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The immediate effect of the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 was to cancel a pending $110 billion sequester and to change the Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings deficit targets. These and other changes allowed Congress and the administration to escape responsibility for increases in the deficit if discretionary spending was kept within the caps and no new entitlement programs or revenue enhancements were added. This assumption and others relating to the empowerment of the Appropriations Committees and the new authority of the OMB are explored in this article.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform law) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000, 2001, 2002, or 2003. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues of concern to the 108th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of child support payments.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000, 2001, or 2002. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 108th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000 or 2001. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 107th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000, 2001, or 2002. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 108th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

Introduction -- Effects of the statutory minimum wage - Findings to date -- Interactions between minimum and collectively agreed wages -- Enforcement of labour standards - the international literature -- Monitoring of minimum wages in Germany -- The main construction industry -- Meat industry -- Hotel and catering industry -- Summary and conclusions.

Import tariff receipts represent an important share of government revenues in many developing countries and there has recently been a surge in empirical studies showing how evasion in this field is a pervasive phenomenon. In the case of import tariffs, the tax base is the product of quantity and unit value, both of which have to be reported and need to be assessed by the custom authority during an audit. I show that when the fiscal authority has an imperfect detection technology, there is an additional incentive for the taxpayer to underdeclare, as a greater declaration in one dimension actually increases the fine when evasion in the other dimension is detected, and a tax base presenting this feature is subject to more evasion compared to a tax base that can be assessed directly. Also, when enforcement capacity is low, voluntary compliance is higher when the importer is required to declare only the total value of imports.

P.L. 104-193 (the 1996 welfare reform legislation) made major changes to the Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program. Some of the changes include requiring states to increase the percentage of fathers identified, establishing an integrated, automated network linking all states to information about the location and assets of parents, and requiring states to implement more enforcement techniques to obtain collections from debtor parents. Additional legislative changes were made in 1997, 1998, and 1999, but not in 2000, 2001, 2002, or 2003. This report describes several aspects of the revised CSE program and discusses three issues that probably will be reexamined by the 108th Congress — CSE financing, parental access by noncustodial parents, and distribution of support payments.

AbstractPrivate labour regulation has emerged as an international governance tool for the enforcement of international labour standards. Yet, doubts have recently been expressed concerning the potential of such private systems for effectively improving labour conditions in supply chains. Their typical top‐down auditing approach to enforcing standards is considered inappropriate when it comes to international labour standards. This article assesses whether the design of these systems can be strengthened in order to ensure better compliance. In particular, the authors draw attention to mechanisms which empower stakeholders, such as complaint mechanisms, whose potential and constraints are discussed.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction and Key Concepts -- National Forum for Health and Wellbeing -- Governance -- Wellbeing and Law Enforcement -- Hypervigilance -- History of Wellbeing in Policing -- UK Policing Landscape -- National Police Wellbeing Service (NPWS) -- Key Concepts in Wellbeing -- Introducing the Chapters -- References -- 2 Challenges for Law Enforcement -- Current Trends in Police Workplaces -- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Policing -- COVID-19 and Policing -- Future Working Environment -- Challenge of Technology -- Exploring Wellbeing -- Strategic Wellbeing -- Productivity and Performance -- Physical and Psychological Wellbeing -- Societal and Financial Wellbeing -- References -- 3 Measuring Wellbeing -- Annual Wellbeing Survey -- Anxiety and Depression Symptoms -- Challenge and Hindrance Stressors -- Disturbed Sleep and Insufficient Sleep -- Emotional Energy -- Experienced Workplace Incivility -- Fatigue -- Intention to Quit -- Job Satisfaction -- Life Satisfaction -- Perceived Organisational Support (POS) -- Physical Wellbeing -- Process Improvement Behaviour -- Prosocial Motivation -- Psychological Detachment -- Psychological Need Satisfaction -- Sense of Being Valued -- Supervisor Listening -- Supportive Leadership -- Team Belonging -- Vision Clarity -- Work Engagement -- Blue Light Wellbeing Framework -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Working Environment: Post-Pandemic -- Working Relationships -- Remote and Hybrid Working -- Discretionary Effort -- Conflict -- Job Design -- References -- 5 Leadership and Resilience -- Leadership Criticality -- Leadership Styles -- Personal Development -- Evidence-Based Approaches -- Resilience -- Pitfalls -- References -- 6 Conclusions -- Recruitment and Retention -- Technology Promising Practice.