Suchergebnisse

In der Studie 'Lebensverläufe und Wohlfahrtsentwicklung' waren durch die besonderen Erhebungsbedingungen retrospektiver Verlaufsdaten dem Datensammlungsprozeß im Feld Grenzen gesetzt. Die Edition von Daten wird auf diesem Hintergrund als notwendige Fortsetzung und als methodisch legitimierte Ergänzung des Erhebungsprozesses gesehen. Die Verbesserung der Datenqualität durch die Editierung betraf vor allem die Aussagefähigkeit von Verläufen und spezifischen Zusammenhängen. In der vorliegenden Studie konnten spezifische Defizite im Felderhebungsprozeß ausgeglichen werden. Es werden Editionsverlauf und Editionsregeln sowie die zu korrigierenden Problembereiche dargestellt. Für retrospektive Lebensverlaufserhebungen erscheint der Arbeitsschritt der Editierung unabdingbar. Die Anwendung von Editierungsroutinen erscheint überall dort berechtigt und sinnvoll, wo das Datenmaterial eine Konsistenz- und Vollständigkeitskontrolle zuläßt und eine Optimierung der Datenqualität über die Rekonstruktion verknüpfter Einzelangaben möglich wird, um den Datensammlungsprozeß zu validieren und zu ergänzen. (OH)

Die Autoren geben einen Überblick über die Arbeit der Demographic Data Base an der Universität Umea, die auf Basis der Kirchenregister individuelle Lebensgeschichte über Computer erfassen. Die Quellenlage wird unter zeitlichen und regionalen Aspekten dargestellt. Die Verarbeitung der Quellen in computergerechte Daten, die aufgenommenen Informationen, die Datenorganisation und die Auswertungsmöglichkeiten werden in weiteren Schritten dargestellt. Nach Ansicht der Autoren ist das Projekt beispielhaft für die analytischen und methodischen Möglichkeiten der computergestützten Datenverarbeitung in diesem Bereich. (BG)

Die quantifizierende Bearbeitung historischer Quellen sieht sich einer Vielzahl methodischer Probleme gegenüber. Welche Aussagen sie dennoch zu formulieren ermöglicht, zeigt der Verfasser am Beispiel der "Erhebungslisten des Gemeinen Pfennigs für das Fürstbistum Speyer". Er präsentiert Untersuchungsergebnisse, die Bevölkerungszahl, Haushaltsgröße, Haushaltsstruktur, Anteil der Dienstboten an der Gesamtbevölkerung und Vermögensstruktur beschreiben. (WZ)

The research debate covering the so-called 'refugee crises in Europe' has largely been addressing issues like border control, EU policies – or the lack thereof – and the political backlash in the form of anti-immigrant sentiments. Follow-up questions about the integration of refugees and 1 We would like to thank Alireza Behtoui for helping us find relevant English language literature on Sweden for this paper. their children into society, education and work are now slowly appearing on the agenda too. Although the current attention to the issue of the integration of the children of refugees into education is recent, several researchers in Europe have addressed the question for previous waves of refugees. The findings of one of the largest European studies on the topic, Integrace, a comparative study which includes Sweden and the Netherlands among other EU Member States, will figure prominently in this paper. Next to this study there are smaller national and local studies that are often descriptive or evaluate examples of so-called good practice in cities and schools.

This thesis on the dynamics of ancient tula wells cultural landscape is an attempt to integrate Environmental and Social History. The thesis advances knowledge on ancient water systems, of which past recorded knowledge is meagre. The thesis has two fundamental sections: A (introductory) and B (individual study papers). The first part introduces important concepts and provides background and theoretical information for reconstructing the environmental and social history of ancient water systems. The thesis approached environmental reconstruction using oral time recall systems based on the indigenous time recall system of the Borana for understanding the impacts of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations and human responses on this ancient water system. This thesis has followed the tradition of previous historians working on environmental history of the lacustrine lakes of East Africa which used oral sources to reconstruct several centuries of environmental and social change. With brief discussions of the roles of the ancient water systems in transforming the water deficient regions of the world, the thesis situates the dynamics of ancient tula wells in the contemporary debates of African environmental and social history. The second part (Part B) comprises four articles. The individual papers present an analysis of the impacts of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, human responses (Papers I & II), human perceptions of land use changes (Paper III), and labour and technological transformations in the utilizations of tula wells (Paper IV). Paper I reconstructs environmental and social history of the ancient tula wells. The tula well in southern Ethiopia represents a unique water-cultural landscape wherein the well is linked to sustainable pastoral production, clan social identity, religious and ritual practices, and political debates of the community. The Borana pastoralists explain the pivotal role of tula wells by linking the wells to family, cattle economy, and peace of Borana (nagaa Borana). This water system has been modified by centuries of natural disasters, sociopolitical perturbations and human actions. The dynamics reflect the historical imprints of natural disasters (epidemics, droughts, excessive rainfalls or floods, famine, etc.) and sociopolitical perturbations (social disharmony, disunity, and political perturbations) that induced human adaptive responses. The Borana oral sources explain the dynamics of tula wells using three interrelated Borana concepts: gogessa (patri-class), maqabas (cyclical name) and dhaaccii (predestined event repetitions). The concepts provide time experts with tools to memorize and narrate environmental and socio political perturbations and human responses in understanding the dynamics of tula wells. These interconnected and complex concepts define the cycles and replications of events in historical perspectives. In the cycles of maqabas and gogessa, natural disasters and socio-political perturbations that affected at least one of the three interdependent and important aspects of Borana pastoral system (wells, cattle economy, and family or human demography) served as historical markers and references for time recollection. Corroborating the oral sources with proxy environmental data, the thesis reconstructs the impact of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, and human responses on the cultural landscape of tula wells. The study shows that Epidemics, droughts, famines, and excessive rainfall or floods are key environmental perturbations in the ancient tula wells cultural landscape. Epidemics and droughts collapse cattle economy and human demography, denying the tula wells the most important inputs forcing the Borana to abandon many tula wells. Floods on the other hand have repeatedly hit tula wells, filling the well shafts and collapsing the walls. The Borana pastoralists responded to such environmental vagaries through rehabilitation and reexcavation of the collapsed wells. This has been dependent on the status of the pastoral economy and availability of human labour. The imbalance between the number of collapsed and re-excavated wells caused higher proportion of the wells to remain dysfunctional. The natural disasters are closely linked to socio-political perturbations that influenced the operation and management of tula wells. Socio-political perturbations weakened the social institutions and society's capacity to mitigate disasters or cope with and manage recovery processes, revoking human stewardship. Paper II presents detailed descriptions of the impact of the rinderpest epizootic on cattle economy, the consequent famine, and human responses. The impact is remembered by the Borana oral sources as ciinna − termination or discontinuity. Ciinna refers to the total collapse of social, economic, political and cultural lives of the pastoral society. The collapse of cattle economy and consequent famine created social disorientation and disharmony that dispersed the society into bush, exposing them to wild beasts. The term ciinna explains not only the extent of damage caused to the pastoral economy but also the incapacitation of the social system that limited the human responses to the multiple disasters that occurred simultaneously. The damages are remembered in terms of economic collapse, human emographic decline, dispersion of families and clans, the practice of pawning children, and the crises in social identity. The social disorientation and disorganization was reversed soon after the disaster by Borana indigenous institutions that reorganized the society, enabling concerted actions. Despite the historical facts that show the resilience of Borana social institutions, the combined effect of repeated natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, external intervention, and internal dynamics have played significant roles in transforming tula wells cultural landscape and the institutions that mobilized human labour and cattle economy to re-excavate collapsed wells or rehabilitate the functional ones. Paper III presents societal perceptions of tula wells cultural landscape changes. In recent years, the dynamics of tula wells and the cultural landscapes are associated with land use changes (e.g. change in settlement patterns and expansion of crop cultivation). Peri-urban centres have been established in every well cluster in the last four decades, while traditional settlements have shown steady movement into well zones during the same period. Similarly, crop cultivation has shown dramatic increase in the well zones, particularly after 1991. These changes disrupted the traditional resource use pattern that reserves the well zones exclusively for livestock grazing during the dry seasons. These changes are considered as severe threats to the operation of tula wells, as they are not governed by aadaa seeraa (customary law) and compete for land resources with livestock. The transformation occurred concomitantly with technology used to dig wells and lift water from the deep tula wells, as well as institutional transformation. Paper IV describes how labour and technological transformations in the utilization of ancient tula wells influenced changes in the operations of these ancient water systems. The technological transformations include changes in water bucket (okole) technology from giraffe hide to plastic jerry cans, tools for well digging changing from rudimentary hand tools to improved metallic tools or heavy earth moving machines. The institutional transformation is revealed in changes in labour organization (from clan-based to hired labour) while the role of the clan in organizing labour shifted to pastoral associations, particularly when external organizations fund the well digging. The Borana also adjusted the economic contribution to fit the timely demand. They now contribute in cash rather than in kind (cattle) for well digging. The transformations brought structural transformation in the wells that increased water yield and eased access to water. However, the long term impacts of the transformations are not clear. Currently, pastoralists use the most yielding wells, which is more likely to leave many of the less yielding wells in a disused state. In conclusion, the dynamics of tula wells cultural landscape are the cumulative effects of natural disasters, socio-political perturbations, and human actions. The human-environment relations are reciprocal and the influences are not linear.

"Poor Atlanta looks at the poor people's campaigns in Atlanta in the 1960s and 1970s, which operated in relationship to Sunbelt city- building efforts. With these efforts, city leaders aimed to prevent urban violence, staunch disinvestment, check white flight, and amplify Atlanta's importance as a business and transportation hub. As urban leaders promoted Forward Atlanta, a program to, in Mayor Ivan Allen Jr.'s words, "sell the city like a product," poor families insisted that their lives and living conditions, too, should improve. While not always operating within public awareness, antipoverty campaigns among the poor presented a regular and sometimes strident critique of inequality and Atlanta's uneven urban development. With Poor Atlanta, LeeAnn B. Lands demonstrates that, while eclipsed by the Black freedom movement, antipoverty organizing (including direct action campaigns, legal actions, lobbying, and other forms of activism) occurred with regularity from 1964 through 1976. Her analysis is one of the few citywide studies of antipoverty organizing in late twentieth-century America."

"This book asks why, against all expectations, global migration tripled in the five decades after 1973. The book argues that economic and geopolitical changes unleashed by the OPEC oil crisis led to well over one hundred million migrants that few people expected or wanted. More people are on the move than at any time in human history: 281 million. This total figure has more than tripled since 1975 (90 million) and almost doubled since 1990 (153 million). Economically, immigration has transformed multiple sectors of the economy: agriculture, meatpacking, fishing, construction, retail, and caregiving. Politically, migration has cut a swathe through national, regional, and global politics: reshaping coalitions, reconfiguring party systems, and helping propel the far-right to power in Europe and-in the form of Donald Trump -the United States. The enormity of these changes is doubly impressive because largescale migration was unexpected and, in the global north, unwanted: slower post-1970s economic growth should have led to less immigration, and both European and American politicians attempted to end it."

Zu viel Bevölkerung oder zu wenig? Wer soll Kinder bekommen und wer vom Gebären abgehalten werden? Kinderkriegen ist eingebunden in mächtige Regierungsstrategien, die auf Körper und Bevölkerungen abzielen. Das malthusianische Denken geht noch weiter, indem es fast alle Krisen unserer Zeit zu Bevölkerungsproblemen umdeutet. Der Status quo von sozialer Ungleichheit, Rassismus und globaler Zerstörung bleibt dabei allerdings unberührt. Die Autorin seziert das demografische Denken und versammelt Analysen deutscher Kinderwunsch-, Familien- und Migrationspolitik. Dabei hinterfragt sie auch eine "demografisierte" Klimadebatte und kritisiert repressive globale Verhütungsprogramme.

This open access book discusses how, and to what extent, the legal and institutional regimes and the socio-cultural environments of a range of European countries (the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Switzerland and the UK), in the framework of EU laws and policies, have a beneficial or negative impact on the effective capacity of these countries to integrate migrants, refugees and asylum seekers into their labour markets. The analysis builds on the understanding of socio-cultural, institutional and legal factors as "barriers" or "enablers"; elements that may facilitate or obstruct the integration processes. The book examines the two dimensions of integration being access to the labour market (which, translated into a rights language means the right to work) with its corollaries (recognition of qualifications, vocational training, etc.), and non-discriminatory working conditions (which, translated into a rights language means right to both formal and substantial equality) and its corollaries of benefits and duties deriving from joining the labour market. It thereby offers a novel approach to labour market integration and migration/asylum issues given its focus on legal aspects, which includes most recent policy changes and legal decisions (including litigation cases). The robust, evidence-based and comparative research illustrated in the book provides academics and students, but also practitioners and policy makers, with up to date knowledge that will likely impact positively on policy changes needed to better address integration conundrums.

"White Backlash provides an authoritative assessment of how immigration is reshaping the politics of the nation. Using an array of data and analysis, Marisa Abrajano and Zoltan Hajnal show that fears about immigration fundamentally influence white Americans' core political identities, policy preferences, and electoral choices, and that these concerns are at the heart of a large-scale defection of whites from the Democratic to the Republican Party. Abrajano and Hajnal demonstrate that this political backlash has disquieting implications for the future of race relations in America. White Americans' concerns about Latinos and immigration have led to support for policies that are less generous and more punitive and that conflict with the preferences of much of the immigrant population. America's growing racial and ethnic diversity is leading to a greater racial divide in politics. As whites move to the right of the political spectrum, racial and ethnic minorities generally support the left. Racial divisions in partisanship and voting, as the authors indicate, now outweigh divisions by class, age, gender, and other demographic measures. White Backlash raises critical questions and concerns about how political beliefs and future elections will change the fate of America's immigrants and minorities, and their relationship with the rest of the nation"--

Why was there such a far-reaching consensus concerning the utopian goal of national homogeneity in the first half of the twentieth century? Ethnic cleansing is analyzed here as a result of the formation of democratic nation-states, the international order based on them, and European modernity in general. Almost all mass-scale population removals were rationally and precisely organized and carried out in cold blood, with revenge, hatred and other strong emotions playing only a minor role. This book not only considers the majority of population removals which occurred in Eastern Europe, but is also an encompassing, comparative study including Western Europe, interrogating the motivations of Western statesmen and their involvement in large-scale population removals. It also reaches beyond the European continent and considers the reverberations of colonial rule and ethnic cleansing in the former British colonies.--

Rural Cuba was first published in 1950. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions. Impoverished people in a rich landthat is the paradox of Cuba described with thorough documentation by Lowry Nelson, passed professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota. Professor Nelson studied rural Cuba's problems for a year during his appointment as rural sociologist for the U.S. Department of State. With the cooperation of the Cuban government, Professor Nelson directed a series of detailed sociological surveys of representative rural districts. Data were gathered in these surveys on the family habits, agricultural methods, farm tenure, income, educational opportunities, social activities, and level of living of more than 700 rural Cuban families. This material is combined with historical background, census analyses, and on-the-spot observations for a comprehensive study that fills a gap in the available literature on the subject. The volume includes appendixes providing a description of the geography of the survey area and a verbatim sample report of a survey interviewer, together with a glossary of Spanish words, a bibliography, and tables. In this book rural Cuba's problems are thoroughly discussed, present-day progress toward their solution is reported, and suggestions are offered for future agricultural policies that could help enrich the lives of Cuba's people

This book underscores the extent to which different nations are confronting common challenges associated with the structural forces of globalization, while at the same time highlighting and comparing the context-specific nature of local and regional responses to rural change. Second, the book provides a comprehensive look at the emergence of place-based development. The book consists of 16 chapters presented in five parts. In the first part, five chapters raise and discuss issues concerning population change. In- and out-migration, together with in-situ demographic changes, flow from and link to the changing economies of rural and small town places. The second part of the book comprises four chapters that examine emerging economies. In each case, place-based attributes pay key roles in supporting new activities, but it is the creative action of residents, decision makers, and entrepreneurs that mobilize the opportunities. The third part of the book contains three chapters that draw out specific issues related to rural policy and governance. The three chapters that make up the fourth part of the book each directly address the issue of rural-urban relationships. In this rural-urban exchange, the opportunities and challenges of spatial relationships are explored through their impacts on place-based rural and small-town development. The final part of the book includes three chapters that explore place-based development issues in the context of renewal in resource peripheries.