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This paper presents a dynamic general equilibrium model of rent-seeking in which the payoffs & the choices between productive & nonproductive activity are endogenous. The economy has the potential for endogenous growth, but when agents can choose between confiscation & productive investment, growth is no longer possible. The confiscation activity has multiple interpretations. In one, confiscation occurs as a result of theft; the lack of sufficient property rights eventually makes investment in productive activity unpalatable. Alternatively, confiscation is the result of government activity (eg, taxation). The paper underlines the difficulty of creating an institutional structure conducive to growth. 20 References. Adapted from the source document.

Some Jordanian women commit a crime, serve their sentence and then walk free. Others — some of them guilty only in the eyes of their family and the society — end up in prison and never leave. This is the story of one of these women, Kifah, who is destined to probably spend the rest of her life in prison, because government authorities cannot release her out of fear she might be killed by her family.

"August 29 and December 11, 1990"--Pt. 2. ; "June 20, 1990"--Pt. 1. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Legal initiatives to prevent genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity have considerable shortcomings in dealing with victims of international crimes. Transcending the disciplinary divisions in the study of victims of international crimes is the main focus of this first volume of essays contributing to developing victimological approaches to international crimes. Focusing on the African continent, scholars from different disciplines review the similarities and differences between victims of ordinary crimes and those of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.

У статті розглядаються та аналізуються санкції статей кримінального законодавства України та Азербайджанської Республіки, що передбачають відповідальність за злочини проти правосуддя. Відзначено, що санкції за злочини проти правосуддя не завжди адекватно відображають характер і ступінь суспільної небезпеки діянь, а також конструктивні особливості диспозицій кримінально-правових норм. Вимога адекватності передбачає пряму взаємозалежність, коли якісний і кількісний критерії небезпеки суспільно небезпечного діяння відповідають межам його караності. В рамках досліджуваної проблеми запропоновано зміни до кримінального законодавства Азербайджанської Республіки та України та визначено недоліки системи санкцій за злочини проти правосуддя у кримінальному законодавстві обох держав. ; В статье рассматриваются и анализируются санкции статей уголовного законодательства Украины и Азербайджанской Республики, предусматривающих ответственность за преступления против правосудия. Отмечено, что санкции за преступления против правосудия не всегда адекватно отражают характер и степень общественной опасности деяний, а также конструктивные особенности диспозиций уголовно-правовых норм. Требование адекватности предполагает прямую взаимозависимость, когда качественный и количественный критерии опасности общественно опасного деяния соответствуют границам его наказуемости. В рамках исследуемой проблемы предлагаемые изменения в уголовное законодательство Азербайджанс-кой Республики и Украины и определены недостатки системы санкций за преступления против правосудия в уголовном законодательстве обоих государств. ; The article examines and analyzes the sanctions of the articles of the criminal legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan, providing for liability for crimes against justice. It is noted that sanctions for crimes against justice do not always adequately reflect the nature and degree of social danger of acts, as well as the design features of the dispositions of criminal law norms. The requirement of adequacy assumes direct interdependence, when the qualitative and quantitative criteria of the danger of a socially dangerous act correspond to the boundaries of its punishability. Within the framework of the problem under study, the proposed changes to the criminal legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Ukraine and the shortcomings of the system of sanctions for crimes against justice in the criminal legislation of both states are identified. It is noted that the vast majority of the main components of the crimes included in the sections "Crimes against Justice" under the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan, by their legislative structure are formal. The criminal law of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Ukraine has been studied and it has been established that corpus delicti committed by other participants in the process, such as witnesses, experts, victims, translators, contain milder sanctions than crimes committed by law enforcement officers and judges. On the other hand, crimes involving convicts and convicts are also mainly subject to sanctions in the form of imprisonment or restriction of liberty. It is established that the criminal law of both states does not provide for additional punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for the judge's decision of a knowingly unjust sentence, decision, ruling or resolution.

У статті розглядаються та аналізуються санкції статей кримінального законодавства України та Азербайджанської Республіки, що передбачають відповідальність за злочини проти правосуддя. Відзначено, що санкції за злочини проти правосуддя не завжди адекватно відображають характер і ступінь суспільної небезпеки діянь, а також конструктивні особливості диспозицій кримінально-правових норм. Вимога адекватності передбачає пряму взаємозалежність, коли якісний і кількісний критерії небезпеки суспільно небезпечного діяння відповідають межам його караності. В рамках досліджуваної проблеми запропоновано зміни до кримінального законодавства Азербайджанської Республіки та України та визначено недоліки системи санкцій за злочини проти правосуддя у кримінальному законодавстві обох держав. ; В статье рассматриваются и анализируются санкции статей уголовного законодательства Украины и Азербайджанской Республики, предусматривающих ответственность за преступления против правосудия. Отмечено, что санкции за преступления против правосудия не всегда адекватно отражают характер и степень общественной опасности деяний, а также конструктивные особенности диспозиций уголовно-правовых норм. Требование адекватности предполагает прямую взаимозависимость, когда качественный и количественный критерии опасности общественно опасного деяния соответствуют границам его наказуемости. В рамках исследуемой проблемы предлагаемые изменения в уголовное законодательство Азербайджанс-кой Республики и Украины и определены недостатки системы санкций за преступления против правосудия в уголовном законодательстве обоих государств. ; The article examines and analyzes the sanctions of the articles of the criminal legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan, providing for liability for crimes against justice. It is noted that sanctions for crimes against justice do not always adequately reflect the nature and degree of social danger of acts, as well as the design features of the dispositions of criminal law norms. The requirement of adequacy assumes direct interdependence, when the qualitative and quantitative criteria of the danger of a socially dangerous act correspond to the boundaries of its punishability. Within the framework of the problem under study, the proposed changes to the criminal legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Ukraine and the shortcomings of the system of sanctions for crimes against justice in the criminal legislation of both states are identified. It is noted that the vast majority of the main components of the crimes included in the sections "Crimes against Justice" under the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan, by their legislative structure are formal. The criminal law of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Ukraine has been studied and it has been established that corpus delicti committed by other participants in the process, such as witnesses, experts, victims, translators, contain milder sanctions than crimes committed by law enforcement officers and judges. On the other hand, crimes involving convicts and convicts are also mainly subject to sanctions in the form of imprisonment or restriction of liberty. It is established that the criminal law of both states does not provide for additional punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for the judge's decision of a knowingly unjust sentence, decision, ruling or resolution.

Tras una debida evolución, la tortura es hoy un crimen contra la humanidad. Se analizan en este artículo los avances de la tipificación de este crimen internacional a través de los textos de los estatutos de los tribunales penales internacionales hasta el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional. Se estudian los elementos típicos de la tortura como crimen contra la humanidad, el elemento de contexto y la conducta típica en particular.Torture is today a crime against humanity. This paper distinguishes the changes of this international crime in international legislation through the study of the statutes of international criminal tribunals until the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Elements of the crime of torture and of crimes against humanity are analysed in particular.

"This book provides a much-needed focus on the victimization experiences of those within the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, or asexual (LGBTQIA) communities. With original research and scholarly work relating to victimization, supplemented by stories and poems detailing first-hand accounts by people in LGBTQIA communities, the volume editors shine a light on the experiences of those who have been harmed or who have suffered because of who they are. Allowing the reader to gain a deeper understanding of queer victimization and LGBTQIA victims, the volume delves into how and why people are victimized, as well as how the criminal justice system and other social services interact with victims and each other. The creative pieces included give a direct voice to those who have most often been silenced in the past. Queer Victimology is essential reading for scholars and students in the areas of criminology, victimology, sociology, gender studies, education, counseling, and/or psychology as well as anyone engaged with queer, critical, and feminist criminologies, gender studies, diversity, and criminal justice"--