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학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2020. 8. 김연배. ; This dissertation contains three essays on analyzing the social impacts of innovation on emerging technologies in Korea. Innovation studies on research and development in specific countries have conducted extensive debates over the decades. The essays in the dissertation investigate research questions, focusing on existing innovation policies through the responsible research and innovation (RRI) approach, a new framework for analyzing innovation. Technologically advanced countries have recently highlighted RRI, which aims to increase the positive effects of innovations by intervening in the early stages of technological development. It is necessary to prepare for unexpected ripple effects that might occur as emerging technologies continue to develop. The first essay consists of reviewing the literature to support social innovation in emerging technologies. In recent decades, the evolution and development of theories related to social innovation of emerging technologies in Europe have been investigated, and research questions and methodologies used in these studies have been summarized. In this study, I would like to provide answers to the research questions that need to be solved to introduce RRI: (1) what are the possible barriers to introducing RRI in Korea, and (2) whether firms that commercialize technology should introduce RRI. Korea has a newly industrialized economy (NIE), making it important to examine the country's potential for RRI implementation, as RRI is still a controversial topic. Korea also lacks policy experience in regard to key RRI elements, which may present barriers to RRI implementation in the future. Accordingly, the second essay of this study attempts to inform the adoption of RRI policies in Korea by using an analytical hierarchy process approach to identify and prioritize anticipated barriers to RRI implementation. Thirteen barriers were identified from the previous literature and categorized into five types: economic, implementation, policy and political, social, and technical. The analysis found economic and policy and political barriers to be the most significant categories of barriers. Specifically, increased innovation costs and a lack of economic incentives were the top two of the thirteen barriers. From these results, it can be inferred that Korea must provide proper financial support and clear policy directions for the successful implementation of RRI. Simultaneously, with the recent rise of RRI initiatives in firms that commercialize innovation, experts have argued that in order for RRI to succeed, practical issues must be considered. Accordingly, the third essay explores RRI from the perspective of Korean emerging technology development firms. Although social benefits are expected from RRI, which aims to reduce the side effects of innovations for society, the implementation of RRI requires changing firms' existing rules and routines. Therefore, predicting benefits and costs from the firm's perspective can shed light on the likelihood that RRI will succeed. In this study, through an expert survey, the relative weights of RRI-related benefit criteria (technological level, economic performance, and public contribution) and cost criteria (anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion, and responsiveness) were analyzed. On this basis, trends in priorities for RRI levels were evaluated from present and future perspectives. Unexpectedly, firms recognized that even if constraints such as RRI impose greater costs, they will eventually bring greater benefits. This finding implies that RRI-induced innovations can overcome obstacles, offset costs, and finally increase firms' competitiveness, and that firms are willing to do good for society through RRI. In the long term, a firm's ethical activities may eventually result in improved performance by its management. Therefore, it can be concluded that, even if RRI is enforced in a compulsory manner, it is highly likely that it can be well established and promoted even in firms that consider profit first. ; 본 논문은 신기술로 촉진된 혁신의 사회적 영향을 분석하는 세 개의 에세이로 구성되어 있다. 한 국가에서 연구개발과 혁신은 지난 수십 년간 광범위한 논쟁의 대상이 되어왔지만, 본 논문은 새로운 혁신 프레임워크인 책임있는 연구혁신(responsible research and innovation, RRI) 접근법을 통해 기존의 혁신 정책에서 고려하지 못한 주제들에 대하여 조사한다. RRI는 최근 유럽의 기술 선진국에서 부각되고 있는 개념으로 기술개발 초기단계의 개입을 통해 혁신의 긍정적인 효과를 높이는 것을 목표로 한다. 신기술이 발전하면서 발생할 수 있는 예상치 못한 파급효과에 대한 대비 차원이다. 첫 번째 에세이는 신기술의 사회적 혁신을 지원하기 위한 문헌검토로 구성된다. 최근 몇 십년 간 유럽에서 신기술의 사회적 혁신과 관련한 이론의 진화와 발전과정을 조사하고, 이들 연구에서 해결하고자 한 연구 질문과 적용 연구방법론을 정리하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서는 RRI 도입을 위해 해결해야하는 연구 질문인 한국에 RRI 도입 시 발생 가능한 장애요인은 무엇인가와 기술을 상용화하는 기업에서 RRI를 도입해야 하는가에 대한 답을 제시하고자 한다. 신기술 개발을 통해 최근 산업화된 경제 국가로 성장한 한국에서도 RRI의 이행을 검토하는 것은 중요한 문제일 수 있다. 그러나 아직 RRI는 개념과 실행방식에서 논란이 존재하고 있고, 또한 한국은 RRI 개념의 핵심 요소들에 대한 정책적 경험이 미흡하다. 따라서 RRI가 한국에 도입될 때 이러한 문제점들이 장애요인으로 작용할 수 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구의 두 번째 에세이는 선제적 관점에서 예상되는 장애요인을 식별하고 계층화 분석 방법을 사용하여 우선순위를 정함으로써 RRI의 도입 시 정책적 활용도를 높이고자 하였다. 기존 문헌 검토를 통해 13개의 장애요인이 확인되었으며 이는 경제, 이행, 정책 및 정치, 사회, 기술의 5개 유형으로 분류되었다. 분석결과는 가장 중요한 두 가지 장애요인 카테고리가 경제와 정책 및 정치라는 것을 보여준다. 세부 항목에서는, 'RRI 이행으로 인한 혁신 비용 증가'와 'RRI에 참여할 경제적 인센티브 부족' 이 1, 2위를 차지했다. 이러한 결과로부터, RRI의 성공적인 실행을 위해서는 적절한 재정적 지원과 명확한 정책방향의 제시가 필요하다는 것을 유추할 수 있었다. 한편 최근 전문가들은 RRI가 사회에서 잘 자리잡기 위해서는 혁신을 상용화하는 역할을 하는 기업에서의 이행이 필요할 뿐만 아니라, 이를 위한 실질적인 이슈를 고려해야 한다고 주장한다. 이에 따라, 세번째 에세이는 한국의 신기술 개발 기업의 관점에서 RRI를 탐구한다. 사회를 위한 혁신의 부작용을 줄이는 것을 목표로 하는 RRI로부터 사회적 이익이 기대되지만, 기업에서의 RRI 이행은 기업의 기존 규칙과 루틴을 바꾸어야 하는 문제이다. 따라서 기업 입장에서의 편익과 비용을 예측하는 것은 RRI가 성공할 가능성을 조명할 수 있는 중요한 주제일 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 전문가 조사를 통해 RRI 관련 편익 기준(기술 수준, 경제적 성과, 공공 기여)과 비용 기준(예측, 성찰, 참여, 대응)의 상대적 가중치를 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 현재와 미래 관점에서 RRI 4개 수준의 우선순위 변화추이를 평가하였다. 놀랍게도 기업들은 RRI와 같은 제약조건이 비용을 부과하지만 결국 더 큰 이익을 가져올 것이라고 인식했다. 또한, 현재보다 미래에서 RRI가 강화되는 수준에 대해 편익이 더 높아진다고 생각하였다. 연구결과는 기업은 RRI로 유도된 혁신으로 장애요인을 극복하여 비용을 상쇄하고 최종적으로 기업의 경쟁력을 높일 수 있으며, 기업들은 RRI를 통해 사회에 좋은 일을 할 의향이 있음을 시사한다. 장기적으로는 기업의 윤리적 활동이 기업의 성과를 향상시킬 수 있었다. 따라서 RRI가 정책적으로 시행되더라도 이익을 추구하는 기업에서도 잘 정착되고 촉진될 가능성이 높다는 것을 추론할 수 있었다. ; Chapter 1. Overall introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and research background 1 1.2 Research question and problem description 9 1.3 Research objectives and outline 15 Chapter 2. (Essay Ⅰ) Literature review on RRI to support social innovation in technology 18 2.1 Development of theories related to social innovation 18 2.2 Theoretical discussion of RRI 22 2.2.1 Definition 22 2.2.2 Four dimensions and tools for RRI 25 2.2.3 Levels of RRI implementation 28 2.2.4 Key elements of RRI 33 2.3 Regulation, CSR, and RRI comparison 35 2.3.1 Regulation perspective for RRI 35 2.3.2 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspectives on RRI 38 2.4 Social Innovation Research Methodology 41 2.4.1 Quantitative analysis approach 41 2.4.2 Qualitative analysis approaches 43 2.5 Discussion and conclusion 52 Chapter 3. (Essay Ⅱ) Identifying and ranking barriers to responsible research and innovation: The case of emerging technologies in Korea 64 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Literature review 68 3.3 Identification of RRI barriers 72 3.3.1 Economic barriers 74 3.3.2 Implementation barriers 74 3.3.3 Policy and political barriers 76 3.3.4 Social barriers 77 3.3.5 Technical barriers 78 3.4 Methodology 80 3.4.1 Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) 80 3.4.2 Data 83 3.5 Results and discussion 85 3.5.1 Category hierarchy results 85 3.5.2 Results within barrier categories 87 3.5.3 Overall ranking of results by technology type 94 3.6 Conclusion 98 Chapter 4. (Essay Ⅲ) Why do firms implement responsible research and innovation: The case of emerging technologies in Korea 104 4.1 Introduction 104 4.2 Literature review 108 4.2.1 RRI and emerging technology 108 4.2.2 RRI in business and in global context 111 4.3 Benefit perspectives and cost perspectives to the firm for RRI implementation 115 4.3.1 Conceptual model at the firm level 115 4.3.2 Benefit perspectives 117 4.3.3 Cost perspectives 120 4.3.4 Alternatives: levels of RRI implementation 123 4.4 Methodology 126 4.4.1 Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) 126 4.4.2 Data 131 4.5 Results 133 4.5.1 Benefit perspectives and alternatives 133 4.5.2 Cost perspectives and alternatives 136 4.5.3 Benefit perspectives, cost perspectives, and alternatives by technologies 140 4.6 Discussion and Conclusion 143 4.6.1 Discussion 143 4.6.2 Implications and limitations 149 Chapter 5. Overall conclusion 155 5.1 Summary and contributions 155 5.2 Limitations and future research 162 Bibliography 165 Appendix A: Methodology 187 Appendix B: Survey for essay Ⅱ 190 Appendix C: Survey for essay Ⅲ 192 Abstract (Korean) 195 ; Doctor

Problem setting. Despite the enormous number of human casualties in transport accidents, as well as the enormous human toll, it is important to recognize the importance of transport safety. Unfortunately, for the time being, neither the authorities nor the public have this understanding. In particular, this is evidenced by the fact that there are practically no regulatory acts that are directly aimed at solving the problem of transport safety. There is no transport safety law, no proper concept and strategy for transport safety. Regulations governing specific transport safety issues are flawed and often contain conflicting provisions. System work in this direction, too, is practically not conducted. Therefore, the creation of a single set of regulatory acts in the field of transport safety in Ukraine is one of the priority tasks today. The aforementioned regulations should be clear, internally consistent and in line with European transport safety standards. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to first develop basic, conceptual provisions, on the basis of which to form the entire subsequent system. The urgency of this problem is caused by the huge losses suffered daily by Ukraine due to the low level of transport safety.In addition to the general legal documents in the form of law, concept, strategy and program, it is necessary to develop sectoral safety programs for individual modes of transport. A public transport development program and an aviation security program are urgently needed. The necessity of bringing national legislation in line with international standards is in particular due to the importance of active development of international transit in Ukraine. Imperfect regulation and a generally low level of transport security in Ukraine can be a major obstacle to making significant profits from international transit, as the security factor for European partners is crucial.Revision, development and approval of a package of regulatory documents on transport safety should be carried out taking into account the current national and international standards, their certification, issuing licenses for the carriage of passengers and goods. Foreign experience in the development of national legislation governing relations in the field of transport safety should be used to create a mechanism for legal regulation of this problem in Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis. Issues of national security, political, legal, social and psychological aspects of terrorism in the works of V. Antipenko, V. Bogdanovich, V. Yemelyanov, V. Krutov, V. Lipkan, N. Nizhnik, D. Olshansky, M. Sahakyan are sufficiently thoroughly considered. G. Sytnik, Y. Kondratyev, V. Malison and S. Malison, B. Romanyuk, M. Sahakyan, S. Teleshun. Traffic safety, state regulation of transportation were considered by D. Zerkalov, O. Krupina, Y. Nekrasov, A. Tkachenko, O. Sokolov.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Although some of the issues addressed in this work have been addressed in the works of the aforementioned and other authors, the definition of the main areas of application of the regulatory and legal principles of transport safety has not been sufficiently considered. Today a whole set of problems (financial, logistical, social, informational, scientific and technical) of regulatory nature have accumulated, which has not been solved in time.The situation is exacerbated by the lack of a well-established system of ensuring transport safety, insufficient performance of the tasks and functions assigned to it, reducing the level of scientific and technical support of the said activity. This is facilitated by the complexity and lack of study of the nature and peculiarities of the social interconnections that arise between different categories of participants in public relations in the process of functioning of different modes of transport, and especially their legal and regulatory background in ensuring transport safety.Paper main body. The organization of transport security is entrusted to the heads of transport security entities. The subject of transport safety is the main authority in the field of transport safety, the authorities which are competent for transport safety issues, the owners of transport safety objects and persons who use them under other conditions in accordance with the legislation.Structural units are created within the central bodies of executive power, which are responsible for transport safety issues.For the purpose of accomplishing the tasks of ensuring transport safety, the formation of the provision of transport safety is created or contracts are concluded for services with other entities, which are legally entitled to provide transport safety services at other sites.There are transport security actors in each mode of transport. Let's briefly consider the role of the above entities in each mode of transport of Ukraine.The central executive body, whose activities are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine through the Minister of Infrastructure, and which implements the state policy on safety on land transport is the State Transport Security Service of Ukraine (Ukrtransbezopa).State Service for Maritime and River Transport of Ukraine (Maritime Administration), which is the central executive body, whose activities are directed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine through the Minister of Infrastructure and which implements state policy in the fields of maritime and inland waterway transport, merchant shipping, inland navigation, navigation and hydrographic support for maritime affairs, as well as in the field of maritime and inland waterway transport (except in the field of maritime safety of ships fleet fishing industry).The State Aviation Service of Ukraine as the authorized body for civil aviation issues implements the state aviation policy and strategy of Ukraine, carries out state regulation of activities in the field of civil aviation.The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine directs and coordinates the activity of this service through the Minister of Infrastructure of Ukraine, but not through regulations, but through regulations.In November 2005, the "Regulation on aviation safety management system" was approved, which defines the order of organization of works on prevention of aviation events, tasks and functions of management, bodies, objects and subjects of management, establishes forms of control over the performance of works and applies to all civil aviation entities of Ukraine irrespective of vi safety in order to harmonize the rules governing transport safety issues for different modes of transport, as well as to bring Ukrainian transport safety legislation into line with Ukraine's international obligations. Ultimately, it is necessary to create a new, unified legal framework for the effective provision of transport security, taking into account changes in ownership, as well as management approaches.In addition to improving the regulatory aspect of transport safety, it also requires improving the interaction of all executive authorities responsible for transport safety.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. 1. UkrTransport is responsible for safety only on land transport (road transport, urban electric transport and rail transport) therefore, water and air transport safety issues are not within its competence.2. The State Maritime and River Transport Service of Ukraine (Maritime Administration) performs separate functions for the implementation of the state policy in the field of maritime and inland waterway transport (except for the maritime safety of vessels of the fishing industry vessels).3. The State Aviation Service of Ukraine shall manage civil aviation safety and oversight of aviation security.4. The protection of the pipeline transport facilities shall be carried out by special departmental units of protection of the pipeline transport enterprises, as well as by the internal affairs bodies on a contractual basis.5. There are practically no legal acts that are directly aimed at solving the problem of transport safety of Ukraine and the interaction of the subjects of ensuring transport safety in different modes of transport among themselves.6. There is no single body for managing the transport safety of the state, and therefore there is no single overall coordination of the subjects of ensuring the transport safety of Ukraine.We consider the prospects of further exploration to be a study of transport safety issues both in transport in general and in its main types in particular. ; Розглянуто організацію забезпечення транспортної безпеки як на транспорті взагалі, так і на його основних видах зокрема. Доведено відсутність нормативно-правових актів, які безпосередньо спрямовані на вирішення проблеми взаємодії суб'єктів забезпечення транспортної безпеки на різних видах транспорту між собою. Визначено основні керівні нормативно-правові документи, які регламентують роботу суб'єктів забезпечення транспортної безпеки та їх недосконалість у питаннях взаємодії.

Rapid urbanization with limited development has led to slum proliferation in many sub-Saharan African cities. Slums are recognized as a menace to planned cities, as they do not conform to planning standards, thus the need to curb their growth. However, this proves to be a challenge for many of these cities due to unavailability of data on the existing situation. It is against this background that this study aims to contribute ground information and a spatial planning tool to support urban planning to better manage slum formation in Lagos, Nigeria. Slum growth can be described as spatial or as population growth; hence this study first analyzed and quantified the spatial growth of slums in Lagos using remote sensing techniques and intensity analysis. Then the influence of residential choices of slum dwellers on population growth in Lagos slums was assessed using ethnographic survey approach through questionnaires and focus group discussions. An urban growth model coupling logistic regression with modified cellular automata SLEUTH was used to simulate scenarios of the patterns of slum development in Lagos by 2035. RapidEye imagery from 2009 and 2015 was used to create maps for each time point for six land-use categories (water, vegetated area, open space, road, slum, and other urban) in the study area. Intensity analysis was applied to quantify the annual intensity of changes at the category and transition level. An overall accuracy (and kappa coefficient) of 94% (0.9) and 89% (0.86) was achieved for the 2009 and 2015 land-use and land-cover maps. The results of this study show that slums in Lagos increased spatially between 2009 and 2015 gaining a land area of 9.14 km 2 influenced by in-migration. However, the intensity analysis reveals slum as an active land-use category, losing some of its land area but also gaining new land area during this period. The annual gain and loss was 10.08% and 6.41%, respectively, compared to the uniform intensity of 3.15%. A systematic process of transition was observed between slums and other urban areas and open space in the interval studied, and this process was mainly influenced by the Lagos state government. The transition from slum to other land-use categories, such as other urban, is attributed to gentrification and demolition processes, while the transition from other land-use categories to slum is due to poor maintenance of existing buildings and encroachment on available spaces in the city. Questionnaires administration and focus group discussion were conducted in four communities (Ajegunle, Iwaya, Itire and Ikorodu) in Lagos to investigate the factors influencing the residential choices and reasons of the people to remain in the Lagos slums. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze and describe the factors influencing the residential location choice, and logistic regression was applied to determine the extent to which the neighborhood and household attributes influence slum dwellers' decisions to remain in the slums. Over 70% of the respondents were migrants from neighboring geopolitical zones (in Nigeria). The movement patterns of slum dwellers in Lagos support two theories of human mobility in slums: slum as a sink and slum as a final destination. Also, the factors that attracted most of the slum dwellers to the slums (cheap housing, proximity to work, etc.) differ from those that made them stay (duration of stay, housing status, etc.). A hybrid land-use model, which involves the coupling of logistic regression with cellular automata SLEUTH, implemented in XULU, was utilized for the simulation of scenarios of slum growth in Lagos. The scenarios were designed based on the modification of the exclusion layer and the transition rules. The scenario 1 was business as usual with slum development similar to the present trend. The scenario 2 was based on the future population projection for the city, while the scenario 3 was based on limited interference by the government in slum development in the city. Distance to markets, shoreline, and local government administrative buildings, and land prices, etc., were predictors of slum development in Lagos. An overall accuracy of 79.17% and a relative operation characteristics (ROC) value of 0.85 were achieved for the prediction of slum development, based on the logistic regression model. The probability map generated from fitting the coefficients of the estimates in the logistic regression shows that slums can develop within the city and at the fringe, and also in places mostly inaccessible to the Lagos state government. Scenarios 1, 2 and 3 predict that the slum area will increase by 1.18 km 2 , 4.02 km 2 and 1.28 km 2 , respectively, in 2035 through further densification of the existing slums and new development at the south-eastern fringe of the city. The limited growth is due to the high population density in the city, and thus it is assumed that new slums will probably develop in the neighboring cities due to spill over of the Lagos population. The outcome of this research shows that the landscape is very dynamic in Lagos, and even over an interval of a few years, changes can be observed. It also shows that the integration of remote sensing, social science method and spatially explicit land-use model can address the challenges of data availability in the slum dynamic, especially in sub-Saharan African countries with high slum proliferation. This can support a comprehensive set of techniques important for the management of existing slums and prevention of new slum development. ; Reduzierung des Slumwachstums in der Megastadt Lagos: Ein integrierter Ansatz aus Fernerkundung und urbanem Wachstumsmodell Eine schnelle Urbanisierung bei begrenzter Entwicklung hat in vielen afrikanischen Städten südlich der Sahara zu einer Zunahme von Slums geführt. Slums werden dabei als Bedrohung für die Planstädte angesehen, da sie nicht den Planungsstandards entsprechen, ihr Wachstum sollte daher reduziert werden. Dies erweist sich jedoch für viele dieser Länder als Herausforderung, da keine Daten über die aktuelle Situation vorliegen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt diese Studie darauf ab, Informationen und ein Raumplanungsinstrument zur Unterstützung der Stadtplanung zur Verfügung zu stellen, dies soll ein besseres Management der Slumbildung in Lagos, Nigeria ermöglichen. Slumwachstum kann als räumliches Wachstum, oder als Wachstum der Bevölkerung bezeichnet werden; daher hat diese Studie zunächst das räumliche Wachstum von Slums in Lagos mit Hilfe von Fernerkundungstechniken und Intensitätsanalysen analysiert und quantifiziert. Anschließend wurde der Einfluss der Wohnortwahl von Slumbewohnern auf das Bevölkerungswachstum in den Slums von Lagos mit Hilfe eines ethnographischen Erhebung Ansatzes bewertet. Dabei kamen Fragebögen und Fokusgruppendiskussionen zum Einsatz. Ein urbanes Wachstumsmodell, das die logistische Regression mit dem modifizierten zellulären Automaten SLEUTH koppelt, wurde verwendet, um Szenarien und Strukturen der Slumentwicklung in Lagos bis 2035 zu simulieren. RapidEye-Datenaus den Jahren 2009 und 2015 wurden verwendet, um Karten zu jeden Zeitpunkt für sechs Landnutzungskategorien (Wasser, Vegetationsflächen, Freiflächen, Straßen, Slum und andere städtische Gebiete) zu erstellen. Mit Hilfe der Intensitätsanalyse wurde die jährliche Intensität der Veränderungen hinsichtlich der Kategorien und Veränderungstypen quantifiziert. Für die Landnutzungs- und Bodenbedeckungskarten 2009 und 2015 wurde eine Gesamtgenauigkeit (und ein Kappa-Koeffizient) von 94 % (0,9) und 89 % (0,86) erreicht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass die Slums in Lagos zwischen 2009 und 2015 räumlich gewachsen sind und durch Zuzug eine Landfläche von 9,14 km 2 erreicht haben. Die Intensitätsanalyse zeigt auch, dass der Slums in Lagos als aktive Landnutzungskategorie einen Teil ihrer Fläche im Beobachtungszeitraum verloren haben. Der jährliche Gewinn und Verlust betrug 10,08 % bzw. 6,41 % im Vergleich zur einheitlichen Intensität von 3,15 %. Ebenfalls wurde ein systematischer Prozess des Übergangs zwischen Slums und anderen städtischen Gebieten sowie Freiraum in der untersuchten Zeitspanne beobachtet. Dieser Prozess wurde hauptsächlich von der Regierung von Lagos beeinflusst. Der Übergang von Slum zu anderen Landnutzungskategorien, wie zum Beispiel andere städtische Gebiete ist auf Gentrifizierung und Abrissprozesse zurückzuführen, während der Übergang von anderen Landnutzungskategorien hin zu Slums auf eine schlechte Instandhaltung bestehender Gebäude und auf die Beeinträchtigung der verfügbaren Flächen in der Stadt zurückzuführen ist. In vier Gemeinden (Ajegunle, Iwaya, Itire and Ikorodu) in Lagos wurden Umfragen mit Fragebögen und Fokusgruppendiskussionen durchgeführt, um die Faktoren zu untersuchen, welche die Wahl des Wohnortes beeinflussen, und um zu untersuchen, warum die Menschen in den Slums von Lagos bleiben. Mit Hilfe der deskriptiven Statistik wurden die Faktoren analysiert und beschrieben, die die Wahl des Wohnortes beeinflussen, und mit Hilfe der logistischen Regression wurde ermittelt, inwieweit die Nachbarschafts- und Haushaltsattribute die Entscheidung der Slumbewohner, in den Slums zu bleiben, beeinflussen. Über 70 % der Befragten waren Migranten aus benachbarten geopolitischen Zonen (Lagos). Die Bewegungsmuster der Slumbewohner in Lagos unterstützen zwei Theorien der menschlichen Mobilität in Slums: Der Slum als Senke oder Endziel. Auch die Faktoren, die die meisten Slumbewohner in die Slums lockten (günstiger Wohnraum, Nähe zum Arbeitsplatz usw.), unterscheiden sich von denen, die sie am Ende zum Bleiben brachten (Aufenthaltsdauer, Wohnstatus usw.). Ein hybrides Landnutzungsmodell, das eine Kopplung der logistischen Regression mit den zellulären Automaten SLEUTH in XULU verbindet, wurde für die Simulation von Szenarien des Slumwachstums in Lagos bis zum Jahr 2035 verwendet. Die Szenarien wurden mittels der Ausschlussflächen und Wachstumskoeffizienten implementiert. Das Szenario 1 "business as usual" simulierte eine Slumentwicklung ähnlich dem aktuellen Trend. Das Szenario 2 basierte auf der generellen Bevölkerungsprognose für die Stadt, während das Szenario 3 eine begrenzte Einmischung der Regierung auf die Slumentwicklung in der Stadt einbezieht. Die Entfernung zu Märkten, Verwaltungseinrichtungen, Küsten sowie die Grundstückspreisen usw. waren Antriebskräfte für die Entwicklung der Slums in Lagos. Für die Vorhersage der Slum-Entwicklung auf Basis des logistischen Regressionsmodells wurden eine Gesamtgenauigkeit von 79,17 % und einem Receiver-Operating-Characteristic-Wert (ROC) von 0,85 erreicht. Die Wahrscheinlichkeitskarte, die durch die Anpassung der Koeffizienten und der Schätzungen in der logistischen Regression erzeugt wurde, zeigt, dass sich Slums innerhalb der Stadt und in der Peripherie entwickeln können, aber auch an Orten, die dem Einfluss der Landesregierung von Lagos weitgehend entzogen sind. Szenarien 1, 2 und 3 prognostizieren, dass das Slumgebiet bis 2035 durch weitere Verdichtung der bestehenden Slums und Neuentwicklung am südöstlichen Stadtrand um 1,18 km 2 , 4,02 km 2 bzw. 1,28 km 2 zunehmen wird. Das relativ begrenzte Wachstum ist auf die hohe Bevölkerungsdichte in der Stadt zurückzuführen, so dass davon ausgegangen wird, dass sich in den Nachbarstädten durch das Verlagern der Lagos-Bevölkerung neue Slums entwickeln werden Das Ergebnis dieser Disertation zeigt, dass die Stadtlandschaft in Lagos sehr dynamisch ist, Veränderungen können selbst über einen Zeitraum von nur wenigen Jahren beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass eine Integration von Fernerkundung, sozialwissenschaftlicher Methoden und räumlich explizites Landnutzungsmodells das Problem der geringen Datenverfügbarkeit in dynamischen Slums lösen kann. Dies ist besonders hilfreich in afrikanischen Ländern südlich der Sahara mit hoher Slum,proliferation. Umfassende Techniken des Slum-Managements, insbesondere zur Verhinderung der Entstehung von neuen Slums, können so wirksam unterstützt werden.

Dicho proyecto tiene como objetivo el realizar un análisis sobre cuál es el funcionamiento de la regulación energética española, para entender el funcionamiento del método de subastas en España y analizar el soporte regulatorio real que se les ofrece a las instalaciones de energía renovable ; El sistema eléctrico español ha experimentado cambios importantes en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, esto continuará, el progreso de la tecnología y la regulación / desregulación conducirán a un mayor movimiento y cambios en el mercado. Entre la interrupción que creará la nueva tecnología hay, sin embargo, problemas más inminentes, ya que es probable que sucedan en el corto plazo. La interrupción a largo plazo, como el impacto de los vehículos eléctricos, Internet of Things (IoT), el comercio P2P a través de plataformas como Blockchain y el impacto de los consumidores activos sobre el modelo comercial existente, aún no está claro debido a las grandes incertidumbres que los rodean. Estas incertidumbres se relacionan no solo con los fundamentos del mercado y las estrategias de los actores del mercado, sino también con las barreras regulatorias que podrían no ser fáciles de superar. Los temas mas relevantes en la actualidad en e sistema energético español son los siguientes: Incertidumbres de capacidad convencionales: la decisión de cerrar plantas CCGT, nucleares y carbón. Las decisiones del gobierno español sobre una serie de temas, como qué hacer con los excedentes creados recientemente, y las decisiones políticas sobre cómo proceder con los diferentes impuestos en el sistema eléctrico Nuevo paradigma para las energías renovables: aumento de la capacidad en un entorno de subastas que da lugar a una gran exposición a riesgo de mercado. El sistema español, se liberalizó originalmente en 1997 cuando se introdujo la Ley de Electricidad (54/1997). Desde entonces, el sistema eléctrico en España ha sufrido una transformación bastante relevante que ha causado problemas importantes en todos los niveles. Los problemas que afectaban al gobierno, las empresas de servicios públicos, los usuarios finales, los inversores de renovables, los bancos, etc., ponían en riesgo todo el sistema. Durante todo este período, el gobierno español no estuvo inactivo. En el camino, se publicaron una serie de nuevas reglas y piezas legales con el fin de abordar partes del problema que, sin embargo, siempre fue creciendo. Como resultado de todas las cuestiones acumuladas a lo largo del tiempo, el sistema eléctrico español experimentó una gran transformación durante 2013, cuando el Gobierno español introdujo varios cambios que modificaron la estructura general de la regulación de la electricidad. Este cambio se produjo como la Ley 24/2013 que anuló la antigua Ley 54/1997, y desde una perspectiva de mercado proporciona medios para resolver los problemas relacionados con la fortaleza financiera de la electricidad sistema. Además, también se desarrolló una legislación posterior, el RD 413, que rige sobre las energías renovables. Además, también se introdujeron cambios en la regulación de las redes. Dada la magnitud de las necesidades de inversión en la generación de energía baja en emisiones de carbono para mitigar el efecto invernadero, la disponibilidad y el coste de capital es crucial para una transición energética se desarrolle con éxito. Recientemente, se ha podido observar un fuerte aumento de la financiación de proyectos sin recurso para los proyectos de generación de energía. Sin embargo, los cambios políticos y regulatorios que se han desarrollado en España han trucando o están truncando muchas posibles financiaciones para nuevos proyectos. El nuevo escenario de las subastas ha introducido mucha incertidumbre sobre cual es el soporte regulatorio real que tienen o pueden tener los nuevos proyectos de energía renovable. Este documento evalúa la importancia de la financiación de proyectos para proyectos de energía renovable, y los factores subyacentes para usar este tipo de financiación. Los cambios ocurridos en el sector eléctrico español desde 1997, la falta de garantía de la estabilidad financiera del sistema eléctrico y la dispersión regulatoria llevaron al Gobierno español a aprobar una nueva ley del sector eléctrico en diciembre de 2013 ("LSE"). Se discuten las implicaciones de los cambios regulatorios que ha habido recientemente en el sector, y como eso puede afectar a la financiación de los proyectos. También analiza el panorama financiero de las energías renovables y describe las tendencias clave a nivel mundial, examina las diferentes funciones y enfoques de la financiación, destaca el importante papel de los instrumentos de mitigación de riesgos y proporciona una perspectiva para la financiación de energías renovables en 2018 y más adelante en España. ; The Spanish electricity system has undergone significant changes in recent decades. However, this will continue, the progress of technology and regulation / deregulation will lead to greater movement and changes in the market. However, there are more imminent problems between the interruption that the new technology will create, since they are likely to happen in the short term. The long-term interruption, such as the impact of electric vehicles, Internet of Things (IoT), P2P trade through platforms such as Blockchain and the impact of active consumers on the existing business model, is not yet clear due to the great uncertainties that surround them. These uncertainties are related not only to market fundamentals and the strategies of market players, but also to regulatory barriers that may not be easy to overcome. The most relevant issues at present in the Spanish energy system are the following: Conventional capacity uncertainties: the decision to close CCGT, nuclear and coal plants. The decisions of the Spanish government on a series of topics, such as what to do with the surpluses created recently, and the political decisions on how to proceed with the different taxes on the electricity system New paradigm for renewable energies: increases in capacity in an auction environment that leads to a large exposure to market risk. The Spanish system was originally liberalized in 1997 when the Electricity Law was introduced (54/1997). Since then, the electrical system in Spain has undergone a quite relevant transformation that has caused important problems at all levels. The problems that affected the government, utilities, end users, renewables investors, banks, etc., put the whole system at risk. Throughout this period, the Spanish government was not inactive. Along the way, a series of new rules and legal pieces were published in order to address parts of the problem that, however, was always growing. As a result of all the issues accumulated over time, the Spanish electricity system underwent a major transformation during 2013, when the Spanish government introduced several changes that modified the general structure of electricity regulation. This change occurred as Law 24/2013 that annulled the old Law 54/1997, and from a market perspective provides means to solve the problems related to the financial strength of the electricity system. In addition, a subsequent legislation was also developed, RD 413, which governs renewable energies. In addition, changes were also introduced in the regulation of networks. Given the magnitude of the investment needs in the generation of low carbon energy to mitigate the greenhouse effect, availability and the cost of capital is crucial for an energy transition to develop successfully. Recently, it has been possible to observe a strong increase in the financing of non-recourse projects for power generation projects. However, the political and regulatory changes that have taken place in Spain have trickled or are truncating many possible financings for new projects. The new auction scenario has introduced a lot of uncertainty about the actual regulatory support that new renewable energy projects have or can have. This document assesses the importance of project financing for renewable energy projects, and the underlying factors for using this type of financing. The changes occurred in the Spanish electricity sector since 1997, the lack of guarantee of the financial stability of the electricity system and the regulatory dispersion led the Spanish Government to approve a new electric sector law in December 2013 ("LSE"). The implications of the regulatory changes that have recently occurred in the sector are discussed, and how that can affect the financing of the projects. It also analyzes the financial landscape of renewable energies and describes key trends worldwide, examines the different functions and approaches to financing, highlights the important role of risk mitigation instruments and provides a perspective for the financing of renewable energies in 2018 and later in Spain.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Kaynakça var. ; Kamu alımları ile ilgili AB müktesebatı; şeffaflık, eşit muamele, serbest rekabet ve ayrımcılık yapılmamasına ilişkin genel ilkelerin yanında, AB çapında kamu kuruluşlarının yaptığı ve belirli eşik değerin üzerinde kalan yapım işi, hizmet alımı ve tedarik ihalelerinde ortak özel usullerin uygulanmasını ve ihalelere yönelik şikayet ve inceleme ile ilgili kuralları özetlemektedir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği'ne üyelik yolundaki Türkiye'nin, kamu alımları sürecinde yürürlükte olan kanunlarının AB direktifleri ile uyumu ve farklılıklarının nasıl olduğunun kısa bir izahı niteliğini taşımaktadır. AB'ye üyelik sürecindeki Türkiye'nin AB müktesebatını ne derece özümsediği yıllık ilerleme raporları ile takip edilmektedir. Bu husus göz önüne alındığında Türkiye'nin kamu alımlarında kendi mevzuatları çerçevesinde AB müktesebatını nasıl yorumladığı kendi kanunlarına nasıl yakınlaştırdığı, ne gibi düzenlemelerde bulunduğu Avrupa Birliği direktifleri ile uyumu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. ; The EU acquis on public procurement, as well as the general principles oftransparency, equal treatment, free competition and non-discrimination, as well as the implementation of common special procedures in public procurement, service procurement and procurement tenders by public institutions throughout the EU, summarize the rules related to. In this study, the roadto Turkey's membership of the European Union bears a brief explanation of the nature of the laws in force in the process of public procurement that is how the compliance with EU directives and differences. Turkey's EU membership process in the EU acquis, which is monitored by the extent to absorb the annual progress reports. Given this regard Turkey's how to interpret the EU acquis in the framework of their legislation on public procurement how it closer to its laws, which in the regulations as to what has been tried to determine compliance with European Union directives. ; İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No. ÖZET . ii ABSTRACT . iii İÇİNDEKİLER . iv KISALTMALAR . x GİRİŞ . 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1.KAMU İHALESİ KAVRAMI VE TÜRK HUKUKUNDAKİ YASAL DÜZENLEMELER . 4 1.1. Kavramsal Yaklaşım . 4 1.2. İhale Kavramı . 7 1.2.1. Teorik Olarak İhale Kavramı . 7 1.2.2. Kamu İhalesi Kavramı . 8 1.3. Türk Hukuku'nda Kamu Alımlarının Gelişim Süreci . 9 1.3.1. Kamu İhale Hukukunun Tarihi Gelişimi . 9 1.3.2. 2886 sayılı Devlet İhale Kanunu . 12 1.3.3. 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanunu . 13 1.3.4. 4735 sayılı Kamu İhale Sözleşmeleri Kanunu . 15 1.4. Uluslararası Kamu Alımları Düzenlemeleri . 15 1.4.1. Dünya Ticaret Örgütü Kamu Alımları Anlaşması (DTÖ-GPA-KAA) . 16 1.4.1.1. DTÖ Çerçevesinde Kamu Alımları Bakımından Yaşanan Tarihi Süreç . 16 1.4.1.2. Anlaşmanın Niteliği . 18 1.4.1.3. Anlaşmanın Temel İlkeleri . 18 1.4.1.4. DTÖ'nün 2014 Yılında Yürürlüğe Giren Yeni Kamu Alımları Anlaşması . 18 1.4.2. UNCITRAL Kamu Alımları Model Kanunu . 19 1.4.2.1. Kanun'un Amacı . 20 1.4.2.2. Kanun'un Kapsamı . 20 1.4.2.3. Kanun'un İhale İlkeleri . 21 v 1.4.2.4. Kanunda Belirtilen Alım Usulleri . 21 1.4.3. Dünya Bankası'nın Kamu Alımlarına İlişkin Çalışmaları . 22 1.4.4. OECD'nin Kamu Alımlarına İlişkin Çalışmaları . 22 1.4.4.1. OECD'nin Kamu Alımlarına İlişkin Önerdiği İlkeler . 23 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ KAMU ALIM SİSTEMİ VE TÜRK HUKUKU KAMU SİSTEMİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ . 24 2.1. Avrupa Hukukunun Kaynakları . 24 2.1.1. Birincil Kaynaklar (Primary Law) . 24 2.1.2. İkincil Normlar (Türev Normlar) (Secondary Law) . 25 2.1.3. Tüzükler (Regulations) . 25 2.1.4. Direktifler (Directives) . 25 2.1.5. Kararlar (Decisions) . 26 2.1.6. Tavsiye ve Görüşler (Recommandations and Opinions) . 26 2.2. Avrupa Birliği Kamu Alımlarının Gelişim Süreci . 26 2.3. Avrupa Birliği Kamu Alım Direktifleri . 28 2.4. Avrupa Birliği'nde Kamu Alımlarını Düzenleyen Direktifler . 29 2.4.1. Kamu Alımlarına İlişkin 2014/24/AB Direktifi (Klasik Sektör Direktifi) veSu, Enerji, Ulaştırma vePosta Hizmetleri Sektörlerinde Faaliyet Gösteren Kuruluşlar Tarafından Tedarik Edilmesine İlişkin 2015/25/AB (Teşebbüs Direktifi) Sayılı Direktif . 32 2.4.2. 2014/23/AB sayılı İmtiyaz Sözleşmeleri Direktifi . 34 2.4.3. 2007/66/EC sayılı Direktif - Kamu Sektörü Anlaşmazlıkların Çözümü ve Altyapı İşleri Anlaşmazlıkların Çözümü Direktifi (Kamu Sektörü Direktifine ve Altyapı İşleri Direktifine tabi ihalelerle ilgili firmaların yaptıkları şikâyetler) . 34 2.4.4. 2009/81/AT sayılı Direktif- Savunma ve Güvenlikle İlgili Alımlar Direktifi . 36 2.5. Avrupa Birliği Hukuku ve Türk Hukuku'nda Kamu Alım Süreci . 37 2.5.1. AB Hukukunda Kamu Alımlarına Egemen Olan İlkeler ve Türk Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirilmesi . 37 2.5.1.1. Temel İlkeler . 37 2.5.1.1.1. Eşit Muamele İlkesi . 38 2.5.1.1.2. Rekabet İlkesi . 40 2.5.1.1.3. Şeffaflık İlkesi . 42 2.5.1.1.4. Ayrımcılık Yasağı İlkesi . 43 vi 2.5.1.1.5. Gizlilik İlkesi . 43 2.5.1.1.6. Orantılılık İlkesi . 44 2.5.1.1.7. Karşılıklı Tanıma İlkesi . 45 2.5.1.1.8. Çevrenin Korunma İlkesi . 47 2.5.2. Türk Hukukundaki Öngörülen Diğer Kamu İlkeleri . 48 2.5.2.1. Kamuoyu Denetim Belgesi . 48 2.5.2.2. İhtiyaçların Uygun Şartlarla Zamanında Uygulanması İlkesi . 48 2.5.2.3. Mal Alımı, Hizmet Alımı ve Yapım İşleri İhalelerinin Bağımsızlığı İlkesi . 49 2.5.2.4. Eşik Değerlerin Altında Kalmak Amacıyla Mal Veya Hizmet Alımları İle Yapım İşlerinin Kısımlara Bölünememesi İlkesi . 49 2.5.2.5. Temel İhale Usullerinin Önceliği . 50 2.5.2.6. Ödeneği Bulunmayan Bir İş İçin İhaleye Çıkılamaması İlkesi . 51 2.5.2.7. İhalenin Kanuniliği . 51 2.5.2.8. Gerekçe İlkesi . 52 2.5.3. Kapsamı . 52 2.5.3.1. Kamu Kuruluşları Bakımından . 53 2.5.3.3. Alımların Konuları İtibariyle . 57 2.5.3.4. Parasal Limitler İtibariyle . 58 2.5.4. Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Kamu Alım Usulleri . 61 2.5.4.1. Genel Değerlendirme . 61 2.5.4.2. Açık İhale Usulü . 62 2.5.4.3. Belli İstekliler Arasında İhale Usulü . 62 2.5.4.4. Rekabete Dayalı Pazarlık Usulü . 64 2.5.4.5. Önceden İhale İlanı Verilmeksizin Gerçekleştirilen Pazarlık Usulü . 65 2.5.4.6. Rekabetçi Müzakere Usulü . 67 2.5.4.7. E-İhale ve 2014/24/AB sayılı Direktifde Belirtilen Satın Alım Teknikleri . 68 2.5.4.7.1. Dinamik Alım Sistemi . 69 2.5.4.7.2. Çerçeve Anlaşmalar . 70 2.5.4.7.3. Yenilik Ortaklıkları . 71 2.5.4.7.4. Elektronik Eksiltme . 72 vii 2.6. Türk Hukukunda Kamu Alım Usulleri Avrupa Birliği Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirilmesi . 73 2.6.1. Genel Değerlendirme . 73 2.6.2. Açık İhale Usulü . 74 2.6.3. Belli İstekliler Arasında İhale Usulü . 74 2.6.4. Pazarlık Usulü İle İhale. . 77 2.6.4.1. İdare Tarafından Önceden Öngörülemeyen Durumların Ortaya Çıkması . 78 2.6.4.2. Pazarlık Usulünde İlan Yapılması Zorunlu Olmayan Durumlar . 79 2.6.5. 4734 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamında Özel Düzenlemeler İle Belirlenen Usuller . 80 2.6.5.1. Danışmanlık Hizmet Alımları . 80 2.6.5.2. Doğrudan Temin Usulü . 81 2.6.5.3. Tasarım Yarışmaları . 82 2.6.6. Türk Kamu Alım Mevzuatı'nda E-İhale, 5812 Sayılı Kanunla Mevzuata Eklenen Alım Metodları ve Getirdiği Yenilikler . 83 2.6.6.1. Dinamik Alım Sistemi . 85 2.6.6.2. Elektronik Eksiltme . 86 2.6.6.3. Çerçeve Anlaşmalar . 89 2.6.6.4. Elektronik Kamu Alımları Platformu . 90 2.7. Türk Hukuku'nda İhale Sürecinin Evreleri ve AB Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirilmesi . 92 2.7.1. İhtiyacın Ortaya Çıkması . 92 2.8.2. Şartnamelerin Hazırlanması . 93 2.8.3. Yaklaşık Maliyetin Belirlenmesi . 95 2.8.4. İhale Usulünün Tespiti . 97 2.8.5. İhale Onayının Alınması . 97 2.8.6. İhale Komisyonunun Oluşturulması ve İhalenin İlanı . 98 2.8.7. İhaleye Katılma . 99 2.8.8. İhalenin İlan Süreleri . 101 2.8.7.1. Yaklaşık Maliyeti Eşik Değere Eşit veya Eşik Değerin Üzerinde Olan İhaleler . 102 2.8.7.2. Yaklaşık Maliyeti Eşik Değerin Altında Olan İhaleler . 102 2.8.9. Tekliflerin Sunulması ve Değerlendirilmesi . 103 2.8.10.İhalenin Karara Bağlanması ve Onaylanması . 106 2.8.11. Sözleşmeye Davet ve Sözleşmenin Yapılması . 107 viii ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3. AB HUKUKUNDA VE TÜRK HUKUKUNDA KAMU ALIMLARININ İDARİ VE YARGISAL DENETİMİ . 109 3.1. Avrupa Birliği Hukuku'nda Kamu Alımlarını Denetleme Yöntemleri . 109 3.1.1. AB'ye Üye Devletin İç Hukuku'nda İhale Denetimi ve Türk Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirilmesi . 109 3.1.1.1. İdari Denetim . 109 3.1.1.2. Yargısal Denetim . 110 3.1.1.3. AB Hukuku'nda Avrupa Birliği Üyesi Devletin (İngiltere) İç Hukuku'nda İhale Denetimi . 111 3.1.3. AB'ye Üye Bir Devletin İhalelerinin Birlik Kurumları Tarafından Denetlenmesi . 112 3.1.3.1. AB Komisyonun Rolü . 112 3.1.3.1.1. İhlâl Prosedürü . 113 3.1.3.1.2. Düzeltici Mekanizma . 114 3.1.3.2. 2007/66/EC sayılı İhtilaf Direktifinin Denetimi . 115 3.1.3.2.1. Geçici Tedbirler . 115 3.1.3.2.2. İptal . 116 3.1.3.2.3. Tazminat . 116 3.1.3.2. ABAD'ın Denetimi . 116 3.1.3.2.1. Anlaşmazlıkların Çözümü . 117 3.1.3.2.2. Ön Kararlar . 117 3.1.3.3. Hukukun Genel İlkeleri . 118 3.1.3.3.1. Geçici Tedbir Kararı . 119 3.1.3.3.2. İhlal Kararı . 119 3.2. Türk Hukuku'nda Kamu Alımlarını Denetleme Yöntemleri . 120 3.2.1. Kamu İhalelerinin İdari Denetimi . 121 3.2.2.1. Şikayet Yolu . 121 3.2.2.2. Şikayet Başvurusunun İhale Sürecine Etkisi . 122 3.2.2.3. Başvuru Ehliyeti ve Şikayet Nedenleri . 122 3.2.2.4. Başvuru Süresi . 123 3.2.2.5. Başvuru Şekli . 124 3.2.2.6. İdare Tarafından Yapılacak İnceleme . 125 3.2.2.7. Şikayet Başvurusunda Karar Verme Süreleri ve Verilecek Kararlar . 126 3.2.3. İtirazen Şikayet ve Kamu İhale Kurumu . 127 3.2.3.1. İtirazen Şikayet Yolı . 127 3.2.3.2. Başvuru Ehliyeti ve İtirazen Şikayet Nedenleri . 127 3.2.3.3. Başvuru Süresi . 128 3.2.3.4. Başvuru Şekli . 128 3.2.3.5. Başvuru Bedeli . 128 3.2.3.6. Kurum Tarafından Yapılacak İnceleme . 129 3.2.3.7. İtirazen Şikayet Başvurusunda Karar Verme Süresi Verilebilecek Kararlar . 130 3.2.4. Kamu İhale Kurumu . 131 3.2.4.1. Genel Olarak Kamu İhale Kurumu . 131 3.2.4.2. Kurumun Kurulma Sebepleri . 132 3.2.4.3. Kamu İhale Kurumu'nun Yapısı . 133 3.2.4.4. Kamu İhale Kurumu'nun Görev ve Yetkileri . 134 3.2.5. Türk Hukuku'nda Kamu Alımlarının Yargısal Denetimi . 135 3.2.5.1. Görevli ve Yetkili Mahkeme . 135 3.2.5.2. Dava Açma ( İdare Mahkemesi) . 136 3.2.5.3. Temyiz (Danıştay) . 139 3.2.6. Kamu Alımları Konusunda Türkiye'nin AB Müktesebatına Uyum Süreci . 139 SONUÇ . 142 KAYNAKÇA . 147

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU's (African Union's) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only "about" data, but which "is" data. According to an article by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), "At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge." Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is "trust" – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. "This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy", says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect 2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect 3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa) project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly), have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high-performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during 17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management. ; Department of Science & Innovation (DSI); National Research Foundation (NRF)

All types of food products must be assured of safety, which is difficult to guarantee given that food tends to perish. To achieve a harmless final product, it must be directed to the prevention of any type of contamination that may affect it. The prerequisite programs are necessary for the implementation of a quality assurance system, these allow to guarantee compliance with the legal rules of food safety through procedures and their basic conditions that allow to control the process to which the product is subjected , raw materials, equipment and utensils, personnel and infrastructure. Processed meat products are of high risk for public health in Colombia, according to the classification given in the technical annex of Resolution 0719 of 2015. Meat is highly perishable due to its high water content, composition and pH, which favors alteration, its microbial contamination and its rapid decomposition. The type of methodology proposed for this project is descriptive and qualitative in nature since the design of the necessary prerequisites programs in the application of the food safety assurance system for a meat by-products plant was carried out, as the phases to perform: Phase 1. Preparation of the general description of the production processes of the meat derivatives plant: description of the plant, information collection (interview, checklist, and reports), preparation of the flow chart of the production processes. Phase 2. Evaluation of the hygienic and sanitary conditions of the company according to Resolution 2674 of 2013 and compliance with chapters 1: buildings and facilities and equipment and utensils, this being the starting point to meet the needs of the prerequisite programs (PPRs), to determine the mandatory aspects to intervene in each PPR. Phase 3. Apply the current regulations to each of the prerequisite programs, taking into account: review of the Colombian legislation applicable to the food industry by the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Food and Drug Surveillance (INVIMA); Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of the Environment, Secretary of the Environment; organization of current food regulations through a matrix of legal requirements. (Includes: year, legal document, objective, complies, does not comply, pending to apply, application, task, frequency of evaluation of the legal requirement, records, responsible for the evaluation, active or repealed), for this a format was established. Phase 4. Documentation of the prerequisite programs: design of the way in which the prerequisite programs would be carried out; content of prerequisite programs (cover, header, objective, definition, legal matrix, theoretical framework, program development, Verification, attached documents, related documents); The development of the program exposes the current situation and how it is being carried out. to plan, to do, to verify and to adjust (P.D.V.A) cycle was used for the description of the program. ; A todo tipo de producto alimentario se le debe asegurar la inocuidad lo cual es difícil de garantizar teniendo en cuenta que los alimentos tienden a perecer. Para lograr un producto final inocuo, se debe direccionar a la prevención de cualquier tipo de contaminación que pueda afectarlo. Los programas prerrequisitos son necesarios para la implementación de un sistema de aseguramiento de la calidad, estos permiten garantizar el cumplimiento de las normas legales de inocuidad de los alimentos a través de procedimientos y sus condiciones básicas que permiten controlar el proceso al cual es sometido el producto, las materias primas, los equipos y utensilios, el personal y la infraestructura. Los productos cárnicos procesados son de alto riesgo para la salud pública de Colombia, según la clasificación dada en el anexo técnico de la Resolución 0719 de 2015. La carne es altamente perecedera por su alto contenido en agua, composición y pH, lo que favorece la alteración, su contaminación microbiana y su descomposición rápida. El tipo de metodología propuesta para este proyecto es fue de carácter descriptivo y cualitativo ya que se realizó el diseño de los programas prerrequisitos necesarios en la aplicación del sistema de aseguramiento de la inocuidad alimentaria para una planta de derivados cárnicos, como se describen las fases a realizar: Fase 1. Elaboración de la descripción general de los procesos productivos de la planta de derivados cárnicos: descripción de la planta, recolección de información (entrevista, lista de chequeo, e informes), elaboración del diagrama de flujo de los procesos productivos. Fase 2. Evaluación de las condiciones higiénico- sanitarias de la empresa según la Resolución 2674 de 2013 y cumplimientos de los capítulos 1: edificaciones e instalaciones y equipos y utensilios, siendo este el punto de partida para conocer las necesidades de los programas prerrequisitos (PPRs), para determinar los aspectos obligatorios a intervenir en cada PPR. Fase 3. Aplicar la Normatividad vigente a cada uno de los programas prerrequisitos, teniendo en cuenta: revisión de la legislación Colombiana aplicable a la industria alimentaria por el Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos (INVIMA); Ministerio de agricultura, Ministerio del medio ambiente, Secretaria del medio ambiente; organización de las normatividades alimentarias vigentes mediante matriz de requisitos legales. (comprende: año, documento legal, objetivo, cumple, no cumple, pendiente por aplicar, aplicación, tarea, frecuencia de evaluación del requisito legal, registros, responsable de la evaluación, activa o derogada), para esto se estableció un formato. Fase 4. Documentación de los programas prerrequisitos: diseño de la forma en que se realizarían los programas prerrequisitos; contenido de programas prerrequisitos (portada, encabezado, objetivo, definición, matriz legal, marco teórico, desarrollo del programa, Verificación, documentos adjuntos, documentos relacionados); el desarrollo del programa expone la situación actual y como se está llevando a cabo el control de este. Se utilizó el ciclo planear, hacer, verificar y ajustar (P.H.V.A) para la descripción del programa. ; Todos os tipos de produtos alimentícios devem ter segurança garantida, o que é difícil de garantir, uma vez que os alimentos tendem a perecer. Para obter um produto final inofensivo, ele deve ser direcionado à prevenção de qualquer tipo de contaminação que possa afetá-lo. Os programas de pré-requisito são necessários para a implementação de um sistema de garantia da qualidade, que permitem garantir o cumprimento das normas legais de segurança alimentar por meio de procedimentos e suas condições básicas que permitem controlar o processo ao qual o produto está sujeito. , matérias-primas, equipamentos e utensílios, pessoal e infraestrutura. Os produtos à base de carne processada apresentam alto risco à saúde pública na Colômbia, de acordo com a classificação dada no anexo técnico da Resolução 0719 de 2015. A carne é altamente perecível devido ao seu alto teor de água, composição e pH, o que favorece alteração, contaminação microbiana e decomposição rápida. O tipo de metodologia proposta para este projeto é de natureza descritiva e qualitativa, pois foi realizado o desenho dos programas de pré-requisito necessários para a aplicação do sistema de garantia de segurança de alimentos para uma fábrica de subprodutos da carne, conforme as fases a serem realizadas. realizar: Fase 1. Preparação da descrição geral dos processos de produção da fábrica de derivados de carne: descrição da fábrica, coleta de informações (entrevista, lista de verificação e relatórios), preparação do fluxograma dos processos de produção. Fase 2. Avaliação das condições higiênicas e sanitárias da empresa de acordo com a Resolução 2674 de 2013 e cumprimento dos capítulos 1: edifícios e instalações, equipamentos e utensílios, sendo este o ponto de partida para atender às necessidades dos programas de pré-requisito (PPRs) ), para determinar os aspectos obrigatórios para intervir em cada PPR. Fase 3. Aplique os regulamentos atuais a cada um dos programas de pré-requisito, levando em consideração: revisão da legislação colombiana aplicável à indústria de alimentos pelo Ministério da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Vigilância de Alimentos e Medicamentos (INVIMA); Ministério da Agricultura, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretário do Meio Ambiente; organização dos regulamentos alimentares atuais por meio de uma matriz de requisitos legais. (inclui: ano, documento legal, objetivo, conformidade, não cumpre, pendente de aplicação, aplicação, tarefa, frequência de avaliação do requisito legal, registros responsáveis pela avaliação, ativos ou revogados), para isso foi estabelecido um formato. Fase 4. Documentação dos programas de pré-requisito: design da maneira pela qual os programas de pré-requisito seriam executados; conteúdo dos programas de pré-requisito (capa, cabeçalho, objetivo, definição, matriz legal, arcabouço teórico, desenvolvimento do programa, verificação, documentos anexados, documentos relacionados); O desenvolvimento do programa expõe a situação atual e como está sendo realizada. O ciclo de planejar, executar, verificar e ajustar (P.H.V.A) foi usado para a descrição do programa.

Physical activity is very important for early childhood, especially outdoor activities that add a lot of new experiences. This study aims to check the relationship of children's outdoor activities and parenting styles and children's social skills. The participants are 125 parents of early childhood who attend kindergarten. The research method is a descriptive study using the relational screening model. The results showed that there was a relationship between outside play and parenting style on the social skills of children in their childhood. Democratic parenting styles are found to promote children's social skills, while authoritative parenting styles have a negative correlation with interpersonal skills, the ability to express verbally, self-control, listening skills, emotional management and adaptation to change. In the sub-dimensions of anger management and adaptation to changing skills is a significant difference between authoritative parenting styles and not permissive parenting with children's social skills. Keywords: Early Childhood Social skills, Outdoor Activities, Parenting Styles Reference: Azlina, W., & S., Z. A. (2012). A Pilot Study: The Impact of Outdoor Play Spaces on Kindergarten Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 38(December 2010), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.349 Bento, G., & Dias, G. (2017). The importance of outdoor play for young children's healthy development. Porto Biomedical Journal, 2(5), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2017.03.003 Beyer, K., Bizub, J., Szabo, A., Heller, B., Kistner, A., Shawgo, E., & Zetts, C. (2015). Development and validation of the attitudes toward outdoor play scales for children. Social Science and Medicine, 133, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.033 Boxberger, K., & Reimers, A. K. 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The civil-art position of the Ukrainian Neoclassics in the 20-th years of the XX century between the European Eastand the West is considered at the article. On the basis of the scientific – art material of neoclassics is determined, that theposition isn't single -valued and original. The East and the West as the political categories are considered negative (becauseof their antihuman and colonial character), but in the sphere of the cultural categories – as the equal parts, based on theEuropean cultural tradition's axiology. The neoclassic demonstrated the desire to unite the European culture, divided onthe East and West, and they underlined also the positive role of the culture in the cognitive, educational, outlook, historical,ethical and political aspects. The component of the position add such priorities as rule of the variety in unity, the superiorityof the traditional, universalism, patriotism and the superiority of the esthetic – ethic criterions in the literature and artphenomena estimation. Through the prism of their position is seen the conception, in which the group of actual problemsis raisen (of the background of the creator, of the identity of the nation, of the system of values of the Ukrainian societyand the european community), and also the ideas : in details of the cultural community of the European nations, the unityof the variety, the fight for the rights of the national culture and of the creative personality on the independent development(the independent of somebodies interference and restrictions), of the equality of the international cultural links in themultinational world. References1. Dоntsov, Д. 1929. "Rosiia chy Yevropa?". Literaturno-Nаukovyi Vіstnyk, 1. Lviv.2. Drai-Khmara, M. 1969. Vybrane. 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Mirchuk, I. 1994. Іstoriia Ukrainskoi Kultury. Miunkhen – Lviv: Ukrainskyi Vilnyi Universytet.20. Naienko, M. 2008. "«Miatezhnyi Henii» Literatury i Zhertva Komunistychnoho Bozhevilla". Vitchyzna 11–12: 36–40.21. Polonska-Vasylenko, N. 2003. "Kyiv Chasiv M. Zerova i P. Fylypovycha". In Kyivski Neoklasyky, edited byV. Aheieva, 175–194. Kyiv: Fakt.22. Rylskyi, M. 1985. Zibrannia Tvoriv u Dvadtsiaty Tomakh, 12. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka.23. Rylskyi, M. 1955. Pro Poeziiu Adama Mitskevycha. Kyiv: Derzhlitvydav Ukrainy.24. Rylskyi, M. 1956. Tvory v Triokh Tomach, 3. Kyiv, 293–312.25. Siryk, L. 2013. Prahnennia Yevropy. Tvorchist Kyivskykh Neoklasykiv. Lublin: UМКS.26. Fylypovych, P. 1991. Literaturno-Krytychni Statti. Kyiv: Dnipro.27. Shchupak, S. 1933. "Neprykhovanyi Formalizm i Natsionalizm". Коmunist, 119 (9. 05.): 5.28. Lindekugel, J. 2003. Vielfalt der Dichtarten im Werk von Oswald Burghardt (Jurij Kłen). Kassel: UniversityPress. ; Розглядається мистецько-громадянська позиція українських неокласиків 20-их рр. ХХ ст. На основі науковохудожнього матеріалу виявлено, що вона неоднозначна і своєрідна. Схід і Захід як політичні категорії трактуютьсянегативно (з огляду на їх антигуманний і колонізаторський характер), натомість у ролі культурних категорій – якрівноцінні частини, базовані на аксіології європейської культурної традиції. Митці демонстрували прагненняєднати європейську культуру, розбиту на Схід і Захід. Вони наголошували на позитивній ролі культури впізнавальному, виховному, світоглядному, етичному, історичному і політичному контекстах. Серед складовихпозиції неокласиків виділяються такі пріоритети, як традиціоналізм, універсалізм, патріотизм, примат естетикоетичних критеріїв в оцінці літератури та мистецьких явищ. 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La presente tesis tiene por objetivo realizar una minuciosa investigación sobre las ventajas e inconvenientes de la dación en pago, equilibrando las dos partes del procedimiento de ejecución hipotecaria (acreedor y deudor hipotecario). En primer lugar, se ha hecho un análisis exhaustivo de todas aquellas normas legales, doctrina y jurisprudencia que regulan la protección de los deudores hipotecarios, así como la normativa que suspende los lanzamientos hasta el año 2020. En segundo lugar, se ha utilizado el tipo de preguntas y respuestas a fin de solventar todas aquellas cuestiones que en la vida cotidiana suelen ocurrir y se ha explicado el iter procesal que se sigue en un procedimiento de ejecución hipotecaria, señalando los motivos de oposición que el deudor podrá alegar en tal caso, así como la estructura que tiene tanto una demanda de ejecución hipotecaria como la oposición a la misma. En tercer lugar, se ha aludido a los sistemas de ordenación de la propiedad inmueble en otros países, haciendo especial hincapié al derecho inglés por las particularidades que ostenta en comparación con el derecho español y que resultan totalmente ilustrativas y de gran ejemplo para España al proteger a ambas partes y conseguir ayudas gubernamentales para solventar las situaciones de aquellas personas que en un momento dado de su vida no pueden hacer frente a la deuda que contrajeron. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente no es otro que la investigación dirigida a evitar la desgracia económica que han sufrido muchas familias con ocasión de la crisis inmobiliaria, realizando al efecto una serie de conclusiones y propuestas, ambas basadas en un estudio de investigación legal, doctrinal y jurisprudencial profundo. No hay que olvidar que todo tiene su origen en un préstamo hipotecario concedido por la entidad acreedora, (en España bancos o cajas de ahorro y en Inglaterra, además de bancos, entidades locales y building societies, sociedades industriales y económicas, sociedades de previsión social y fiduciarios, entre otros) que debió ser explicado de forma previa a la contratación, en concreto, debió informarse de los escenarios positivos y negativos que se podían producir en caso de incumplimiento, así como no incluir cláusulas declaradas absolutamente abusivas, tanto por el Tribunal Supremo como por el Tribunal de Unión Europea, entre otros. Dichas cláusulas son las relativas a la cláusula suelo, gastos hipotecarios o vencimiento anticipado, por nombrar algunas, en las que el Banco, en una posición dominante hizo que el consumidor se adhiriera a ellas, sin posibilidad de negociación. La nulidad de las mismas no implicará la nulidad del contrato por completo, sino que se tendrán por no puestas. Por ello, a la entidad bancaria se le exige un grado de diligencia superior que al hombre medio, muy cercana a la responsabilidad por riesgo del profesional dada su experiencia profesional en la actividad financiera. A consecuencia de ello, serán muchos los supuestos en los que la oposición a la ejecución hipotecaria acabará en éxito para la parte deudora, sin perjuicio de la suspensión acordada en estos procedimientos por los Tribunales a día de hoy. De ahí, que resulte más equitativo para un Estado de Derecho como el que vivimos que en caso de incumplimiento, la entidad acreedora solo pueda reclamar judicialmente el impago cuando el mismo represente un porcentaje de la totalidad y en ningún caso tres cuotas como indica en la actualidad la propia Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil. Interesa destacar propuestas tales como la unificación de normativa en transparencia bancaria a nivel europeo, debiendo ser facilitada por el Banco Central Europeo a fin de lograr que las medidas se apliquen por igual a todos los ciudadanos de la Unión, de modo eficiente y equitativo. Otra propuesta que sería de gran interés para la economía española y sobre todo para aquellos consumidores que soliciten préstamos hipotecarios en el futuro es la regulación de modelos escritos con las cláusulas contractuales adecuadas para evitar aquellas abusivas que imponen obligaciones y gastos al prestatario pero no a la parte prestamista. Otras propuestas de lege ferenda que se encuentra en la tesis aluden a la necesidad de que se produzca la inversión de la regla del artículo 140 de la Ley Hipotecaria, así como impedir que sea el Banco el que se adjudique la vivienda por un precio inferior al valor de tasación, debiendo cubrirse correctamente las lagunas que siguen patentes y que son gravemente perjudiciales para el ciudadano de a pie". This thesis aims to carry out a thorough investigation of the advantages and disadvantages of the dation in payment, balancing the two parts of the foreclosure procedure (creditor and mortgage debtor). Firstly, an exhaustive analysis has been made about all those legal norms, doctrine and jurisprudence that regulate the protection of mortgage debtors, as well as the regulations that suspend launches until the year 2020. Secondly, it has been used the type of questions and answers in order to solve all those issues that in the everyday life usually happen. In addition to that it has also been explained the procedure in a mortgage execution, pointing out the reasons that the debtor may argue in such a case, as well as the structure that has both a demand of mortgage execution and the opposition to it. Thirdly, reference has been made to real estate management systems in other countries, with special emphasis on English law because of the peculiarities it has in comparison with Spanish law, which are totally illustrative and a great example for Spain. That's because such a law protects both parties and gets government aid to solve the situations of those people who at a certain moment of their lives could not cope with the debt they incurred in. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is a research aimed at avoiding the economic misfortune suffered by many families during the real estate crisis. Moreover, within the thesis are proposed several concluding and different ideas and proposals, both based on a legal research study, with doctrinal and jurisprudential fundamentals. It should not be forgotten that everything has its origin in a mortgage loan granted by the creditor entity, (in Spain, Banks or local savings Banks (cajas), and in England, in addition to banks, local entities and building societies, industrial and economic societies, social welfare societies and fiduciaries, among others). That's why it should have been explained the risk prior to the hiring, in particular, it should have had to be informed of the positive and negative scenarios that could occur in case of non-compliance, as well as not include clauses declared absolutely abusive, both by the Court Supreme as by the European Union Court, among others. Those clauses are the so-called "interest rate floors", mortgage expenses or advanced maturity, to name a few, in which the Bank, in a dominant position, caused the consumer to adhere to them, without possibility of negotiation. The nullity of those clauses will not imply the contract nullity in full, but the consideration of "not set". Therefore, banks are required a higher degree of diligence than regular people, very close to the risk liability of the professional given their professional experience in financial activity. Hence, the aforementioned scenario is more equitable for the Spanish State that in case of default, in which the creditor can only claim the default if it represents a percentage of the total amount, and in no case three quotas as indicated in the Civil Procedure Law. It is important to highlight proposals such as rules unification in bank transparency at European level, which also must be provided by the European Central Bank in order to ensure that the measures are applied equally to all Union citizens, in an efficient and Equitable way. Another proposal that that would be very interesting to Spanish economy and especially for consumers who apply for mortgage loans in the future is the regulation of "written models" with the appropriate contractual clauses to avoid those abusive clauses because these clauses impose obligations and expenses on the borrower but not on the lender party. Other "lege ferenda" proposals explained in this thesis allude to the need of reversing the 140th Article of the Mortgage Law, as well as the need of preventing the Bank from self-adjudicating housing in a lower price than its appraised value. The ideas and proposals within this thesis could help to bridge the gap in matters that are seriously and negatively affecting ordinary citizens."

Torture is a relevant issue in human interactions for its pervasiveness, gravity and tremendous consequences. Unfortunately is still remains a reality in many countries of the world. This presentation aims approach to the concept of torture and the situation of torture in Portugal and worldwide; analyze international laws and ethical principles on documentation and investigation of torture; and address the contribution and importance of clinical forensic medical examination in these situations, how it best can be carried out and what kind of results may provide. There is no consensus about how to define torture but the most cited definitions in literature are those put forward by the World Medical Association and the United Nations. Both of these definitions include severe physical and psychological forms of suffering and require coercive intent by perpetrators with the consent or acquiescence of state authorities. The prohibition of Torture is absolute and applies to all times and in all circumstances. This prohibition is present in several international treaties and agreements. In 1984 the United Nations adopted the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment highlighting the particular attention given to this absolute prohibition, creating a legally-binding document and providing additional rules to assist in prevention and investigation of allege cases of torture. Nevertheless, between January 2009 and May 2013, Amnesty International received reports of torture and other ill-treatment committed by state officials in 141 countries, and from every world region. This only indicates cases reported to or known by the organization and does not necessarily reflect the full extent of torture worldwide. Besides forbidding it, International law also obliges states to investigate allegations of torture and to punish those responsible. It also requires that victims are able to obtain reparation. One of the major challenges in accomplishing this is to obtain sufficient evidence in cases against perpetrators. If there is no proof that torture took place, a climate of impunity can come to exist and the practice will endure. Medico-legal reports are a way of gathering evidence of torture. Even in countries where a fair trial is rare, medico-legal documentation strengthens the victims' position since it becomes more difficult to disregard the complaint. The area of application of the medico-legal reports is not restricted to medico-legal investigation. It can be broadened to the investigation and documentation of other violations of human rights in national and international legal proceedings, and monitoring such as cases of asylum seekers, cases of forced confessions through torture, identification of therapeutic needs of victims and the need for reparation and redress by the state. There are also a role for it in activities like research, advocacy and lobbying. Therefore, participation and support of health professionals are of crucial importance for the abolition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Ensuring that doctors are aware of how to perform a medico-legal report and how to use it in legal proceedings is a needed step forward in the prevention of torture. Because a large of the large number and the severe suffering of many survivors, the question of torture should become a part of health care curricula. ; A tortura é uma questão relevante nas interações humanas pela sua perversidade, gravidade e consequências tremendas. Infelizmente ainda continua a ser uma realidade em muitos países do mundo. O objectivo principal deste trabalho é o de proceder à elaboração de um texto que permita aos profissionais de saúde, adquirirem com a sua leitura uma rápida percepção do que é tortura e os maus tratos, do enquadramento legal destas situações e do potencial que uma adequada abordagem do ponto de vista médico pode proporcionar para uma correta identificação de tais práticas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procede inicialmente a uma revisão do conceito de tortura e da situação da tortura a nível mundial e ao nível de Portugal. Seguidamente, efetua uma breve análise das leis internacionais relativas à investigação e documentação de tortura e aborda as questões éticas levantadas por esta temática. Por último analisa o contributo do exame médico-legal nestas situações, como pode ser realizado e quais as mais valias que pode proporcionar. Não há consenso sobre como definir a tortura mas as definições mais citadas na literatura são as fornecidas pela Associação Médica Mundial e pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Ambas incluem formas físicas e psicológicas graves de sofrimento e exigem uma intenção coerciva por parte dos agressores, com o consentimento ou aquiescência das autoridades do Estado. A definição da Organização das Nações Unidas exige ainda que a agressão seja perpetuada especificamente por membros do, ou ao serviço do, Governo ou por forças militares ou policiais pertencentes ao Estado. Há também outras práticas que, apesar de não estarem incluídas nas definições de tortura, são um ataque à vida humana em toda a sua dignidade. Este outro tratamento cruel, desumano e degradante, que será referido neste trabalho como "maus-tratos", também tem a intenção de expor os indivíduos a condições que causam sofrimento físico ou mental significativo, mas sem um propósito específico. As pessoas vítimas desta prática, serão neste trabalho equiparadas a vítimas de tortura. A proibição da tortura e maus-tratos é absoluta e aplica-se a todos os momentos e em todas as circunstâncias. Esta proibição está presente em diversos tratados, acordos internacionais e o direito a estar livre de tortura é contemplado na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem. Em 1984, as Nações Unidas adoptaram a Convenção Contra a Tortura e Outros Tratamentos Cruéis, Desumanos, Degradantes ou de Punição (CAT) destacando a particular atenção dada a esta proibição absoluta. Este é um documento juridicamente vinculativo que prevê regras adicionais para auxiliar na prevenção e investigação de alegados casos de tortura. Apesar de todas as normas e tratados que contemplam a proibição de tortura, esta continua a ser ainda uma prática comum e mundialmente disseminada. Entre Janeiro de 2009 e Maio de 2013, a Amnistia Internacional recebeu relatos de tortura e outros maus-tratos cometidos por funcionários do Estado em 141 países, e de todas as regiões do mundo. Isso só indica casos notificados ou conhecidos pela organização, e não reflecte necessariamente a extensão total da tortura em todo o mundo. Portugal não é excepção a isto. Além de proibir a prática de tortura, a lei Internacional obriga também os Estados a investigar alegações de tortura e a punir os responsáveis. Requer ainda que as vítimas possam ser ressarcidas da forma mais completa possível. Um dos principais desafios na realização disto é a obtenção de elementos de prova suficientes em casos contra os agressores. Se não há nenhuma prova de que a tortura ocorreu, um clima de impunidade pode vir a existir e a prática será perpetuada. Relatórios médico-legais são uma forma de apresentar provas de tortura. Mesmo em países onde um julgamento justo é raro, a documentação médico-legal fortalece a posição das vítimas tornando mais difícil ignorar a acusação Para mais, médicos da área dos cuidados de saúde primários são importantes detectores na identificação das vítimas. Eles podem encontrar sobreviventes de tortura em contextos de cuidados primários ou nos serviços de urgência e emergência médica, e serem quem inicia o encaminhamento para o tratamento destas vítimas e acciona os mecanismos legais necessários. A área de aplicação dos relatórios médico-legais não se restringe à investigação médico-legal. Estes podem ser utilizados na investigação e documentação de outras violações dos direitos humanos, em processos judiciais nacionais e internacionais. Podem ter ainda um papel importante em casos de requerentes de asilo, na identificação das necessidades terapêuticas das vítimas e da necessidade de reparação e reparação por parte do Estado. Há também um papel para ele em atividades como pesquisa, advocacia e lobby. Portanto, a participação e apoio de profissionais de saúde é de importância crucial para a abolição da tortura e outras formas de maus-tratos. Garantir que os médicos estão cientes de como executar um relatório médico-legal e como usá-lo em processos judiciais é um passo necessário na prevenção da tortura. Dado a grande quantidade de pessoas vítimas desta prática e o papel preponderante dos médicos na sua prevenção, a abordagem da tortura e o exame médico-legal deveriam tornar-se parte dos currículos das escolas médicas.

The justice system of the Cisplatine Province was marked by the complexities of an administration to have had its very organization (especially in the higher reaches) modified under Portuguese rule. Such shifts also affected trials regulated by specific provisions and ordinances particularly targeting the responsibilities of members of the army. Such an advantageous condition for Lusitanic soldiers was also enhanced by the enforcement of certain jurisdictions, particularly that of military jurisdiction. Such jurisdiction traditionally served to restrict the civil courts' powers over soldiers, even in cases of 'common" crimes. The present article seeks to analyze the tensions between the military and criminal justice systems in the Cisplatine Province, occupied first by the Portuguese army and later by the Brazilian army. It also analyzes how military jurisdiction was often harnessed to limit civil jurisdiction, ensuring a more benign treatment that could even culminate in the impunity of the soldiers involved. A study of the criminal justice system's records reveals the complexities of a process that very often affected those under investigation by means of delayed trials, incurring significant infringements on personal liberty and economic hardship for their families. The period under study has been extended to 1830, thus moving beyond that of the Luso-Brazilian administration. This allows us not only to analyze more prolonged causes, but also to deepen our knowledge on the ruptures and continuities in the administration of justice. ; La justicia de la Provincia Oriental estuvo marcada por las complejidades de una administración que vio modificada su organización (especialmente en las instancias superiores) a partir del dominio portugués. Los cambios también incluyeron aspectos procesales regulados por disposiciones y ordenanzas específicas que apuntaron especialmente a las responsabilidades de los integrantes de su ejército. A esta suerte de 'salvaguarda" para los soldados lusitanos se sumó la vigencia de fueros específicos. En el caso particular del fuero militar, como ocurrió tradicionalmente limitó el accionar de la justicia civil sobre los soldados aún en casos de delitos 'comunes". El presente artículo aspira a analizar las tensiones existentes entre la justicia militar y la criminal en la Provincia Oriental ocupada por el ejército portugués y luego el brasileño. Analizar como el uso del fuero muchas veces fue empleado para restringir la competencia civil asegurando un trato más benigno que podría incluso culminar con la impunidad de los soldados imputados. El estudio de los expedientes de la justicia criminal revela las complejidades de un proceso, que frecuentemente también afectó a los indagados con una dilación de los juicios que conllevaba la extensa privación de libertad y las penurias económicas de sus familias. Se ha optado por extender el período estudiado más allá de la administración luso-brasileña llevándola hasta 1830. Esto no solo permitió el seguimiento de causas que se prolongaron en el tiempo sino avanzar también en el conocimiento de las rupturas y las continuidades de la administración de justicia. ; La justice de la Province orientale a été marquée par la complexité d'une administration qui a vu se modifier son organisation (principalement dans les instances supérieures) à partir de la domination portugaise. Les changements ont également inclus des aspects procéduraux régulés par des dispositions et ordonnances spécifiques visant principalement les responsabilités des membres de leur armée. À cette sorte de « sauvegarde » en faveur des soldats lusitains s'est ajoutée la mise en Å"uvre de juridictions spécifiques. Dans le cas particulier de la juridiction militaire, il s'est agi, comme cela était traditionnellement le cas, de limiter les prérogatives de la justice civile, même dans les cas de délits « communs » commis par des soldats. Le présent article analyse les tensions existantes entre la justice militaire et la justice criminelle dans la Province orientale occupée par l'armée portugaise puis brésilienne. On s'intéressera à la manière dont les juridictions spécifiques ont été employées pour restreindre la compétence civile et garantir un traitement beaucoup plus clément des soldats culminant parfois en une impunité pure et simple. L'étude des archives de la justice criminelle révèle la complexité d'un processus qui a également fréquemment affecté les accusés en raison d'un allongement des jugements menant à de longues privations de liberté et à l'appauvrissement de leur famille. On a choisi d'étendre la période étudiée jusqu'en 1830, soit au-delà de la seule administration luso-brésilienne. Cela a non seulement permis de suivre des causes qui se sont prolongées dans le temps, mais également d'avancer dans la connaissance des ruptures et des continuités de l'administration de la justice. ; A Justiça da Província Oriental foi marcada pelas complexidades de uma administração que viu a respectiva organização modificada (especialmente nas instâncias superiores), posteriormente ao domínio português. As mudanças igualmente incluíram aspectos processuais regulamentados por disposições e decisões específicas, as quais remetiam particularmente às responsabilidades dos membros do respectivo exército. A essa sorte de 'salvaguarda" para os soldados lusitanos agregou-se a validação de fóruns específicos. No caso particular do fórum militar, tal como tradicionalmente ocorrido, limitou-se o acionamento da Justiça Civil para os soldados, ainda que se tratasse de delitos 'comuns". O presente artigo analisa as tensões entre as justiças militar e criminal na Província Oriental primeiramente ocupada pelo exército português e depois pelo exército brasileiro. Ele analisa como a determinação do fórum foi frequentemente empregada para restringir a competência civil, assegurando assim um tratamento mais condescendente e até passível de culminar com a impunidade dos soldados acusados. O estudo dos casos da Justiça Criminal revela as complexidades de um processo que, de modo recorrente, igualmente afetou os investigados com uma dilação nos julgamentos, acarretando extensa privação de liberdade e dificuldades econômicas para as respectivas famílias. Optamos por estender o período estudado para além da administração luso-brasileira, levando-o até 1830. 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ABSTRACT In the present work the criteria for determining the amount of civil reparation in the application of the Principle of Opportunity by the Provincial Criminal Prosecutors of San Martin - Tarapoto during the years 2014 - 2016 have been investigated in order to determine what are those Criteria when evaluating the amount of civil damages. This research was carried out by conducting surveys of judges, prosecutors and lawyers who have applied the Opportunity Principle in the Tarapoto prosecutors during the years 2014 - 2016; Obtaining the following results, in the table No. 01 before the question: During the time in which you are in the position, you have applied the Principle of Opportunity, solving, promoting or requesting, according to your position, before any case that is Judges answer YES that means 50%, prosecutors respond YES which means 28.6% and lawyers respond YES with 13.3%, then their answer is NO in judges with 50%, prosecutors answer NO with a 71.4% % And lawyers respond NOT with 86.7% In Table Nº 2 we can observe that 100% of Sample 1 (Criminal Judges) indicated that the percentage of usefulness that the Principle of Opportunity has obtained in the criminal proceedings in which they have participated Has been low; On the other hand, 14.3% of Sample 2 (Provincial Prosecutors) indicated that the percentage of utility has been high, 28.6% indicated that it was average, another 28.6% indicated that it was low and the remaining 28.6% indicated that it has Been very low; Likewise, it is observed that only 8.3% of Sample 3 (Lawyers) indicated that the percentage of their utility has been medium, whereas 66.7% indicated that it has been low and 25% that it has been very low. Table 3 shows that 100% of Sample 1 (Criminal Judges) considers that the application of the Opportunity Principle in criminal proceedings is good; On the other hand, only 57% of Sample 2 (Provincial Prosecutors) consider that its application is good, 14% consider it regular, another 14% that is bad and the remaining 14% consider it bad; Likewise, only 36% of Sample 3 (Lawyers) consider that the application of the Opportunity Principle in criminal proceedings is good, 42% consider it regular and 22% that it is bad. In Table 4 we can see that 50% of Sample 1 (Criminal Judges), in study, believes that the reason why the Opportunity Principle is not effectively applied in criminal proceedings is because of ignorance of the norm, and The other 50% believe it is because their application is not mandatory. In Table 5 we can see that 71% of Sample 2 (Provincial Prosecutors), in study, points out that the reason why they do not frequently solicit or promote the application of the Opportunity Principle in criminal proceedings that are susceptible of Its application is because its application is not mandatory, and 29% indicate that other reasons. In Table 6 we can observe that 19% of Sample 3 (Lawyers), under study, points out that the reason why they do not frequently request the application of the Opportunity Principle in the criminal proceedings they sponsor and that they are susceptible of Its application is due to ignorance of the norm, 28% indicate that it is because its application is not mandatory, 17% indicates that it is because the rule is not clear and complete for its application in criminal proceedings, 6% Because it requires a lot of processing or a long time in its execution, another 17% indicates that it is because the effects that its application produces are beneficial or favorable and a last 14% indicates that it is for other reasons. The objective of this thesis was to establish the criteria that juridical operators take into account to establish the amount of civil reparation during the years 2013 - 2014 in the district of Tarapoto. This research is based on four chapters, so chapter I denominated Criminal Action analyzes concepts; Chapter II is called The Opportunity Principle; Chapter III explains Comparative Law where the German, North American, Argentine, and Colombian legislation is analyzed; Chapter IV is called the Principle of Opportunity in Peruvian legislation. ; RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se ha investigado los criterios para la determinación del monto de la reparación civil en la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad por las Fiscalias Provinciales Penales Corporativas de San Martin – Tarapoto durante los años 2014 – 2016 con el propósito de determinar cuáles son esos criterios al momento de evaluar el monto de la reparación civil. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo realizando encuestas a jueces, fiscales y abogados que hayan aplicado el Principio de Oportunidad en las fiscalías de Tarapoto durante los años 2014 – 2016; obteniendo los siguientes resultados, en el cuadro N° 01 ante la pregunta: ¿Durante el tiempo que se desempeña en el cargo, Ud. ha aplicado el Principio de Oportunidad, resolviendo, promoviendo o solicitándolo, según su cargo, ante algún caso que se encontraba en instancia judicial?, jueces responden SI que significa el 50%, fiscales responden SI que significa el 28.6% y abogados responden SI con el 13.3%, luego su respuesta es NO en jueces con un 50%, fiscales responden NO con un 71.4% y abogados responden NO con un 86.7% En el cuadro Nº 2 podemos observar que el 100% de la Muestra 1 (Jueces Penales) indicó que el porcentaje de utilidad que el Principio de Oportunidad ha obtenido en los procesos penales en los cuales han participado ha sido bajo; de otro lado, un 14.3% de la Muestra 2 (Fiscales Provinciales) indicó que el porcentaje de utilidad ha sido alto, un 28.6% indicó que ha sido medio, otro 28.6% indicó que ha sido bajo y el restante 28.6% indicó que ha sido muy bajo; de igual manera, se observa que sólo un 8.3% de la Muestra 3 (Abogados) indicó que el porcentaje de su utilidad ha sido medio, en cambio un 66.7% indicó que ha sido bajo y un 25% que ha sido muy bajo .En el cuadro Nº 3 podemos observar que el 100% de la Muestra 1 (Jueces Penales) considera que la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad en un proceso penal es buena; en cambio, sólo un 57% de la Muestra 2 (Fiscales Provinciales) considera que su aplicación es buena, un 14% considera que es regular, otro 14% que es mala y el restante 14% considera que es pésima; de igual manera, sólo un 36% de la Muestra 3 (Abogados) considera que la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad en un proceso penal es buena, un 42% considera que regular y un 22% que es mala. En el cuadro Nº 4 podemos observar que el 50% de la Muestra 1 (Jueces Penales), en estudio, cree que el motivo por el cual no se aplica eficazmente el Principio de Oportunidad en los procesos penales es por desconocimiento de la norma, y el otro 50% cree que es porque su aplicación no es obligatoria. En el cuadro Nº 5 podemos observar que el 71% de la Muestra 2 (Fiscales Provinciales), en estudio, señala que el motivo por el cual no solicitan o promueven con frecuencia la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad en los procesos penales que son susceptibles de su aplicación es porque su aplicación no es obligatoria, y el 29% señala que son otros los motivos. En el cuadro Nº 6 podemos observar que un 19% de la Muestra 3 (Abogados), en estudio, señala que el motivo por el cual no solicitan con frecuencia la aplicación del Principio de Oportunidad en los procesos penales que patrocinan y que son susceptibles de su aplicación es por desconocimiento de la norma, un 28% señala que es porque su aplicación no es obligatoria, un 17% señala que es porque la norma no es clara ni completa para su aplicación en un proceso penal, un 6% señala que es porque requiere mucho trámite o mucho tiempo en su ejecución, en cambio otro 17% señala que es porque los efectos que produce su aplicación son beneficiosos ni favorables y un último 14% señala que es por otros motivos. El objetivo de esta tesis era establecer los criterios que tienen en cuenta los operadores jurídicos para establecer el monto de la reparación civil durante los años 2013 – 2014 en el distrito de Tarapoto. Esta investigación se sustenta en cuatro capítulos, así el capítulo I denominado La Acción Penal se analizan conceptos; en el capítulo II se denomina El Principio de Oportunidad, en el capítulo III se explica El Derecho Comparado en donde se analiza la legislación Alemana, Norte América, Argentina y Colombia; en el capítulo IV se denomina el Principio de Oportunidad en la legislación Peruana. ; Tesis

Por razones de política criminal, y de situaciones de momento se crean y modifican constantemente por el legislador quien está facultado constitucionalmente para así realizarlo, tipos penales y sanciones. Uno de los más recientes casos es la expedición de la Ley 1773 de 2016, en la que se pretende sancionar las lesiones con agentes químicos, acido y/o sustancias similares. Pero esta modificación tiene una particularidad respecto a su primer parágrafo en el que el legislador señala que en los casos en los que se cometa esta conducta por personas con calidad de inimputables y a los cuales por su misma calidad se les imponga medida de seguridad, la misma no podrá ser inferior a la pena ya prevista en el tipo penal. Es desde este punto en particular donde partimos y del cual tomamos como referente para nuestra investigación y del cual no solo puede realizarse un estudio de elementos del tipo y de las características o situaciones en las que respondería como inimputable una persona, pero más que todo en el estudio de los fundamentos constitucionales que permiten y facultan para la imposición de penas y de medidas de seguridad, al igual que los fines de esta pena en concordancia con la constitución tienen en Colombia. Sin duda las investigaciones de este tipo, en el que se hace un estudio del tipo penal, tienen un objetivo específico, el cual es fijar los lineamientos en los que el tipo penal actúa, es decir, la postura legal que salvaguarda de bienes jurídicos, sus elementos, características, en que se diferencia con otros tipos penales que protegen un mismo bien jurídico, de igual forma es de vital importancia que al tener conocimiento completo y real de un tipo penal, se dé la posibilidad para los juristas, abogados en ejercicio y las personas posiblemente involucradas en un tipo de proceso (llámese víctima o indiciado), de tener la posibilidad y la obligación de conocer de forma completa la aplicación que se va a dar del tipo penal, la integridad del mismo y su respectiva sanción. Lo anterior mencionado se puede deslumbrar mediante la utilización del método cualitativo de investigación, que no tocaremos muy a fondo dado que se da un espacio específico para el desarrollo del mismo, mas sin embargo podemos mencionar que mediante este enfoque cualitativo se realiza una recolección de datos o de información relacionada por el tema a investigar y que mediante esta recopilación de información se da el descubrimiento de las preguntas a fines a la investigación. 95 Es importante resaltar la importancia que tiene esta investigación, frente a una realidad constante en nuestra sociedad. No es mentira que el órgano legislativo en muchas ocasiones adopta leyes bajo la presión de situaciones de momento y bajo la necesidad inminente de generar cambios, pero que en muchas situaciones no se cumple con las expectativas fugaces, generando incompatibilidades o vacíos jurídicos, en los que se dejan incógnitas e inquietudes sobre la aplicación de una norma, su validez, su aplicación en la cantidad infinita de situaciones que pueden ocurrir en su entorno y que es de gran importancia tener un conocimiento integral de la misma, para la oportuna protección de derechos y bienes jurídicos. Sin embargo esta investigación no va enfocada a la comparación de tipos penales o a criticar la política criminal adoptada por el legislativo, sino a un ámbito de estudio detallado sobre la existencia de fundamentos constitucionales para la imposición de penas y sanciones y se están cumpliendo dichos pilares en la realidad material de las normas y de los tipos penales. Esperamos que mediante este espacio de investigación y estudio se dé la posibilidad de deslumbrar muchas inquietudes que han surgido a raíz de la creación de un tipo penal que primero es muy nuevo y que inmerso trae consecuencias para personas con calidad de inimputables a los cuales sin duda se les está vulnerando un derecho por la exigencia de una responsabilidad a la cual ellos no se les puede atribuir, y esto se da mediante la imposición de una sanción que excede los límites permitidos para la medida de seguridad y en remplazo se les impone una sanción con carácter de pena mas no de medida de seguridad puesto que se estipula directamente un mínimo que será la que plantee el tipo penal. ; For reasons of criminal policy, and situations at the moment, criminal types and sanctions are constantly created and modified by the legislator who is constitutionally empowered to do so. One of the most recent cases is the issuance of Law 1773 of 2016, in which it is intended to punish injuries with chemical agents, acid and / or similar substances. But this modification has a particularity with respect to its first paragraph in which the legislator indicates that in the cases in which this conduct is committed by persons with the quality of unimpeachable and to whom due to their very quality a security measure is imposed, the same It may not be less than the penalty already provided for in the criminal type. It is from this particular point where we start and from which we take as a reference for our research and from which not only can a study of elements of the type and characteristics or situations in which a person would respond as unimpeachable, but more than anything in the study of the constitutional foundations that allow and empower the imposition of penalties and security measures, as well as the purposes of this penalty in accordance with the constitution in Colombia. Undoubtedly, investigations of this type, in which a study of the criminal type is made, have a specific objective, which is to set the guidelines in which the criminal type acts, that is, the legal position that safeguards legal assets, its elements, characteristics, in that it differs from other criminal types that protect the same legal asset, in the same way it is of vital importance that having complete and real knowledge of a criminal type, the possibility is given for jurists, practicing lawyers and the people possibly involved in a type of process (call it victim or accused), to have the possibility and the obligation to fully know the application that is going to be given of the criminal type, its integrity and its respective sanction. The aforementioned can be dazzled through the use of the qualitative research method, which we will not touch very thoroughly since there is a specific space for its development, but nevertheless we can mention that through this qualitative approach a data collection is carried out or information related to the topic to be investigated and that through this collection of information the discovery of the questions is given for the purpose of the investigation. It is important to highlight the importance of this research, in the face of a constant reality in our society. It is not a lie that the legislative body on many occasions adopts laws under the pressure of current situations and under the imminent need to generate changes, but that in many situations fleeting expectations are not met, generating incompatibilities or legal gaps, in which unknowns and concerns are left about the application of a norm, its validity, its application in the infinite number of situations that may occur in its environment and that it is of great importance to have a comprehensive knowledge of it, for the timely protection of rights and legal assets. However, this research is not focused on the comparison of criminal offenses or on criticizing the criminal policy adopted by the legislature, but rather on a detailed study area on the existence of constitutional grounds for the imposition of penalties and sanctions and these pillars are being met in the material reality of the rules and criminal offenses. We hope that through this space of research and study there will be the possibility of dazzling many concerns that have arisen as a result of the creation of a criminal type that is first very new and that immersed brings consequences for people with the quality of unimpeachable to whom without a doubt A right is being violated by the requirement of a responsibility to which they cannot be attributed, and this is given through the imposition of a sanction that exceeds the limits allowed for the security measure and instead a sanction is imposed. with the character of a penalty but not a security measure since a minimum is directly stipulated that will be the one that the criminal type raises.

[spa] El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la armonización fiscal en la Comunidad Andina (CAN), y pretende dar respuesta a la interrogante acerca del grado de cumplimiento de las Decisiones comunitarias sobre armonización de impuestos directos e indirectos. Si bien es cierto, que en la CAN, desde muy temprano se dio inicio a este proceso, no fue hasta 1989 cuando se planteó el retomar el tratamiento de este tema, poniendo en marcha un ambicioso programa de trabajo que culminó con la aprobación de un conjunto de Decisiones comunitarias con las cuales se dio inicio al proceso de armonización de la tributación indirecta, las cuales dieron paso a la aprobación de otro conjunto de Decisiones con las que se sentaron las bases de la armonización de los impuestos tipo valor agregado y selectivo al consumo, así como de los impuestos a la renta y al patrimonio. Esta labor armonizadora que le fue encomendada a la Comisión y la Secretaría General, también ha recibido contribuciones de parte del Tribunal de Justicia de la CAN, quienes en cumplimiento de sus respectivas atribuciones, han llevado adelante una serie de actividades tendentes a acercar las legislaciones de los Países miembros en esta materia. Hasta donde conocemos, son pocos los trabajos que analizan de forma directa el proceso de armonización fiscal en la CAN. Esta ausencia de estudios específicos sobre armonización fiscal en esta organización internacional es sorprendente, dado que la CAN representa, tras la Unión Europea, una de las organizaciones internacionales más desarrolladas, integrada por órganos e instituciones comunitarias, así como por un conjunto de normas de Derecho comunitario. La poca dedicación que la doctrina ha prestado al estudio de la armonización fiscal en la CAN pone en evidencia la necesidad de estudiar y atender esta temática. Así, con este trabajo se pretende aportar mayor claridad en la comprensión de este tema, de tal manera que pueda constituirse en un punto de partida en el análisis de la armonización fiscal en la CAN que día a día va cobrando mayor importancia. Para ello, se llevará adelante un análisis sucinto de los antecedentes, la situación actual y las perspectivas de la armonización de la tributación directa e indirecta en la CAN. Nuestro análisis evidencia que son 12 las Decisiones que la Comisión aprobó en esta materia; de entre estas, sólo cuatro hacen referencia de forma expresa a la armonización fiscal. Por otra parte, son 34 los procesos que el Tribunal de Justicia conoció en esta materia, de entre los que destacan por su importancia seis procesos ya que tuvieron gran relevancia en los lineamientos a seguir en la armonización negativa de la tributación directa e indirecta en la CAN. Por todo ello, es posible afirmar que se han dado los pasos necesarios para seguir avanzando en esta materia, aunque también es cierto que la armonización fiscal en la CAN es aún incipiente. ; [eng] The objective of this paper is to analyze the tax harmonization in the Andean Community (ANC) and seeking to answer the question about the degree of compliance with the Community Decisions on the harmonization of direct and indirect taxes. However, in the ANC, this process was initiated very early and it was not until 1989 that the treatment of this issue was restarted, putting in place an ambitious work program that culminated with the approval of a set of Community decisions with which the process of harmonization of indirect taxation began. This process gave way to the approval of another set of Decisions through which the basis for the harmonization of taxes on value added and selective consumption, as well as taxes on income and wealth was established. This harmonizing work entrusted to the Commission and the General Secretariat has also received contributions from the Court of Justice of the ANC, which, in accordance with their respective powers, have carried out a series of activities with the objective of approaching the legislations of the Member States in this area. As far as we know, there are few studies that directly analyze the process of tax harmonization in the ANC. This lack of specific studies on tax harmonization in this international organization is surprising given that the ANC represents one of the most developed international organizations, composed of European Community bodies and institutions, and a set of rules of law Community level. The little dedication that the doctrine has given to the study of tax harmonization in the ANC highlights the need to study and attend this research topic. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a broader understanding about this issue, so that it can be a starting point in the analysis of tax harmonization in the ANC, which is becoming more important day by day. To this end, a brief analysis of the background, the current situation and prospects of the harmonization of direct and indirect taxation in the ANC will be carried out. On one hand, our analysis shows that there are 12 Decisions that the Commission approved in this matter, of which only four expressly refer to tax harmonization. On the other hand, there are 34 cases that the Court had knowledge about, of which six processes stand out because of their importance in the guidelines to be followed in the negative harmonization of direct and indirect taxation in the ANC. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the necessary steps have been taken to continue making progress in this area, although it is also true that the fiscal harmonization in the ANC is still incipient. ; [cat] El present treball té per objectiu analitzar l'harmonització fiscal a la Comunitat Andina (CAN), i pretén donar resposta a la interrogant sobre el grau de compliment de les decisions comunitàries sobre harmonització d'impostos directes i indirectes. Si bé és cert, a la CAN, des de molt d'hora es va donar inici a aquest procés, no va ser fins a 1989 que es va plantejar el reinici del tractament d'aquest tema, posant en marxa un ambiciós programa de treball que va culminar amb l'aprovació d'un conjunt de Decisions comunitàries amb les quals es va donar inici al procés d'harmonització de la tributació indirecta, les quals van donar pas a l'aprovació d'un altre conjunt de Decisions amb les que es van establir les bases de l'harmonització dels impostos tipus valor afegit i selectiu al consum, així com dels impostos a la renda i al patrimoni. Aquesta tasca harmonitzadora que li va ser encomanada a la Comissió i la Secretaria General, també ha rebut contribucions de part del Tribunal de Justícia de la CAN, que en compliment de les seves respectives atribucions, han portat endavant un seguit d'activitats tendents a apropar les legislacions els Països membres en aquesta matèria. Fins on coneixem, són pocs els treballs que analitzen de forma directa el procés d'harmonització fiscal a la CAN. Aquesta absència d'estudis específics sobre harmonització fiscal en aquesta organització internacional és sorprenent, atès que la CAN representa, després de la Unió Europea, una de les organitzacions internacionals més desenvolupades, integrada per òrgans i institucions comunitàries, així com per un conjunt de normes de Dret comunitari. La poca dedicació que la doctrina ha prestat a l'estudi de l'harmonització fiscal a la CAN posa en evidència la necessitat d'estudiar i atendre aquesta temàtica. Així, amb aquest treball es pretén aportar més claredat en la comprensió d'aquest tema, de tal manera que pugui constituir-se en un punt de partida en l'anàlisi de l'harmonització fiscal a la CAN que dia a dia va cobrant major importància. Per a això, es durà endavant una anàlisi succinta dels antecedents, la situació actual i les perspectives de l'harmonització de la tributació directa i indirecta a la CAN. La nostra anàlisi evidencia que són 12 les Decisions que la Comissió va aprovar en aquesta matèria, d'entre aquestes, només quatre fan referència de forma expressa a l'harmonització fiscal. D'altra banda, són 34 els processos que el Tribunal de Justícia va conèixer en aquesta matèria, d'entre aquests, destaquen per la seva importància sis processos ja que van tenir gran importància en els lineaments a seguir en l'harmonització negativa de la tributació directa i indirecta en la CAN. Per tot això, és possible afirmar que s'han donat els passos necessaris per seguir avançant en aquesta matèria, tot i que també és cert que l'harmonització fiscal a la CAN és encara incipient.