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The author interviews Francisco Xavier do Amaral, one of the founding leaders of Timor-Leste's independence movement, in August 2007, a few years before his death in Dili in March 2012

Critical challenges for globalism in human security studies / Sorpong Peou -- The western intellectual roots of human security / Oliver Richmond -- East versus West? : debate and convergence on human security / Akiko Fukushima -- Southeast Asia's points of convergence on international intervention / Mely Caballero-Anthony -- Human security in extremis : East-Asian reactions to the responsibility to protect / Paul M. Evans -- East Asia's challenges to and changes in the peace operations in East Timor / Maiko Ichihara -- The limits of collaborative action on international criminal justice in East Asia / Sorpong Peou -- The neo-liberalization of security and violence in Cambodia / Simon Springer

This article proposes a theorization on the dynamics of material power and normative power reasons in international politics to explain the East Timorese question. The article compares two decisive moments, firstly, the initial phase of the Indonesian annexation and the birth of the international question of Timor; secondly, the final phase of its resolution and the birth of the East Timor state, supported by the United Nations (UN), Portugal, and other actors. The article shows that, in 1975, the actors did not consider the normative reasons. On the contrary, from 1999 onwards, actors were socialized to consider the illegitimacy of the Indonesian annexation and to decide following international norms.

Contents: Student protest assumes new forms -- Why I am in prison, by Bambang Isti Nugroho -- Lawyers being intimidated -- Communist suspects still under supervision -- Rumblings in Aceh -- Reader's letter -- Scott Pater withdraws from Merauke project -- Pope John Paul's visit to East Timor -- Killings in East Timor -- Colonel Prabowo's mission to Timor -- The Jayapura subversion trials -- More raw deals in Kedung Ombo -- SKEPHI speaks out in Japan -- World Bank's support

Contents: Pramoedya: the story of Buru labour camp -- Flogging the official version -- Situation goes from bad to worse -- Timor becomes central to Indonesian politics -- Human rights High Commissioner to East Timor -- CNRM co-chair visits the UK -- Worldwide solidarity with East Timor -- Major top-level ABRI re-shuffle -- Harmoko: from errand boy to press tycoon -- A new wave of strikes -- UK's deadly arms trade with Indonesia -- More killings in the Freeport drama

Contents: Referendum to be held in East Timor -- The army's dirty war in East Timor -- Indonesian police, the prodigal son -- Free election after 44 years -- Turmoil in Aceh escalates -- Truth about Biak atrocity revealed -- Joint SAS-Kopassus hostage operation -- Pramoedya warmly welcomed everywhere -- 1965 massacre: Suharto must be indicted -- Police opens fire on demonstrators

On 12 November 1991, Indonesian soldiers shot and killed over 200 people in a funerary march and pro-independence protest at the Santa Cruz cemetery in Dili, East Timor. These proceedings comprise some of the papers from an online international symposium marking the thirtieth anniversary of the massacre held on 9 - 10 November 2021. The symposium was held by the Timor-Leste Studies Association and the Centro Nacional Chega (CNC), Timor-Leste's national centre of memory and dedicated to filmmaker Max Stahl, whose footage of the massacre had played such a pivotal role in raising awareness about the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Over two days, almost 30 research papers and first-hand accounts were presented in English, Tetum and Portuguese, looking at topics such as the organisation of the protest, the impact of the massacre, and how these events have been remembered and commemorated in Timor-Leste and elsewhere

Court of Human Rights is a special court below the General Court that located in the Regency/City which jurisdiction includes in its District Court. The authority of the Court of Human Rights is tasked to examine and rule on cases of human rights violations, investigate and adjudicate serious violations of human rights which heavily committed outside the territorial boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia by an Indonesian citizen. Court of Human Rights, which adjudicate cases of gross human rights violations in East Timor Polls Post-defendants have been executed by both military and civilian, and was decided by the Court of Human Rights under law No. 26 Year 2000 regarding Human Rights Court.Key words: court of human rights, violation of human rights, law enforcement

Contents: The Disappeared -- Disappearances in East Timor --Disappearances in Indonesia -- The New Order and the issue of human rights -- West Papua: Forced repatriation for refugees -- West Papuan leader dies after beating -- Notes by a blind man by Holla -- Confusion over remission for convicted political prisoners -- Ex-Tapols subjected to Army check-up -- East Timor: Self-determination sought in US Congress -- More executions reported -- Family reunions cancelled -- Suspended teachers have waited 15 years -- Anti-Chinese riots -- Rendra denied permit to visit Australia -- Book review: East Timor, Indonesia and the Western Democracies: a collection of documents edited by Torben Retboll

This article examines modern process of agriculture in Timor-Leste in the period of 1982 and 2007. The modern agricultural system has been conducted in the 1980s, when the Indonesian government worked together with a non-governmental organization (NGO), namely the East Timor Agricultural Development Program (ETADEP) to overcome famine during the civil war in the region. The Indonesian government and the NGO ETADEP have modernized farmers by using tractor machines to cultivate the land, but at that time 95% were categorized as traditional farmers. Thus, it was difficult for them to implement modern agriculture at that time. This article uses the historical method which includes four stages, including heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The modern process of agriculture in Timor Leste has been conducted since 1982 when was marked by the implementation of the Mass Guidance program (BIMAS). Through the Bimas program, the government has succeeded in developing farmers' business credit to facilitate the credit provision in the form of agricultural tools and inputs to the farmers. After its independence, Timor-Leste faced new challenges in food self-sufficiency. The adoption and adaptation of new technologies in organic farming, such as the Intensive Design System (SRI) and Integrated Crop Management (ICM) are organic farming technologies. However, SRI and ICM replaced the modern agricultural system which had been adopted from Indonesia. Since 2007, the implementation of both the SRI and ICM models have been continued to date. The Timor-Leste government has made great efforts to implement SRI and ICM organic farming eventhough the implementation of both models is considered troublesome for farmers and indirectly resulted the failure of food self-sufficiency policy in Timor-Leste.

Intro -- Preface -- Praise for Rethinking Human Rights and Peace in Post-Independence Timor-Leste Through Local Perspectives -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Abbreviations -- 1 What Is Peace and Human Rights for Timorese? -- What Do Human Rights and Peace Mean to the Timorese? -- Sustainable Peace with a Rights Framework -- Dealing with the Past to Repair the Present -- Outline of Chapters -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Transitional Justice: A Dispute Over Reconciliation and Justice -- Introduction -- Brief History -- The Cold War and Accountability -- Geopolitics: Constraints to an International Tribunal -- Final Note: A Quest for Justice -- References -- 3 Impunity for Human Rights Violations and its Consequences in Timor-Leste -- Introduction -- United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor -- Special Panels on Serious Crimes and the Jakarta Ad-Hoc Court for Human Rights Abuses in 1999 -- The Establishment of Policia Nacional Timor Lorosae and Forcas Defesa Timor Lorosae -- Conflicts Since the Restoration of Independence -- "December 4" Riot in 2002 -- 2006 Political Crisis -- Military Operations in Ermera District and Baucau Municipality -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Democratic Discourse and Consensus in Timor-Leste: Reintegration to Neoliberal Capitalism? -- Introduction -- Consensus and the Rise of Emblems -- Democratization and Democratic Discourse -- I -- II -- III -- IV -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Provedoria Dos Direitos Humanos e Justiça: Between Human Rights Activism and Limitations -- Introduction -- Human Rights in Timor-Leste -- History and Roles of the PDHJ -- Activism: Bridging Civil Society and Government -- Monitoring the Political and Military Crisis in 2006 -- Gaps in Activism, Advocacy and Implementation -- Conclusion -- References.

Contents: Nobel Prize victory -- Targetting Bishop Belo -- East Timor gathering broken up in KL -- Continuing violations in East Timor -- East Timor's longest serving prisoner (II) -- The 27 July events revisited -- The anti-subversion trials -- The Situbondo tragedy -- Human rights briefs -- Sixteen more Hawk warplanes for Indonesia -- The Clinton-Ryadi scandal -- RTZ-CRA joins forces with Freeport

The nature & sources of nonviolent political resistance in East Timor (ET) are examined. ET's political resistance stems from opposition to increasing Indonesianization of ET through population influxes from other provinces, marginalization of ET's economic activity, & promotion of Islam in ET. The nonviolent nature of the resistance derives from two distinct political forces: (1) the guerrilla-connected clandestine front, consisting of military, youth activists, & university-based branches, which has adopted nonviolence as a pragmatic strategy to make political gains & win international support; & (2) Catholic resistance, which highlights ET's differences with the Islam majority in Indonesia, & emphasizes nonviolence as a moral principle. The Indonesian government takes a carrot & stick approach to combatting the nonviolent activities of these political forces. It pursues strategies of repression, intimidation, & disparagement of support, while simultaneously providing government funds to improve local health, education, infrastructure, & employment opportunities in ET. Adapted from the source document.