Suchergebnisse

Population ageing across the advanced economies (though not in large parts of Africa and Asia) has become a growing concern for academics, policy-makers and the public at large. More specifically, the question of the economic and financial sustainability and the intergenerational fairness of contemporary public policy constellations and socio-economic models has come to the fore against the backdrop of low or declining fertility rates and large cohorts of longer-living elderly citizens. Yet efforts to empirically conceptualise and measure intergenerational sustainability and fairness have often gone in different directions and have not always added to a greater cohesion, or clarity, of knowledge. This special issue on "Measuring Intergenerational Justice for Public Policy" aims to take stock of such efforts, and to provide an overview of where we stand today.The first two articles, both winners of the 2016/17 Demography Prize, focus on the dominant methodologies for thinking empirically about intergenerational fairness and sustainability.The first article is a general overview essay on Generational Accounting, authored by Laurence Kotlikoff, a founding father of this methodology. Kotlikoff notes that since David Ricardo's work, it took another century and a half for economists to develop models capable of realistically tracking the impact of policies on the welfare of current and future generations. Today, large-scale, dynamic computable general equilibrium models remain too stylised to provide much more than a qualitative sense of generational impacts. To fill this gap, Kotlikoff and others have pioneered the use of available data to directly measure the fiscal treatment of current and future generations. Kotlikoff's essay surveys these efforts over the past three decades to quantify generational fiscal burdens using both fiscal gap and generational accounting. On the whole, he is optimistic about the pace of progress, thanks in part to the acute if belated awareness by economists that intergenerational fairness is a topic of both policy importance and moral urgency. But Kotlikoff notes that conventional approaches based on concepts of national debt and deficits remain dominant in government practices even though governments are able to manipulate what to keep off their books. This points to the need to study power and governance in research on intergenerational fairness.The second article, by Natalie Laub and Christian Hagist, applies Generational Accounting to analyse whether and to what extent current policies put heavier burdens on the shoulders of future generations compared to current generations. Specifically, they study the impact of recent reforms in pay-as-you-go pension systems in Norway, Poland and Germany. They find that reforms have reduced the implicit debt to be paid by future generations in all cases, but the burden is shared differently. In Norway current pensioners have to contribute to enhancing financial sustainability, while Poland and Germany seem to be more politically constrained by the electoral power of pensioner-voters: reforms have put in place "grandfathering clauses" that protect current pensioners at the expense of younger generations.In the last article, Róbert Gál and Judit Monostori present an insightful and concise taxonomy of empirical indicators of economic sustainability and intergenerational fairness, summarised from their earlier wide-ranging survey of over 80 indicators.[1] They neatly organise their taxonomy along four different scope conditions: specific public programmes, the general government, the market economy, and the total economy, which adds the household economy (the output of unpaid household labour). The article shows that indicators of sustainability are based all too often on ad hoc partitioning of the life cycle, exemplified by the standard practice of letting adulthood start at 15 or 18, and old age at 65. Surveying significant advances in the measurement of ageing by Warren Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov and others,[2] Gál and Monostori instead propose indicators that mitigate or eliminate the ad hoc nature of partitioning. More importantly still, they demonstrate that the conclusions the observer is led to draw regarding sustainability and intergenerational fairness can be different, sometimes radically, depending on the level of analysis. Taking the five largest EU countries, they show that seemingly worrying levels of unsustainability in the pension system can go hand in hand with modest sustainability worries at the level of the economy. Building on earlier work by Gál et al.,[3] they also show that conclusions on the very direction of intergenerational resource transfers simply reverse when the scope of analysis moves from public policies to the total economy including households. In 17 European countries, the elderly population gets significantly higher per capita net transfers through public channels than children do. But if intra-familial transfers of cash and, crucially, time, are taken into account, this pro-elderly bias flips over entirely. Children now receive more transfers per capita than the elderly. The value of investments in human capital and other intra-familial transfers is so important that they frequently reverse the results of a more narrow public policy analysis. Thus the key message from Gál's earlier work is corroborated: Europe is a continent of "pro-elderly welfare states within child-oriented societies."[4] This highlights an important further conclusion we can draw from this special issue. Since different levels of analysis may lead to very different conclusions, discussing families of related indicators is the more cautious approach to measuring intergenerational justice.Pieter Vanhuysse (University of Southern Denmark)Antony Mason (IF)Jörg Tremmel (University of Tübingen)Markus Rutsche (University of St. Gallen)Maria Lenk (FRFG)Notes1 Gál/Monostori 2016.2 Sanderson/Scherbov 2013.3 Gál/Vanhuysse/Vargha 2018.4 Gál/Vanhuysse/Vargha 2018.ReferencesGál, Róbert I. / Monostori, Judit (2016): Indicators of economic sustainability and intergenerational fairness. AGENTA Public Deliverables 6.1. Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography.Gál, Róbert I. / Vanhuysse, Pieter / Vargha, Lili (forthcoming/2018): Pro-elderly welfare states within child-oriented societies. In: Journal of European Public Policy.Sanderson, Warren C. / Scherbov, Sergei (2013): The characteristics approach to the measurement of population aging. In: Population and Development Review, vol. 39 (4/2013), 673-685.

The challenges to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) are obvious yet vast in their scope: leading these is a lack of strong primary health care (PHC) systems and a global shortage of well-trained health care professionals. Addressing these challenges is paramount, as it is well-trained health care professionals who will build the strong PHC systems that are necessary for UHC. Due to the continuing spread and evolution of information and communications technology (ICT) in health care and education, ICT should be considered as an essential tool for innovative primary health care education. Many nations face a distinct lack of UHC, grossly unequal health services and an acute shortage of suitably qualified family doctors, nurses and allied health care professionals that constitute the primary health care team. It is estimated that by 2035, the world will have a shortage of 12.9 million health care professionals, however an additional 1.9 billion people will require health care. Recruiting, educating and retaining these primary health care teams is therefore fundamental to meet ongoing demands. Family doctors contribute to high quality, cost-effective and accessible primary health care. However, PHC faces considerable challenges, including a preference from policymakers, the public, and members of the health care community for specialisation. Specialist-focused care may be attractive, but it is often economically unsustainable and absorbs resources that are necessary for PHC. Yet, cooperation between primary and secondary care is essential for delivering the best care to patients and communities. It should not be a matter of choosing between primary and secondary care, but rather of recognising and adequately supporting the unique attributes and skillsets that each has to offer. Family medicine lies at the heart of primary health care. The key to producing skilled family doctors is good family medicine training, particularly at a postgraduate level. There is great potential to improve the scale and quality of family medicine training, starting with exposure to the field as early as possible. For the delivery of primary care to be effective – and lead to the achievement of universal health coverage – the composition of the primary care team should reflect the demography and health needs of the local population. Thus, the composition of the primary care team will differ from location to location, depending on the age/sex/ health needs of the local population. Family doctors and all of the PHC professionals should have a set of universal core skills, in addition to skills specific to the population and geography they serve. To provide effective care, health professionals need to understand the importance of social factors in influencing population health; therefore, training curricula must be adapted to local contexts Career development through postgraduate training strongly motivates health professionals to stay in their own localities, as well as being vital for patient safety and improved outcomes. Yet, despite a thirst for postgraduate training among family doctors and other primary health care professionals, it is often difficult to access. ICT may be used to address recruitment and retention issues by providing easily accessible and good quality education. This report examines a key question: Can ICT facilitate the education of PHC professionals worldwide in order to address the challenges facing PHC and UHC? Through in-depth literature reviews, analysis, and targeted interviews with key experts, the report concludes that ICT can indeed support, enhance and accelerate the education of the primary health care team's members, in six key ways: 1. It is an effective means of developing workforce capacity. By overcoming geographical barriers and supplementing traditional instruction with online delivery from international and regional tutors, ICT can substantially increase health care professionals' access to postgraduate education without the need for travel, thus helping to avoid disruption to healthcare delivery. 2. It helps to recruit and retain professionals. E-learning overcomes issues of access and isolation, and can be done flexibly to suit the learner. By providing access to specialist support, postgraduate courses and mentoring opportunities, e-learning and telehealth encourage in-country and rural retention of health care workers. 3. It is cost-saving. Traditional models of health professional education are expensive, both for the provider and for health care professionals. Developing ICT solutions may entail high initial costs but these are reduced over time, and with more users, achieve economies of scale. 4. It facilitates social and collaborative learning which has been shown to have the greatest impact on patient outcomes. A blend of synchronous and asynchronous e-learning is likely to be the most effective way of achieving interprofessional learning. Communities of practice are encouraged using ICT and social media, reducing professional isolation and improving collaboration. 5. It can help to bring contextualised care to where it is needed. For example, simulation-based medical education enables problem-based, interactive and contextualised learning. End-user (including patient) participation is paramount when designing ICT-based educational programmes. 6. It improves the quality of care by facilitating access to evidence-based medicine and reflective learning. Email alerts can support education by reaching a large audience and providing trustworthy information tailored to individual needs; social media can aid in streamlining vast amounts of information into a small number of tailored-to-the-individual articles; blogs and electronic portfolios can encourage reflective life-long learning. Capturing these opportunities will require stakeholders to consider the following: a) Securing political and financial support to establish and maintain strong PHC systems b) Adopting a collaborative interprofessional approach between health professionals, from medical school through to the workplace c) Providing education and training relevant to the context and to user needs d) Improving recruitment and retention through training e) Encouraging the standardisation and accreditation of health professional education f) Investing in ICT training for learners, educators and patients g) Planning and developing programmes that use technology meaningfully to improve care quality, cost-effectiveness, accessibility, equity and patient safety h) Recognise and consolidate the interdependence of all the health professionals in the PHC setting.

This paper analyzes different approaches in poverty in Senegal, relying in particular on data provided by the last two household surveys (ESPS-2-2002 and ESAM 2006) conducted by the National Agency of Statistics and Demography in partnership with the World Bank.In the analysis of monetary poverty, we reveal important differences in terms of poverty lines in regions with at extremes, Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) and Tambacounda 515,70 FCFA (0,78€), suggesting little relevance to the use of a threshold at national level alone. On basis of these thresholds, the indices of poverty stemming from the Foster's generic formula, to Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) reveal a reduction in the rate of poverty between 2002 and 2006 from the 57.1 % to 50.8 %, that is 6.9 in the whole of country and a gap in the poverty's line passing from 18 % to 16,4 %. This decline is particularly observed in the regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis and Thies. At the departmental level, poverty rates show a significant concentration in rural areas and the existence of pockets of poverty enclaved in urban areas. The estimation of a spatial econometric model highlights the socioeconomic factors that may explain the interdepartmental differences in poverty rates observed in 2006, including the level of regional economic development (urbanization, employment) and household behavior related at infrastructure (education, health and fertility). Furthermore, we propose a dichotomous model from which it is possible to identify the determinants of income poverty of household heads. The results show that female-headed households are not the poorest layer. In general way, differences of poverty apparent between urban and rural areas are largely correlated with disabilities in terms of education and unequal access to information and communication resources.We are entering a multidimensional analysis of poverty in Senegal, through an estimate of the degree of deprivation of some basic household needs. The approach by the theory of fuzzy sets used for this purpose shows that poverty declined slightly: 1% against 7% for monetary poverty. Unlike the monetary approach, the observed decrease from non-monetary poverty affects other regions as Kolda and Ziguinchor and Kaolack and Diourbel saw an increase. The estimation of one-dimensional fuzzy indexes allowed identifying the domains in which the households post the degree of largest deprivation: the quality of housing, education and information and communication technologies, beyond income.The profiles of monetary poverty as well as multidimensional are excellent tools to target the most destitute groups of the population. However, these tools remain dumb on the perception of these poor people as for their own socioeconomic situation. In this sense, an econometric analysis of the determinants of poverty felt in Senegal in 2006 brings up the importance of certain non-economic dimensions (social exclusion, cultural and lack of consultation of stakeholders on policy development and cutter fight poverty). ; Ce travail analyse sous différentes approches la pauvreté au Sénégal en s'appuyant notamment sur les données fournies par les deux dernières enquêtes auprès des ménages (ESAM 2-2002 et ESPS-2006) réalisées par l'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie en partenariat avec la Banque mondiale.Dans l'analyse de la pauvreté monétaire, nous faisons apparaître des différences importantes en termes de seuils de pauvreté dans les régions avec aux extrêmes la région Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) et Tambacounda 515,70 F CFA (0,78€), ce qui suggère le peu de pertinence quant à l'utilisation d'un seuil établi au seul niveau national. Sur la base de ces seuils, les indices de pauvreté issus de la formule générique de Foster, Greer et Thorbecke (FGT) dévoilent une baisse du taux de pauvreté entre 2002 et 2006 de 57,1% à 50,8%, soit de 6,9 point dans l'ensemble du pays et un écart à la ligne de pauvreté passant de 18% à 16,4%. Cette baisse est particulièrement observée dans les régions de Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis et Thiès. Au niveau départemental, les taux de pauvreté montrent une concentration importante dans les zones rurales et l'existence de poches de pauvreté enclavées dans les zones urbaines. L'estimation d'un modèle économétrique spatial met en évidence les facteurs socioéconomiques susceptibles d'expliquer les différences interdépartementales de taux de pauvreté constatées en 2006, notamment le degré de développement économique des territoires (urbanisation, emploi) ainsi que les comportements des ménages liés au niveau d'infrastructures (d'éducation, de santé et de fécondité).Par ailleurs, nous proposons un modèle dichotomique à partir duquel il est possible de mettre en évidence les déterminants de la pauvreté monétaire des chefs de ménage. Les résultats montrent que les femmes chefs de ménage ne sont pas la couche la plus pauvre. De manière générale, les disparités de pauvreté manifestes entre milieux urbain et rural sont largement corrélées à des handicapes en matière de d'éducation et à l'inégal accès aux moyens d'information et de communication.Nous abordons une analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté au Sénégal, à travers une estimation des degrés de privation de certains besoins essentiels des ménages. L'approche par la théorie des ensembles flous utilisée à cet effet suggère que la pauvreté a faiblement diminué : 1 % contre 7 % pour la pauvreté monétaire. Contrairement à l'approche monétaire, la baisse de la pauvreté non monétaire observée concerne d'autres régions comme Kolda et Ziguinchor et les régions de Diourbel et Kaolack connaissent une hausse. L'estimation des indices flous unidimensionnels a permis d'identifier les domaines dans lesquels les ménages affichent le degré de privation le plus important : la qualité du logement, le niveau d'instruction et les moyens d'information et de communication, au-delà du revenu.Les profils de pauvreté monétaire aussi bien que multidimensionnelle sont d'excellents outils pour cibler les groupes les plus nécessiteux de la population. En revanche, ces outils restent muets sur la perception de ces pauvres quant à leur propre situation socioéconomique. En ce sens, une analyse économétrique des facteurs déterminants de la pauvreté ressentie au Sénégal en 2006 fait apparaître l'importance de certaines dimensions non économiques (exclusion sociale, culturelle et manque de concertation des intéressés sur les politiques de développement et de lutte cotre la pauvreté).

This strategic analysis of Swedish agriculture – production systems and agricultural landscapes in a time of change – focuses on climate change, future availability of natural resources and economic regulation in a global food market. The background to the project was that the Faculty of Natural Resources and Agriculture of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences identified an urgent need to explore the implications and opportunities of coming changes for agricultural production systems, arable land use and farm landscape functions in Sweden. Another objective was to determine the research needed to ensure that we are equipped to adapt to the coming changes. The analysis was carried out in the form of three literature reviews (Climate Change and Agricultural Land Use in Sweden: A Literature Review, (Eckersten et al., 2008a); Changes in the Global Natural Resource Base Relevant for Future Agriculture in Sweden – A Literature Review, (Johansson, 2008); and Economic Globalisation and Swedish Agriculture – Future Changes Affecting Swedish Agriculture from an Economic Perspective with Special Emphasis on Globalisation, (Holstein, 2008). It also comprised workshops and seminars and finally production of this synthesis report, which summarises the work done and suggests six research themes. Different IPCC emission scenarios describe pathways for those factors that are regarded as important for emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as demography and social, economic and technological development. The projected global temperature increase varies from a little less than 2 °C up to 3.5-4.0 °C by the end of this century. Shrinking glaciers and rising sea levels are some of the consequences of the temperature increase. This climate change will have considerable consequences for agriculture, ecosystem function and human health on a global scale. The conditions for food production in Sweden are projected to become more favourable in terms of potential productivity as a result of future climate change. However, despite more favourable average cropping conditions, there could be drawbacks in the form of more frequent extreme weather events and, for example, more severe crop pathogen attacks and increased risks of nutrient leaching. The temperature increase is predicted to be greater during winter than during summer. Furthermore, precipitation will probably increase and the precipitation pattern will change. The temperature increase may lead to an extension of the growing season by several months in southern Sweden. Swedish agriculture is currently dependent on high inputs of external resources. The situation at present is that agricultural demands are increasing with regard to the natural resource base, e.g. ecosystem services and fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels to sustain food production cannot continue indefinitely; agriculture world-wide must adopt mitigation strategies. One way is to search for self-sustaining, diversified, low-input, energy-efficient agricultural systems, using local renewable resources and ecosystem services. Another way to meet the challenges of future food supply and at the same time sustain life-support systems might be through intensive high-input agriculture on the 'best' land in order to save other areas for nature conservation. Swedish agriculture and food production are closely linked to the global food and feed market. Increased globalisation means that the profitability of Swedish farms is influenced to an increasing extent by actors on the global market. Conditions for Swedish agriculture in the past have been largely determined by political regulations, national and subsequently by CAP (Common Agricultural Policy in EU), but are gradually becoming more dependent on world market forces. Sweden has a comparative disadvantage in primary production compared with many other countries but the competitiveness of the Swedish food sector as a whole has increased during recent years due to increased exports of processed products. Another opportunity is to increase production of products with added value, e.g. organic products. However, the effects of globalisation on Swedish agriculture are hard to predict. Increased liberalisation will lead to increased competition, which will most probably lead to decreased production in Sweden. However, future changes in land productivity could potentially affect land use more than does the degree of liberalisation in trade. The conclusion that Swedish agriculture will decrease, at least in terms of land use, may very well turn out to be incorrect. This should be clear, not only from scenarios where climate change makes Swedish production more competitive but also from the latest developments on the world market where large increases in demand for agricultural products have been noted. This increase may have the consequence that land in less competitive countries will become sufficiently productive. Twelve climate scenarios for different regions in Sweden were developed within the FANAN project, from south-west Skåne in the south to Övertorneå in the north. Projections of future cropping systems under the new climatic conditions are described for three regions, south-west Skåne, Mälardalen district and the coast region of Västerbotten. There are diametrically opposed scenarios for future land use and appropriate design of agricultural production systems in the literature, which implies a need for a great variety of research. Research in adaptation as well as mitigation strategies will be important. Problems are interlinked and interdisciplinary research will probably be necessary to solve the complex problems concerning agriculture and the food supply of future populations. Six different strategic research themes are presented as a result of the FANAN project: 1.Future analyses of long-term sustainable land use, p.54. 2.Sustainable production systems — crop and animal sciences, p. 55. Cooling crops — crop-soil interactions Crop breeding — perennial cereals Domestic animal production Cultivation techniques 3.Ecosystem services in production systems of the agricultural landscape, p. 59. 4.From words to action, p. 60. 5.Monitoring of agricultural production, p. 62. 6.Multidisciplinary research network, p. 62. Large research programmes rather than small disciplinary projects will promote the solution of future complex problems. It will be necessary to combine empirical research with modelling and synthesis work in order to generate good science that is relevant to the challenges in sustainable agricultural management. FANAN concludes that SLU has a central role to play in developing these sustainable strategies.

The global trend towards greater longevity means that the number of older voters is constantly increasing, and the proportional number of younger voters is decreasing. In many of the world's democracies, older people vote more consistently and in greater numbers than their younger counterparts. The apparent reluctance of the young to exercise their right to vote only serves to reinforce this demographic trend. The result is that politicians tend to pander to the "Grey Vote", and young people run the risk of being under-represented in parliament while seeing their issues overlooked by governments. In such a scenario, young people may be easier targets for unpopular government measures, such as the belt-tightening associated with austerity.The statistics make the case. In Germany's 2013 general election, the average voting turnout was 72.4%. All of the age-cohorts above the age of 45 fell above this average, whereas all of the age-cohorts below 45 fell exactly on or below it. Turnout was highest amongst 60-70 year olds (almost 80%), whereas turnout amongst 18-21 year olds was below 65%.In the United Kingdom, turnout in 2015's general election among those aged 18 to 24 was at a mere 43%, far below the average turnout of 66.1%. The participatory gap has widened over the decades and its last year's figures were exceeded only in 2005, when youth turnout was a staggering 24 percentage points below that of the entire population. A recent article in The Economist (23 April 2016) suggests, however, that this is partly due to the fact that most British university students live in short-term accommodation and tend to move frequently, which makes it harder for them to register as voters in the first place.In either of these cases, would lowering the voting age make a difference? In Germany, where 16 year olds are eligible to vote in the local elections of some Länder (federate states), there is some evidence to suggest that a cohort who obtain their voting right at 16 will have a higher poll turnout over the course of their whole lives than a cohort who are not allowed to cast their first vote until a later age. In other words, early participation seems to set a trend for life.One possible way of reducing the median voting age could be the introduction of compulsory suffrage, which already exists in countries such as Belgium, Greece, Luxemburg, Cyprus, and Australia. However, this kind of imposed political legitimacy is seen by some to offend the principles of liberal democracy – even though it need not imply the imposition of legal sanctions against non-voters, as the case of Belgium and others demonstrates. The question of whether the democratic act of voting should be recast from a civic duty to an obligation is multi-faceted and will remain open to discussion for years to come. Additionally, measures to increase the electoral turnout of the younger age groups could aim at making the very act of voting easier, that is, more "user-friendly" – for example through e-voting.At any rate, it is hardly possible for the interests and preferences of a group, even with the very best intentions, to be better identified by a third-party than by the affected group itself. The paternalistic conception that men understand women's needs better than women themselves, for instance, was successfully rejected by women during their long battle for the suffrage. As John Stuart Mill put it in his Considerations on Representative Government, the rulers and ruling classes are "under a necessity of considering the interests and wishes of those who have the suffrage; but of those who are excluded, it is in their option whether they will do so or not." Therefore, the very idea of democracy is called into question if any group within it become sidelined, while others are favoured. There will be repercussions for political legitimacy if young people perceive themselves as being left out of the political process; hence remedies are needed to ensure that this does not happen. This issue of the Intergenerational Justice Review addresses the topic from two angles: it asks for the reasons why the electoral turnout of young voters is comparably low in the first place, and it discusses some possible solutions to the problem.In the first of two research articles, Charlotte Snelling asks for the potential of education in raising youth turnout. Aggregate increases in education do little to alter an individual's relative status within the education system, she argues. Using the 2011 UK Citizens in Transition Survey, she suggests that education affects turnout by determining young people's positioning within social networks. Some of these networks, however, are more politicised than others. Individuals with relatively lower educational status continue to be excluded from more politically engaged networks – irrespective of their educational attainment – and, as a result, they lack the mobilisation and greater sense of political efficacy required to vote. In short, the simple formula "more education leads to more political interest" turns out to be just that, a simplification.In the second article, Thomas Tozer discusses how to increase electoral turnout among the young. He considers two methods for doing so: compulsory voting and a scheme of financial incentives. The incentive scheme that he prefers would pay young people £30 if they attend an hour-long information session on the election, an hour-long discussion session, and then vote. Tozer argues that this proposed scheme is preferable to compulsory voting because it is more likely to lead young people to deliver reasoned and well-considered votes; and it does so, he holds, without violating individual liberty.In the review section, our authors discuss some of the most recent publications on voting and intergenerational justice. The research articles of this issue are the winning entries to the 2014/2015 Demography Prize, bestowed jointly by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). Please also consider our Call for Papers on "Constitutions and Intergenerational Justice", printed at the end of this issue. Last but not least, we cordially invite you to visit our newly launched website at www.igjr.org. Whether electronically or in print – we wish you a rewarding and insightful read. Antony Mason (IF)Hans-Ulrich Kramer (FRFG)Jörg Tremmel (University of Tübingen)Markus Rutsche (University of Tübingen)

Includes bibliography (p. 175-191). ; Number of sources in the bibliography: 126 ; Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Economics, June 2012. ; The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. ; Το βασικό θέμα αυτής της διατριβής είναι πως οι δομικές αλλαγές στο μακροοικονομικό επίπεδο επηρεάζουν την οικονομική ανάπτυξη, όπως επίσης, και τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης. Συγκεκριμένα, σε αυτή τη διατριβή εξετάζονται τρία θέματα: Στο Κεφάλαιο Δύο στα πλαίσια μιας μονομεταβλητής και πολυμεταβλητής ανάλυσης εξετάζονται οι ιδιότητες βασικών μακροοικονομικών μεταβλητών της Κυπριακής Οικονομίας εφαρμόζοντας στατιστικούς ελέγχους που επιτρέπουν την παρουσία ενδογενών και εξωγενών δομικών αλλαγών. Στο Κεφάλαιο Τρία, εξετάζουμε εμπειρικά εάν η κατανομή της γής αποτελεί καθοριστικό παράγοντα της αειφόρου και μακροχρόνιας οικονομικής ανάπτυξης, ενώ στο Κεφάλαιο Τέσσερα, αναλύουμε εάν οι χώρες μπορούν να κατανεμηθούν σε ομάδες με βάση τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης, ενώ ταυτόχρονα εξετάζουμε τους προσδιοριστικούς της παράγοντες. Το Κεφάλαιο Ένα περιλαμβάνει μια συνοπτική ανασκόπηση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν από αυτή την ανάλυση. Είναι αναμφισβήτητο το γεγονός ότι η Κυπριακή Οικονομία έχει υποστεί μια πλειάδα εσωτερικών και εξωτερικών σοκ και συνεπώς, στο Κεφάλαιο Δύο, εξετάζουμε την επίδραση αυτών των σοκ σε βασικές μακροοικονομικές μεταβλητές, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ύπαρξη τόσο ενδογενών όσο και εξωγενών δομικών αλλαγών σε ελέγχους μοναδιαίας ρίζας, όπως αυτοί προτείνονται από την βιβλιογραφία. Εξετάζουμε παράλληλα, την βραχυχρόνια και τη μακροχρόνια σχέση των μεταβλητών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την παρουσία δομικών αλλαγών. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, η μηδενική υπόθεση της μοναδιαίας ρίζας δεν απορρίπτεται για όλες τις μεταβλητές, ενώ οι δομικές αλλαγές που εντοπίζονται, συνδέονται με σημαντικές αλλαγές νομισματικής πολιτικής, όπως επίσης και με γεγονότα οικονομικής και πολιτικής φύσεως. Οι δομικές αυτές αλλαγές επηρεάζουν τη βραχυχρόνια σχέση, αλλά όχι τη μακροχρόνια σχέση των μεταβλητών. Πρόσφατες μελέτες στην βιβλιογραφία έχουν αναπτύξει διάφορες θεωρίες όσον αναφορά τις αιτίες που οι χώρες δεν μπορούν να επιτύχουν ένα επίπεδο αειφόρου ανάπτυξης και γενικά για την αποτυχία οικονομικής σύγκλισης μεταξύ των χωρών. Το Κεφάλαιο Τρία, στηρίζει εμπειρικά μια από αυτές τις θεωρίες: Την (αρχική) ανισότητα όσον αναφορά την κατανομή της γης. Στα πλαίσια αυτά, περιγράφουμε τις οδούς μέσα από τις οποίες η ανισότητα όσον αναφορά την κατανομή της γης επηρεάζει την μακροχρόνια οικονομική ανάπτυξη. Χρησιμοποιώντας ιστορικά στοιχεία για την κατανομή της γής (Frankema (2009)) και εφαρμόζοντας την "Ανάλυση Διάρκειας Ζωής", εξετάζουμε εάν υψηλότερα επίπεδα ανισότητας στη γη, αποτελεί τροχοπέδη στην ανάπτυξη του επιπέδου της πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Παράλληλα, εξετάζουμε εάν η επιβράδυνση αυτή επηρεάζει την μακροχρόνια οικονομική ανάπτυξη μέσω του επιπέδου εκπαίδευσης σήμερα. Σύμφωνα με τα ευρήματα μας, τα επίπεδα ανισότητας της γής επηρεάζουν αρνητικά τα επίπεδα εκπαίδευσης σήμερα καθώς επίσης, και το μακροχρόνιο προϊόν. Στο Κεφάλαιο Τέσσερα αναλύουμε εάν οι χώρες μπορούν να κατανεμηθούν σε ομάδες με βάση τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης, ενώ ταυτόχρονα εξετάζουμε τους προσδιοριστικούς της παράγοντες χρησιμοποιώντας ένα μεγάλο αριθμό χωρών. Ως εκ τούτου, χρησιμοποιούμε μια μεθοδολογία, την Bayesian Model Averaging and Structural Threshold Regression (STR), που λαμβάνει υπόψη την αβεβαιότητα ως τον προσδιορισμό του μοντέλου (ετερογένεια και ενδογένεια). Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, οι χώρες μπορούν να κατανεμηθούν ως προς τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης αν λάβουμε υπόψη τα επίπεδα του αρχικού κατακεφαλή ΑΕΠ και του δημόσιου χρέους. Ταυτόχρονα, τα επίπεδα των πολιτικών ιδρυμάτων και της δημογραφίας, επηρεάζουν αρνητικά τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης. ; The common theme of my dissertation is how structural changes at the macroeconomic level affect economic growth and growth volatility. In particular my thesis focuses on the following three topics: In Chapter Two we investigate the univariate and the multivariate properties of key macroeconomic variables of the economy of Cyprus using state of the art statistical techniques that allow for structural breaks. In Chapter Three, we examine empirically if initial land inequality is an important determinant of take-off delays and long-run economic performance, while in Chapter Four, we uncover growth volatility regimes and identify their robust determinants. Chapter One includes a brief summary of the results derived from the above topics. It is undisputable the fact that the Cyprus economy, has been subject to a number of substantial internal and external shocks and thus, in Chapter Two we investigate the impact of these shocks on its main macroeconomic time series. We do so drawing upon the large econometric literature that has determined how best to consider exogenous and endogenous breaks in the context of unit root testing. We consider the short-run as well as the long-run relationship between variables in the presence of structural breaks. Our results indicate that the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot be rejected for any of the series examined. The structural breaks found coincide with important, known, policy changes as well as economic and political events. While the short-run inter-relationship among variables is greatly affected by these events, we do not discern long-run effects on these relationships. Recent work in the growth literature has provided various explanations for transition delays and the great divergence. Chapter Three provides empirical support for one theory of transition delays: initial land inequality. Our analysis is designed to elucidate the channels via which land inequality can affect long-run economic performance. Using a new historical data set for land inequality (Frankema (2009)) we employ duration analysis to investigate whether higher levels of land inequality lead to longer delays in the extension of primary schooling. We then investigate whether such delays affect long-run economic performance via their effect on contemporaneous schooling. Our findings suggest that land inequality is a key determinant of delays in schooling, and that such delays have a significant negative impact on long-run output. In Chapter Four we uncover growth volatility regimes and identify their robust determinants using a large international panel of countries. In doing so we propose a novel empirical methodology that allows us to simultaneously deal with model uncertainty, heterogeneity, and endogeneity by unifying two recent econometric techniques: Bayesian Model Averaging and Structural Threshold Regression (STR). We find robust evidence for multiple volatility regimes indexed by levels of initial income and public debt. We also find heterogeneous but negative effects of institutions and demography on volatility across regimes.

Includes bibliography (p. 175-191). ; Number of sources in the bibliography: 126 ; Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Economics and Management, Department of Economics, June 2012. ; The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. ; Το βασικό θέμα αυτής της διατριβής είναι πως οι δομικές αλλαγές στο μακροοικονομικό επίπεδο επηρεάζουν την οικονομική ανάπτυξη, όπως επίσης, και τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης. Συγκεκριμένα, σε αυτή τη διατριβή εξετάζονται τρία θέματα: Στο Κεφάλαιο Δύο στα πλαίσια μιας μονομεταβλητής και πολυμεταβλητής ανάλυσης εξετάζονται οι ιδιότητες βασικών μακροοικονομικών μεταβλητών της Κυπριακής Οικονομίας εφαρμόζοντας στατιστικούς ελέγχους που επιτρέπουν την παρουσία ενδογενών και εξωγενών δομικών αλλαγών. Στο Κεφάλαιο Τρία, εξετάζουμε εμπειρικά εάν η κατανομή της γής αποτελεί καθοριστικό παράγοντα της αειφόρου και μακροχρόνιας οικονομικής ανάπτυξης, ενώ στο Κεφάλαιο Τέσσερα, αναλύουμε εάν οι χώρες μπορούν να κατανεμηθούν σε ομάδες με βάση τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης, ενώ ταυτόχρονα εξετάζουμε τους προσδιοριστικούς της παράγοντες. Το Κεφάλαιο Ένα περιλαμβάνει μια συνοπτική ανασκόπηση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν από αυτή την ανάλυση. Είναι αναμφισβήτητο το γεγονός ότι η Κυπριακή Οικονομία έχει υποστεί μια πλειάδα εσωτερικών και εξωτερικών σοκ και συνεπώς, στο Κεφάλαιο Δύο, εξετάζουμε την επίδραση αυτών των σοκ σε βασικές μακροοικονομικές μεταβλητές, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ύπαρξη τόσο ενδογενών όσο και εξωγενών δομικών αλλαγών σε ελέγχους μοναδιαίας ρίζας, όπως αυτοί προτείνονται από την βιβλιογραφία. Εξετάζουμε παράλληλα, την βραχυχρόνια και τη μακροχρόνια σχέση των μεταβλητών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την παρουσία δομικών αλλαγών. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, η μηδενική υπόθεση της μοναδιαίας ρίζας δεν απορρίπτεται για όλες τις μεταβλητές, ενώ οι δομικές αλλαγές που εντοπίζονται, συνδέονται με σημαντικές αλλαγές νομισματικής πολιτικής, όπως επίσης και με γεγονότα οικονομικής και πολιτικής φύσεως. Οι δομικές αυτές αλλαγές επηρεάζουν τη βραχυχρόνια σχέση, αλλά όχι τη μακροχρόνια σχέση των μεταβλητών. Πρόσφατες μελέτες στην βιβλιογραφία έχουν αναπτύξει διάφορες θεωρίες όσον αναφορά τις αιτίες που οι χώρες δεν μπορούν να επιτύχουν ένα επίπεδο αειφόρου ανάπτυξης και γενικά για την αποτυχία οικονομικής σύγκλισης μεταξύ των χωρών. Το Κεφάλαιο Τρία, στηρίζει εμπειρικά μια από αυτές τις θεωρίες: Την (αρχική) ανισότητα όσον αναφορά την κατανομή της γης. Στα πλαίσια αυτά, περιγράφουμε τις οδούς μέσα από τις οποίες η ανισότητα όσον αναφορά την κατανομή της γης επηρεάζει την μακροχρόνια οικονομική ανάπτυξη. Χρησιμοποιώντας ιστορικά στοιχεία για την κατανομή της γής (Frankema (2009)) και εφαρμόζοντας την "Ανάλυση Διάρκειας Ζωής", εξετάζουμε εάν υψηλότερα επίπεδα ανισότητας στη γη, αποτελεί τροχοπέδη στην ανάπτυξη του επιπέδου της πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Παράλληλα, εξετάζουμε εάν η επιβράδυνση αυτή επηρεάζει την μακροχρόνια οικονομική ανάπτυξη μέσω του επιπέδου εκπαίδευσης σήμερα. Σύμφωνα με τα ευρήματα μας, τα επίπεδα ανισότητας της γής επηρεάζουν αρνητικά τα επίπεδα εκπαίδευσης σήμερα καθώς επίσης, και το μακροχρόνιο προϊόν. Στο Κεφάλαιο Τέσσερα αναλύουμε εάν οι χώρες μπορούν να κατανεμηθούν σε ομάδες με βάση τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης, ενώ ταυτόχρονα εξετάζουμε τους προσδιοριστικούς της παράγοντες χρησιμοποιώντας ένα μεγάλο αριθμό χωρών. Ως εκ τούτου, χρησιμοποιούμε μια μεθοδολογία, την Bayesian Model Averaging and Structural Threshold Regression (STR), που λαμβάνει υπόψη την αβεβαιότητα ως τον προσδιορισμό του μοντέλου (ετερογένεια και ενδογένεια). Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, οι χώρες μπορούν να κατανεμηθούν ως προς τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης αν λάβουμε υπόψη τα επίπεδα του αρχικού κατακεφαλή ΑΕΠ και του δημόσιου χρέους. Ταυτόχρονα, τα επίπεδα των πολιτικών ιδρυμάτων και της δημογραφίας, επηρεάζουν αρνητικά τη διακύμανση των ρυθµών οικονοµικής ανάπτυξης. ; The common theme of my dissertation is how structural changes at the macroeconomic level affect economic growth and growth volatility. In particular my thesis focuses on the following three topics: In Chapter Two we investigate the univariate and the multivariate properties of key macroeconomic variables of the economy of Cyprus using state of the art statistical techniques that allow for structural breaks. In Chapter Three, we examine empirically if initial land inequality is an important determinant of take-off delays and long-run economic performance, while in Chapter Four, we uncover growth volatility regimes and identify their robust determinants. Chapter One includes a brief summary of the results derived from the above topics. It is undisputable the fact that the Cyprus economy, has been subject to a number of substantial internal and external shocks and thus, in Chapter Two we investigate the impact of these shocks on its main macroeconomic time series. We do so drawing upon the large econometric literature that has determined how best to consider exogenous and endogenous breaks in the context of unit root testing. We consider the short-run as well as the long-run relationship between variables in the presence of structural breaks. Our results indicate that the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot be rejected for any of the series examined. The structural breaks found coincide with important, known, policy changes as well as economic and political events. While the short-run inter-relationship among variables is greatly affected by these events, we do not discern long-run effects on these relationships. Recent work in the growth literature has provided various explanations for transition delays and the great divergence. Chapter Three provides empirical support for one theory of transition delays: initial land inequality. Our analysis is designed to elucidate the channels via which land inequality can affect long-run economic performance. Using a new historical data set for land inequality (Frankema (2009)) we employ duration analysis to investigate whether higher levels of land inequality lead to longer delays in the extension of primary schooling. We then investigate whether such delays affect long-run economic performance via their effect on contemporaneous schooling. Our findings suggest that land inequality is a key determinant of delays in schooling, and that such delays have a significant negative impact on long-run output. In Chapter Four we uncover growth volatility regimes and identify their robust determinants using a large international panel of countries. In doing so we propose a novel empirical methodology that allows us to simultaneously deal with model uncertainty, heterogeneity, and endogeneity by unifying two recent econometric techniques: Bayesian Model Averaging and Structural Threshold Regression (STR). We find robust evidence for multiple volatility regimes indexed by levels of initial income and public debt. We also find heterogeneous but negative effects of institutions and demography on volatility across regimes.

In this research work and is in contrast to the assumptions about how to value the young entrepreneurs of the province of Trujillo and his entrepreneurial skills and are valued in the institutional framework of the Province of Trujillo. This theory focuses on economic theory and the North of Institutional Analysis Project model GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor). After a theoretical framework that outlines the scientific enterprise and the institutional framework, is performed on the population of young entrepreneurs in the province of Trujillo, an empirical study through a survey (362 respondents) on the dimensions and data were subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis of the main variables. The results of this analysis allow us to constrastación of the hypothesis and shows an overall view on the creation of enterprises by the entrepreneurs of the province of Trujillo and the impact of the institutional framework for entrepreneurship trujillanos. Although the figures on business demography of the Province of Trujillo are very active, entrepreneurial capacity of young trujillanos is still low. The young entrepreneur has not yet been raised by the creation of their own business as a serious alternative to their professional development and work. We found that it is unable to detect the whole of the business opportunities of our community. Neither is very skilled in terms of skills to initiate and manage a business project This program of entrepreneurship is understandable in terms of the impact it has on the institutional framework is not adequate even for instilling an entrepreneurial spirit and enterprising young people in public policy priority. The institutional framework has yet to address many shortcomings. As for his informal elements, sociocultural norms, trujillana society seems to be formed in general is valued more stable employment the risk of the venture, the young entrepreneur socially in the province of Trujillo has not yet received the recognition that it has in other societies. Besides the domestic market is closed and hostile to new business. A change in this context, it should come for action in three areas where governments are the chief: Policies, Programs and Education System. The education system is recognized as a useful tool to instill in young people and society in general values that foster a positive corporate culture, but also to equip the population, whatever their training, skills and abilities to the entrepreneurial and managing the venture after launching. In general both at university and higher level of primary and secondary education, young entrepreneurs trujillanos identified many gaps in our education system. But the necessary changes in sociocultural norms in the education system have encouraged the public authorities. In this sense, despite the obvious interest of the authorities, policies and programs or actions that emanate from them are not yet sufficient or adequate or efficient. The young entrepreneur of the province of Trujillo knows policy, knows of the existence of programs and measures, but these do not seem to fill their real needs. ; En este trabajo de investigación se plantea y contrasta la hipótesis acerca de cómo valoran los jóvenes empresarios de la Provincia de Trujillo su capacidad emprendedora y como valoran e inciden en esta el marco Institucional de la Provincia de Trujillo. Para ello se ha tomado como referente teórico La teoría Económica Institucional de North y el modelo de análisis del Proyecto GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor). Tras un cuerpo teórico donde se perfila el Marco científico del emprendedor y el Marco Institucional, se realiza sobre la población de jóvenes empresarios de la Provincia de Trujillo, un estudio empírico a través de una encuesta (362 encuestados) sobre las dimensiones, cuyos datos se han sometido a un análisis estadístico descriptivo de las variables principales. Los resultados de dicho análisis nos permiten la contrastación de la Hipótesis y nos muestra un panorama global sobre la creación de empresas por parte de los emprendedores de la Provincia de Trujillo y la incidencia del marco Institucional en la capacidad emprendedora de los trujillanos. A pesar que las cifras sobre demografía empresarial de la Provincia de Trujillo muestran una gran actividad, la capacidad emprendedora de los jóvenes trujillanos es aún exigua. El joven emprendedor aún no se ha planteado la creación de su propia empresa como una alternativa seria a su desarrollo profesional y laboral. Hemos constatado que no es capaz de detectar en toda su amplitud las oportunidades de negocios de nuestra comunidad. Tampoco se considera muy capacitado en cuanto a habilidades para poder en marcha y gestionar un proyecto empresarial Este programa de la capacidad emprendedora es comprensible en cuanto a la incidencia que sobre ella tiene el marco Institucional no es aun la adecuada en pro de inculcar un espíritu empresarial y emprendedor en los jóvenes prioritarios de las políticas públicas. El marco Institucional aun debe resolver muchas carencias. En cuanto a sus elementos informales, las normas socioculturales, La sociedad trujillana parece resultar conformada; en general se valora más la estabilidad de un empleo que el riesgo de la aventura empresarial, socialmente el empresario joven de la provincia de Trujillo aun no ha recibido el reconocimiento que tiene en otras sociedades. Además el mercado interno resulta cerrado y hostil para nuevos emprendimientos. Un cambio de este contexto, debería venir por la actuación en tres campos, donde las administraciones son las máximas responsables: Políticas, Programas y Sistema Educativo. El sistema educativo, se reconoce como una herramienta utilísima para inculcar en los jóvenes y en la sociedad en general valores que propicien una cultura empresarial positiva, pero también para dotar a la población, sea cual sea su formación, de habilidades y capacidades para emprendedor la aventura empresarial y gestionar la una vez puesta en marcha. Con carácter general tanto a nivel superior universitario como a nivel de enseñanzas primarias y secundarias, los jóvenes emprendedores trujillanos detectan muchas carencias en nuestro sistema educativo. Pero los cambios necesarios tanto en las normas socioculturales como en el sistema educativo, han de impulsarse desde los poderes públicos. En este sentido a pesar del evidente interés de las administraciones, las políticas y los programas o medidas que de ellas emanan aun no resultan ni suficientes, ni adecuadas, ni eficientes. El joven emprendedor de la Provincia de Trujillo conoce de las políticas, sabe de la existencia de programas y medidas pero no parecen colmar estas sus reales necesidades.

This book describes and analyses the challenges and opportunities of amenity migration to mountain areas and its management, and offers related recommendations. The book's chapters cover the subject through case studies at international, regional and local levels, along with overarching themes such as environmental sustainability and equity, mountain recreation users, housing, and spiritual motivation. Crucial issues addressed are the relationship of amenity migration to tourism and migration motivated by economic gain. Part I (chapters 1-3) describes and analyses key aspects of the amenity migration phenomenon that arch across specific place experiences, while chapters 4-20 are organized geographically, covering amenity migration in the Americas (part II), in Europe (part III), and in the Asia Pacific region (part IV). Chapter 21 concludes by bringing all the information together and focusing on the future of amenity-led migration.

Funded by a National Endowment for Humanities (NEH) Humanities Collections and Reference Resources Foundations Grant, the UA Little Rock Center for Arkansas History and Culture's "Mapping Renewal" pilot project focused on creating access to and providing spatial context to archival materials related to racial segregation and urban renewal in the city of Little Rock, Arkansas, from 1954-1989. An unplanned interdisciplinary collaboration with the UA Little Rock Arkansas Economic Development Institute (AEDI) has proven to be an invaluable partnership. One team member from each department will demonstrate the Mapping Renewal website and discuss how the collaborative process has changed and shaped the project.

Identifying the January 6 insurrection at the US Capitol as an inflection point, this article analyzes the historical relationship between White supremacy and the US military from Reconstruction after the Civil War to the present. The article posits causes for the disproportionate number of current and former members of the military associated with White power groups and proposes steps the Department of Defense can take to combat the problems posed by the association of the US military with these groups.

The spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection has increased the risk of mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and healthcare workers (HCWs) are at greater risk than other occupational groups. This observational cross-sectional study aimed to explore the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD among dental HCWs in Russia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The survey was carried out among 128 dental HCWs from three dental clinics of Ekaterinburg, Russia. The mean age of the sample was 38.6 years. Depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21); PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report (PSS-SR); subjective distress was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The results indicated that 20.3-24.2% HCWs had mild to extremely severe symptoms of psychological distress, and 7.1-29.7% had clinical symptoms of PTSD. No differences between females and males were revealed. HCWs working directly with patients had significantly higher levels of PTSD symptoms and the risk of PTSD development compared to those working indirectly, whereas older HCWs had significantly higher levels of both psychological distress and PTSD symptoms compared to younger HCWs. Thus, dental HCWs are at high risk for psychological distress and PTSD symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; The study was partly supported by the Government contract of the Institute of Immunology and Physiology (AAAA-A18-118020690020-1) and the HSE University Basic Research Program (funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-1000).

This article explores the pathways that underlie the diffusion of women's participation in the labor force across generations. I exploit a severe exogenous shock to the sex ratio, World War I in France, which generated a large inflow of women in the labor force after the war. I show that this shock to female labor transmitted to subsequent generations until today. Three mechanisms of intergenerational transmission account for this result: parental transmission, transmission through marriage, and transmission through local social interactions. Beyond behaviors, the war also permanently altered beliefs toward the role of women in the labor force.

This article explores the pathways that underlie the diffusion of women's participation in the labor force across generations. I exploit a severe exogenous shock to the sex ratio, World War I in France, which generated a large inflow of women in the labor force after the war. I show that this shock to female labor transmitted to subsequent generations until today. Three mechanisms of intergenerational transmission account for this result: parental transmission, transmission through marriage, and transmission through local social interactions. Beyond behaviors, the war also permanently altered beliefs toward the role of women in the labor force.

We combine household surveys and national accounts, as well as recently released tax data in a systematic way to track the dynamics of Indian income inequality from 1922 to 2015. According to our benchmark estimates, the share of national income accruing to the top 1% is at its highest since the creation of the Indian Income tax act in 1922. The top 1% of earners captured less than 21% of total income in the late 1930s, before dropping to 6% in the early 1980s and rising to 22% in the recent period. Over the 1951-1980 period, the bottom 50% group captured 28% of total growth and incomes of this group grew faster than the average, while the top 0.1% incomes decreased. Over the 1980-2015 period, the situation was reversed; the top 0.1% of earners captured a higher share of total growth than the bottom 50% (12% vs. 11%), while the top 1% received a higher share of total growth than the middle 40% (29% vs. 23%). These findings suggest that much can be done to promote more inclusive growth in India. Our results also appear to be robust to a range of alternative assumptions seeking to address numerous data limitations. Most importantly, we stress the need for more democratic transparency on income and wealth statistics to avoid another "black decade" similar to the 2000s, during which India entered the digital age but stopped publishing tax statistics. Such data sources are key to track the long run evolution of inequality and to allow an informed democratic debate on inequality.