapacitative and deterrent effects are provided from the discrete time model in each state, and comparisons are offered.
Considers why advanced industrial states were able to keep their economies relatively open to foreign trade in the 1970s and the early 1980s, despite declining U.S. hegemony and increasing economic difficulties. Argues that an international level change affected domestic trade politics and contributed to the maintenance of a liberal trading system. Examining the United States and France, shows how domestic trade politics were changed and how this change affected the policy process. (Abstract amended)
Is mass murder a historically new phenomenon that emerged in the 1960s? How has it changed over time? And what causes a person to commit multiple murders in a matter of hours or even minutes? This book explores these questions by examining 909 mass murders that took place in the United States between 1900 and 1999. By far the largest study on the topic to date, it begins with a look at the patterns and prevalence of mass murders by presenting rates from 1900-1999 and by describing the characteristics of mass killers. Placing the phenomenon within the broader social, political, and economic con
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This paper provides a political analysis of legal pluralism from a "new institutionalist" perspective. In response to question of why states recognize & incorporate non-state normative orderings into their legal systems, it is hypothesized that the decision of incorporation is made to enhance the capacities of postcolonial states with "rational" calculations. In this respect, two new categories of legal pluralism are introduced: capacity-enhancing recognition & capacity-diminishing recognition. The paper lastly assesses the implications of legal pluralism upon the state-society relations & individual rights & liberties of citizens in the case of Israel. 86 References. [Copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd.]
Іn the article deals, that the creation of an inclusive environment is an important priority of modern public policy, which considers the issues of accessibility, protection of the rights of people with disabilities and equal opportunities in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals until 2030. It has been proved that for the implementation of organizational measures for physical disability, it is necessary to ensure the implementation of the concept of universal design and reasonable adaptation, transport accessibility, and the implementation of new building codes. Local authorities should adopt special programs and create an inclusive environment for everyone, including children, women, the elderly, representatives of other groups, realizing their rights to individual adaptation, assistive devices, and a comfortable public space. It is noted that an important area that covers a significant range of organizational issues is economic inclusion. Economic inclusion means providing conditions and opportunities for employment, obtaining financing for entrepreneurship, developing social entrepreneurship, and vocational rehabilitation for all groups of citizens. It has been established that in a pandemic, more attention should be paid to organizing vocational rehabilitation for persons who have lost contact with the labor market or persons who need additional protection in the labor market. The importance of information inclusion and the development of appropriate state standards of social services for the translation of sign speech, accompanying persons with visual impairments, accompanying people with disabilities in employment and social and labor adaptation has been substantiated.The conditions for the development of rehabilitation services in accordance with the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities are considered. It is proved that the main directions of development of the system of rehabilitation services in Ukraine require an integrated approach in connection with the medical reform in the country. To implement organizational measures, public authorities need to constantly monitor compliance with the standards of accessibility. It is necessary to reform the legislation on the employment of people with disabilities and strengthen the work of state bodies in the field of employment.
As the severity of the recent recession mounted so did the debate over what to do about it. Three basic options for policy are being promoted: conservative free-market, liberal industrial, & social welfare. Though the first of these has dominated in the US, France has relied on an industrial policy, while Sweden has adopted a social welfare emphasis. In comparing the experiences of these three countries it becomes clear that an approach more interventionist than relying on the market is both possible & advisable; but neither the social welfare nor the industrial policy can fully address the problem of factory closings. In fact, Sweden is turning to industrial policies to complement their social welfare programs, while France is beginning to address the social welfare issues that accompany economic development. For the US, the lesson is that the proponents of industrial & social welfare policies not only have more in common than the recent debate would suggest, but that these two groups must ally with one another if either policy is to be politically viable. HA.
Der Zerfall oder das Scheitern von Staaten ist längst kein lokal begrenzbares, humanitäres Problem mehr, sondern hat gravierende regionale und globale Auswirkungen. Der Umgang mit fragilen Staaten ist daher ein Schlüsselthema für die internationale Sicherheits- und Entwicklungspolitik. Dabei geht es nicht allein um die bekannten failed states von Somalia bis Afghanistan, sondern die eigentliche Herausforderung besteht darin, stattfindende oder drohende Zerfallsprozesse in einer Reihe von schwachen bzw. versagenden Staaten zu verhindern. Diese fragilen Staaten stehen daher im Zentrum der Studie. Exemplarisch wurden acht Fälle schwacher bzw. versagender Staatlichkeit vergleichend untersucht: Jemen, Jordanien, Georgien, Kenia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkmenistan und Venezuela. Analysiert wurden jeweils drei Funktionsbereiche des Staates (Sicherheit, Wohlfahrt, Legitimität/Rechtsstaatlichkeit), die jeweiligen Ursachen von Instabilität sowie die Möglichkeiten externer Akteure, zur Stärkung staatlicher Strukturen beizutragen. Darüber hinaus formuliert die Studie allgemeine Empfehlungen und Prioritäten für die deutsche Außen-, Sicherheits- und Entwicklungspolitik. Die Autoren plädieren für einen ressortübergreifenden state-building-Ansatz, in den verschiedene Aktivitäten der auswärtigen Politik integriert werden. Unter state-building werden sowohl Maßnahmen zum (Wieder-)Aufbau als auch zur Reform und Stabilisierung von staatlichen Strukturen verstanden. Schwerpunkte sollten dabei sein: Reform des Sicherheitssektors, Reformen in der Steuer-, Zoll-, Finanz- und Budgetverwaltung, Reformen im Gesundheits- und Bildungsbereich, Verbesserung von rechtsstaatlichen Standards sowie die Bekämpfung von Korruption. (SWP-Studie / SWP)
The present study is an analysis of the constitutional rights and responsibilities of community college students and academic personnel as determined by federal and state court decisions. The first chapter is a brief overview of the development of the community college. It demonstrates that the dubious position of the community college in higher education contributed to slow acceptance by many of the constitutional rights of students and academic personnel on community college campuses. Chapter two covers the First Amendment rights of academic personnel: academic freedom, loyalty oaths, political activity, classroom activities. It explains that the United States Supreme Court cases of Keyishian, Pickering and Epperson are clear indications that state-employed teachers have complete freedom under the First Amendment to express their views, as long as this expression does not substantially disrupt the activities of the state or its agencies. Epperson guarantees scholarly choices under academic freedom. Chapter three discusses tenure and the need for due process in tenure decisions. The landmark United States Supreme Court cases reviewed here are Rowe and Sinderm. Although state-employed teachers have no right to a tenure system, they do have a right to due process in any tenure decision, if either an implicit or explicit tenure system exists. Teachers may also exercise their constitutional rights without fear of employment-related retribution. Chapter four is an analysis of the constitutional rights of students under the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments. The judiciary overwhelmingly rejects "in loco parentis'' at the college level and views the student-college relationship as one based on constitutional principles. Tinker established that students retain their rights when they cross the school threshold. Papish showed that college student newspapers have complete freedom of expression, although college authorities may reasonably regulate the time, place, and manner of distribution. Fourth Amendment rights on the college campus are difficult to ascertain since no definitive Supreme Court ruling on search and seizure on a college campus has been handed down. Due process in school disciplinary proceedings is a firmly established prj_nciple in the United States today. The 1975 decisions in Wood and Goss clearly show this. Race has been accepted as a suspect category under the Fourteenth Amendment right of equal protection-- sex and appearance have not. Disparate treatment based on sex seems more likely to be declared unconstitutional than such treatment based on appearance. In chapter five the summary shows that academic personnel and students of community colleges are now accorded the same constitutional rights as their respective colleagues at four-year institutions, although community college administrators were slower to recognize many of those rights than were administrators of four-year institutions. It is recommended that community college administrators review all existing rules and procedures in light of the constitutional rights accorded citizens by the Federal Constitution. ; ED. D.
