Suchergebnisse

GECEM Project (ERC-Starting Grant), ref. 679371, under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, www.gecem.eu. ; https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003168058-18/goods-commodities-spanish-america-bartolom%C3%A9-yun-casalilla?context=ubx&refId=66fbcbb0-1b2e-4236-b63a-2e9eba872783 ; www.gecem.eu ; https://www.gecem.eu/publications/index.html ; This chapter shows that the introduction of Eurasian and African products in Latin America should be understood as one more phase in a longer wave of globalization across Eurasia, which had one of its pillars in the so-called medieval Islamic green revolution, of which Iberia was a cross-roads. Contrary to the model of ecological imperialism established by Crosby, the idea is defended that American globalization also meant the rise of very dynamic and hybrid ecosystems that would produce a new equilibrium and economic growth. The result is a more nuanced and constructive conception of ecological imperialism, which implied, on the other hand, a qualitative leap in the history of humanity that made America the main stage and the laboratory for the long-run development of unsustainable forms of exploitation. The complex mechanisms of diffusion and rejection of those products are also studied to underline how violence is inseparable from commerce or persuasion, as well as to what extent they are linked to deep social structural changes. The outcome is a path to consumerism that differs from the models normally used to understand what happened in Europe and a proposal to understand the history of consumption as inextricably associated with ecological history. ; GECEM Project (ERC-Starting Grant), ref. 679371, Horizon 2020, project hosted at UPO ; GECEM Project (ERC-Starting Grant), ref. 679371, Horizon 2020, project hosted at UPO

The Amazon soils demand high rates of fertilizer application to express high agricultural potential, making it necessary to carry out frequent monitoring of ecological functions and biogeochemical processes in this important biome. The concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn and contamination indexes were studied in Oxisol and Ultisols cultivated with citrus (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), at 26, 10 and 5 years of implantation, respectively. The potential risk of contamination was estimated by the enrichment (EF) and bioaccumulation (BAF) factors. Moderate enrichment of Ba, Pb and Zn (2 < ; EF < ; 5) and significant enrichment of As and Cu (5 < ; EF < ; 20) were observed. In addition, the following orders of bioaccumulation were found: oil palm—Cu > ; Zn > ; Hg > ; Ni > ; Ba > ; Co > ; As > ; Cr > ; Cd ≈ Pb ; black pepper—Zn > ; Hg > ; Cu > ; Ba > ; Ni > ; Co > ; Pb > ; > ; As > ; Cr > ; Cd ; and citrus—Hg > ; Ni > ; Ba > ; Zn > ; Co > ; Cu > ; As > ; Pb > ; > ; Cr > ; Cd. However, all elements are in concentrations below the prevention and investigation values established by Brazilian legislation, that is, the management practices in the crops studied are not contributing with damage to soil and human health risks.

This study reports the results of aflatoxins B/G monitoring in food of vegetal origin, imported in Southern Italy from extra-European Union countries. From 2017 to 2020, we analyzed 1675 samples using an accredited HPLC method with fluorescence detection. We found out 295 samples (17.6%) were contaminated by aflatoxin B1, 204 by aflatoxins B/G (12.2%), while 75 (4.5%) resulted non-compliant to maximum limits set by the European Union law. Most of the batches tested were unprocessed food; the distribution of contamination levels, incidence of non-compliant samples, inference for different kinds of food are reported. The study focuses on the food more susceptible to contamination by aflatoxins; nuts are the food more controlled, showing the higher number of non-compliant samples. Our study confirms that pistachio nuts, hazelnuts and almonds are the major sources of exposure for consumers. Still, other products, such as chili pepper and Brazil nuts, need to get more information about their contamination levels. The study's findings are discussed in the perspective of the last opinion by EFSA about chronic exposure to aflatoxins. A case study to evaluate not compliance of a composed food to the European Union law is reported.

To analyze the increase in government spending and expenditure as well as exports of Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY)'s mainstay commodities by 10% each to DIY's GRDP in a historical forecasting simulation and to analyze this increase against other variables in the model other than DIY's GRDP. The model of government spending and expenditure as well as the export of the mainstay commodity of DIY is formed by the form of a simultaneous equation system. The system describes the behavioral and identity equations of all endogenous and exogenous variables in the hope of producing parameter estimators that are theoretically and empirically appropriate. The developed model is dynamic by entering the endogenous Lag (L) variables into the behavioral equation. The increase in government spending and expenditure and an increase in DIY exports by 10% each can increase DIY's GDP by 9,608 IDR (million IDR) or a change of 0.60%. This increase led to an increase in regional and foreign investment by 72,042 IDR (million IDR) or 8.96%, employment of 16027 people or 1.11%, an increase in the value of technology 7,662 IDR (million IDR) or 5.23%, and the number of businesses 21 units or 0.55%.

Die Dissertation untersucht verschiedene Einflussfaktoren auf die Finanzierungskosten von Staaten. Dabei werden die Eurokrise, Rohstoffpreise und Klimawandel als drei wesentliche Einflussfaktoren herangezogen und deren empirische Wichtigkeit statistisch untersucht. Ein weiterer Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Integration von Finanzmärkten auf die Ausbreitung von Konjunkturzyklen.:Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation: The Curious Case and Multiple Facets of Sovereign Debt . . . . 1 1.2 Outline and Contribution of this Thesis to the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A.1 Appendix to Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References to Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chapter 2: Avoiding the Fall into the Loop: Isolating the Transmission of Bank-to-Sovereign Distress in the Euro Area 19 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 Data Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.1 Deriving Country-Specific Bank Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.2 Instrumenting Bank Distress using Exposure-Weighted Stock Market Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.3 Set of Dependent and Explanatory Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.3.1 Dependent Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.3.2 Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 Empirical Specification and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.5 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.1 Comparison of IV and OLS during Eurozone Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.2 Alternative Versions of the Dependent Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.5.3 Alternative Versions for Bank Distress Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.5.4 Alternative Versions for Instrumental Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5.5 Strengthening the Exclusion Restriction of the Instrument . . . . . . . 46 2.5.6 Weekly Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.5.7 Alternative Control Variables and Time Fixed Effects . . . . . . . . . 49 2.5.8 Wild Cluster Bootstrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 A.2 Appendix to Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 A.2.1 Drivers of Bank-to-Sovereign Distress Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . 54 A.2.1.1 Macroeconomic Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 A.2.1.2 Government Bond Issuances, Redemptions and Holdings . . 62 A.2.1.3 Banking Sector Structure and Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 A.2.1.4 Political Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 A.2.2 Additional Tables and Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 References to Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Chapter 3: What drives the Commodity-Sovereign Risk Dependence in Emerging Market Economies? 87 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.2 Data, Variables and Summary Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.2.1 Dependent Variable: Sovereign Default Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 3.2.2 Deriving Country-specific Commodity Performance . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.2.3 Set of Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.3 Empirical Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.3.1 Baseline Specification and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.3.2 Alternative Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.4 Drivers of the Commodity-Sovereign Risk Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.4.1 Commodity-related Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.4.2 Macroeconomic and International Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3.4.3 Policy Measures against Commodity Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 3.5 Robustness Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.5.1 Dropping Countries with Liquidity Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 3.5.2 Alternative Specifications for EMBI and Commodity Performance . . 129 3.5.3 Alternative Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.5.4 Alternative Fixed Effects, Frequency, Clustering and Time Series Results131 3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 A.3 Appendix to Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 References to Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Chapter 4: Financial Linkages and Sectoral Business Cycle Synchronization: Evidence from Europe 145 4.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4.2 Empirical Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.2.1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.2.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 4.3 Estimation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.3.1 Results for Overall Output Fluctuations (GDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 4.3.2 Results for Industrial Output Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 A.4 Appendix to Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 References to Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Chapter 5: Physical Climate Change Risks and the Sovereign Creditworthiness of Emerging Economies 182 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5.2 Physical Climate Change Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5.2.1 Physical Climate Change Risk in Contrast to Transition Risk . . . . . 187 5.2.2 Physical Climate Change and Sovereign Creditworthiness . . . . . . . 189 5.3 Data and Descriptive Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 5.3.1 Sovereign Creditworthiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 5.3.2 Temperature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 5.4 Empirical Specification and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 5.5 Channels of Temperature-Sovereign Risk Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 5.5.1 General Warmness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 5.5.2 Seasonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 5.5.3 Month and Season Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5.5.4 Economic Sector Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 5.5.5 Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 5.5.6 Combining relevant Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.6 Robustness Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.6.1 Changing the Fixed Effects Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.6.2 Changing the Dependent Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 5.6.3 Changing the Lag Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 5.6.4 Changing the Historical Temperature Average Period . . . . . . . . . . 222 5.6.5 Dropping Countries with lower Data Coverage and larger Landmass . 226 5.6.6 Other Temperature Anomaly Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.6.7 Analyzing Debt Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 5.6.8 Testing for Transition Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 5.6.9 Changing Economic Sector Specialization Measures . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 A.5 Appendix to Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 References to Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

As key players in the transatlantic slave trade, the monarchies of Hueda and Dahomey (in modern-day southern Benin) connected themselves to global commodity flows. From the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, imported merchandise fueled practices of conspicuous consumption and ritualized largesse, the performance of which was pivotal in consolidating their rulers' power. Focusing on specific items (tobacco, porcelain) and behavioral practices (smoking, spitting), this article examines how these goods were materially and symbolically integrated into courtly culture and associated with the religious beliefs and ritual practices of Vodun. In order to track recurring aspects of courtly scenography, to compare the signification of bodily practices in different parts of the world, and to identify material links engendered by global trade, it combines microhistorical investigation based on written records with archaeological findings, anthropological observations, and the analysis of visual sources and sculptural artifacts. The essay argues that royal palaces constituted crucial laboratories of aesthetic change and new cultures of elite consumption. In this process, exogenous elements not only enriched the material culture of the palaces, celebrating the monarchs' global splendor; they were also charged with new meanings that inscribed foreign goods and related practices into specifically regional cultural codes.