Suchergebnisse

This paper examines how multinational enterprises (MNEs) and local partners, including suppliers, customers and competitors in China, improve their innovation capabilities through collaboration. We analyse this collaboration as a three-way interaction between the ownership-specific (O) advantages or firm-specific assets (FSAs) of the MNE subsidiary, the FSAs of the local partner, and the location-specific assets of the host location. Our propositions are examined through a survey of 320 firms, supplemented with 30 in-depth case studies. We find that the recombination of asset-type (Oa) FSAs and transaction-type (Ot) FSAs from both partners leads to new innovation-related ownership advantages, or 'recombinant advantages'. The study reveals important patterns of reciprocal transfer, sharing and integration for different asset categories (tacit, codified) and different forms of FSA and explicitly links these to different innovation performance outcomes. Ot FSAs, in the form of access to local suppliers, customers or government networks are particularly important for reducing the liability of foreignness for MNEs.

Розглянуто підхід до позиціонування евакуаційних (ремонтно-евакуаційних) органів військового формування у визначеному районі (зоні) відповідальності за мінімальною сумарною відстанню до елементів бойового порядку, що забезпечує оптимальне їх розташування на місцевості для реалізації оперативності реагування та зменшення плеча евакуації в умовах збільшення просторових показників ведення бойових дій під час планування технічного забезпечення. ; Рассмотрен подход к позиционированию эвакуационных (ремонтно-эвакуационных) органов войскового формирования в указанном районе (зоне) ответственности за минимальным суммарным расстоянием к элементам боевого порядка, которое обеспечивает оптимальное их размещение на местности для реализации оперативности реагирования и уменьшения плеча эвакуации в условиях увеличения пространственных показателей ведения боевых действий во время планирования технического обеспечения. ; It is considered approach to the positioning of evacuation (repair and recovery) bodies of military formation in a given area (district) of liability for the minimum total distance to elements of a military order, which ensures their optimum location for the implementation of effective responsiveness and decrease shoulder evacuation in the face of increasing spatial indicators of warfare during the planning of technical support.

Органы законодательной власти России периодически выступают с инициативами, направленными на охрану здоровья населения. Примером подобной инициативы является Федеральный закон «Об охране здоровья граждан от воздействия окружающего табачного дыма и последствий потребления табака», рассмотрению некоторых положений которого посвящена данная статья. По мнению автора, в тексте Закона незаслуженно мало внимания уделено профилактике и вовлечению населения в профилактическую работу по ограничению курения табака. Кроме того, сомнительным выглядит законодательное положение о возложении ответственности за курение детей и подростков на их родителей. ; From time to time the legislative authorities of Russia advance initiatives aimed at the protection of public health. An example of such an initiative is a draft Federal Law "Concerning the restriction of tobacco smoking for public health purposes", some provisions of which is the subject of this article. According to the author, the draft pays undeservedly little attention to the prevention measures and involving of community to the participation in smoking restriction. Also, the author believes that legislative shift of the liability for children and adolescents' smoking on their parents looks doubtful.

Цель: Определение механизма защиты прав граждан, вложивших денежные средства в строительство многоквартирных домов, признанных впоследствии самовольной постройкой. Методы: Изучена судебная практика о признании многоквартирных домов самовольной постройкой, выявлены основания признания и субъекты ответственности. Результаты: Сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию законодательства в части возмещения ущерба гражданам, утратившим жилье в результате сноса самовольных построек. Новизна: Научная новизна заключается в исследовании оснований гражданско-правовой ответственности перед собственниками жилых помещений в многоквартирном доме. ; Purpose: To determine the mechanism of protection of the rights of citizens who have invested money in the construction of apartment buildings, subsequently recognized as unauthorized construction. Methods: We have studied jurisprudence on the recognition of houses unauthorized construction, the base recognition and identified subjects of responsibility. Results: The proposals to improve the legislation in terms of redress for citizens who have lost their homes as a result of demolition of unauthorized constructions. Novelty: The scientific novelty of the study lies in the grounds of civil liability to the owners of premises in an apartment building.

We study a policy aimed at increasing the level of information on medical malpractice costs and the risk exposure of local public healthcare providers. The policy is based on enhanced monitoring of medical malpractice claims by the level of government that rules providers in a multilevel institutional setting. In particular, we implement a difference-in-differences strategy using Italian data at the provider level from 2001 to 2008 to evaluate the impact of monitoring claims on medical liability expenditures, measured as insurance premiums and legal expenditures, which was adopted by only some Regions. Our results show that this information-enhancing policy reduces paid premiums by around 15%. This reduced-form effect might arise by higher bargaining power on the demand side or increased competition on the supply side of the insurance market. Validity tests show that our findings are not driven by differential pre-policy trends between treated and control providers. Moreover, this policy could be cheaply implemented also in other institutional contexts with positive effects. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

AbstractDrawing on our research and blogging on Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, we make three claims about the role of scholar-bloggers in the social media age. First, as scholar-bloggers with some degree of ethno-national attachments related to our area of expertise, we contend that we are well positioned to issue the kinds of critiques that may resonate more deeply due to the very subjectivity that some perceive as a liability. Second, through the melding of scholarly arguments with popular writing forms, scholar-bloggers are uniquely poised to be at the forefront of public engagement and political literacy both with social media publics and with students. Third, the subjectivity hazard is an intrinsic part of any type of research and writing, whether that writing is aimed at a scholarly audience or any other, and should not be used as an argument against academic involvement in social media. Ultimately, subjectivities of both consumers and producers can evolve through these highly interactive media, a dynamic that deserves further examination.

In the opinion of the authors, the rules of concern law (law relating to groups of companies) included in the Slovenian Companies Act (ZGD-1) must also be applied analogically in cases where municipalities become controlling shareholder in a company. The municipality and one or more companies in which the municipality is a controlling shareholder, form a de facto concern. This gives rise to a number of legal consequences, most importantly to the obligation to draw up a dependence report, to the liability of the municipality and the mayor for damages to the controlled company and to the right of every controlled company's shareholders to file actio pro socio. Accordingly, legal protection of the controlled company, its minority shareholders and creditors is increased, coinciding with the purpose of concern law. The rules of concern law are, however, relevant only with regard to those influences on the controlled company exercised by the municipality as the controlling shareholder, and not in the case of a municipality exercising its regulatory prerogatives.

State and local governments are grappling with huge unfunded liability costs centered on public sector pensions and other postretirement benefits (OPEBs). Payments to cover these liabilities are crowding out revenues for essential public services. The policies and practices that determine public sector pay and benefits have become a significant part of the national conversation in the United States and Europe. This article provides commentary and a summary of a book addressing this topic: Rethinking Public Sector Compensation: What Ever Happened To The Public Interest? Recent national reforms on public pay and benefits are documented as well as the subsequent legal challenges that have emerged in several jurisdictions. The article conclusion is that it is imperative that these unfunded liabilities be addressed in a timely, comprehensive and fair manner, and that public sector compensation must be sustainable and reflect the reality of a new emerging workforce. However, the outcome from current litigation in several states will either significantly expand or restrict the ability to manage these public retirement plans.

Bank liability guarantee schemes have traditionally been viewed as costless measures to shore up investor confidence and stave off bank runs. However, as the experiences of some European countries, most notably Ireland, have demonstrated, the credibility and effectiveness of these guarantees is crucially intertwined with the sovereign's funding risks. Employing methods from the literature on global games, we develop a simple model to explore the systemic linkage between the rollover risks of a bank and a government, which are connected through the government's guarantee of bank liabilities. We show the existence and uniqueness of the joint equilibrium and derive its comparative static properties. In solving for the optimal guarantee numerically, we show how its credibility may be improved through policies that promote balance sheet transparency. We explain the asymmetry in risk-transfer between sovereign and banking sector, following the introduction of a guarantee as being attributed to the resolution of strategic uncertainties held by bank depositors and the opacity of the banks' balance sheets.

Bank liability guarantee schemes have traditionally been viewed as costless measures to shore up investor confidence and prevent bank runs. However, as the experiences of some European countries, most notably Ireland, have demonstrated, the credibility and effectiveness of these guarantees are crucially intertwined with the sovereign's funding risks. Employing methods from the literature on global games, we develop a simple model to explore the systemic linkage between the rollover risks of a bank and a government, which are connected through the government's guarantee of bank liabilities. We show the existence and uniqueness of the joint equilibrium and derive its comparative static properties. In solving for the optimal guarantee numerically, we show how its credibility can be improved through policies that promote balance-sheet transparency. We explain the asymmetry in risk transfer between the sovereign and the banking sector, following the introduction of a guarantee as being attributed to the resolution of strategic uncertainties held by bank depositors and the opacity of the banks' balance sheets.

Originally the concept of CSR in developed countries is voluntary (voluntary based). Otherwise, in IndonesiaCSR is developed on the basis of legal obligation (mandatory based). Legal norms which expressly stipulatelegal obligation for the company to implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the Law 40 /2007 onLimited Liability Companies, Government Decree No. 47/ 2012 and Act No. 25/2007 on Investment. Accordingto the Article 74 of Law No. 40/ 2007 as well as the Article 3 Government Decree No. 47/2012, each companyrunning its business activities in the field and / or related to the natural resources is required to carry out socialand environmental responsibility including companies engagement in the field of tourism in Sanur Bali. VariousCSR activities for the tourism companies in Sanur Bali, besides referring to the legislation are also expected torefer to the concept of Triple Bottom Line (Profit, People, Planet). These are designed to make balance betweenprofit related to People and the Planet for CSR perspective, as well as ISO 26000.

It is often thought that George Eliot's refusal to campaign actively for feminist goals indicates that she was no feminist. But there were several reasons that make the charge mute. She disliked dealing with practical matters, especially legislative ones. Proselytizing was particularly repugnant to her because she knew that her scandalous liaison with Lewes could only make her discussion of controversial matters a liability. Furthermore, she thought that the factors facilitating success were so complicated that one could say little that would be helpful to the aspiring woman. Actually, she thought of herself as an activist, "teaching the world through books." Thinking that she could more forcefully present her views by maintaining the persona of a neutral observer in her fiction, she objected to the role of political activist, who presents ideas in her own person. Finally, as a shy woman who cared only for her husband and her writing, who was often ill, and who hated publicity, she had neither the taste nor energy for public life.

Bank liability guarantee schemes have traditionally been viewed as costless measures to shore up investor confidence and stave off bank runs. However, as the experiences of some European countries, most notably Ireland, have demonstrated, the credibility and effectiveness of these guarantees is crucially intertwined with the sovereign's funding risks. Employing methods from the literature on global games, we develop a simple model to explore the systemic linkage between the rollover risks of a bank and a government, which are connected through the government's guarantee of bank liabilities. We show the existence and uniqueness of the joint equilibrium and derive its comparative static properties. In solving for the optimal guarantee numerically, we show how its credibility may be improved through policies that promote balance sheet transparency. We explain the asymmetry in risk-transfer between sovereign and banking sector, following the introduction of a guarantee as being attributed to the resolution of strategic uncertainties held by bank depositors and the opacity of the banks' balance sheets.

In the light of the matter reported by Samodien (2012) where a father intends to sue the Department of Education for damages incurred by his child who was raped at school, this article focuses on the duty of educators and schools to take measures to prevent and deal with sexual harassment and violence in schools. Sexual harassment and violence is conceptualised by drawing from definitions of sexual harassment and violence as well as those pertaining to sexual offenses. The duties of schools, school governing bodies, school principals and educators are outlined within the parameters of the Bill of Rights, education-specific legislation and policy as well as common law. The possibility of civil remedies for victims who have been subjected to sexual harassment and violence at school is investigated. Five requirements for delictual liability (damage, an act, unlawfulness, fault and causation) are used to demonstrate how the criteria for awarding damages may be met when learners approach the courts for civil remedies.