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Multimorbidity is a common and burdensome condition that may affect quality of life, increase medical needs and make people live more years of life with disability. Negative outcomes related to multimorbidity occur beyond what we would expect from the summed effect of single conditions, as chronic diseases interact with each other, mutually enhancing their negative effects, and eventually leading to new clinical phenotypes. Moreover, multimorbidity mirrors an accelerated global susceptibility and a loss of resilience, which are both hallmarks of aging. Due to the complexity of its assessment and definition, and the lack of clear evidence steering its management, multimorbidity represents one of the main current challenges for clinicians, researchers and policymakers. The authors of this paper recently reflected on these issues during two twin international symposia at the 2016 European Union Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS) meeting in Lisbon, Portugal, and the 2016 Gerontological Society of America (GSA) meeting in New Orleans, USA. The present work summarizes the most relevant aspects related to multimorbidity, with the ultimate goal to identify knowledge gaps and suggest future directions to approach this condition.

This article reviews one of the expanding research programs in international relations (IR): the study of populist foreign policy (PFP). Recent years have witnessed a significant proliferation of IR scholars researching the nexus between the global rise of populism and their foreign policies across different countries, regions, and sub-fields. However, scientific progress at such stage of this research program demands an in-depth "mapping" of its different ontological approaches. To this end, we identify and explore five "schools" of PFP that have been consolidated in the last decade, while highlighting their accomplishments in understanding the distinctive populist elements in foreign policy and their possibilities of analyzing local and external conditions under which PFP impacts global politics. We also set the stage for future contributions on the drivers, patterns, and effects of PFP, under the assumption that the populist phenomenon and its transnational dimensions will continue to affect IR prospects for a long time to come.

National and international judicial systems are today in constant interaction. This interaction has been mainly studied by legal scholars, who termed it "transjudicial communication". This communication manifests itself in case law and may be of interest for linguists. The focus in this chapter is on one of the possible linguistic manifestations of transjudicial communication in the judgments delivered by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). They consist in "external cross-references", i.e. references that point to sources of legislative or judicial law other than the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) and its Protocols or the ECtHR case law. The chapter presents a feasibility study conducted on a small corpus of three English judgments delivered by the Grand Chamber of the ECtHR. The aim of the study is first to develop a language-specific methodology for the semi-automatic extraction of cross-references and then to conduct a qualitative analysis of the extracted cross-references that fall within the category of "external intertextual cross-references". These cross-references are analysed to identify both the type of sources they point to and the function they perform. As regards the sources, they are both judicial (case law) and normative (legislation); therefore, an alternative term to refer to the communication that emerges is proposed, namely "transnational legal communication". The three functions cross-references are seen to perform are: (i) description of the factual background and the legal history of the case, (ii) recall of relevant domestic law or other legal provisions, and (iii) provision of a backbone for the legal reasoning and argumentation of the ruling.

The world trade organization antidumping agreement -- How the GATT became protectionist : an analysis of the Uruguay Round draft final antidumping code -- Standards for panels reviewing anti-dumping determinations under the GATT and WTO -- A personal history of zeroing -- Smoot-Hawley in slow motion -- Alternatives to national antidumping and countervailing duty laws : are they feasible or appropriate in the context of NAFTA? -- Nonmarket economy trade and U.S. antidumping/countervailing duty laws -- Antidumping policy as a system of law -- Antidumping and countervailing duty law provisions of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 -- The 1994 WTO subsidies agreement -- The agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures -- Government actions against domestic subsidies, an analysis of the international rules and an introduction to United States' practice -- Subsidies discipline under WTO and US rules -- United States : Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit opinion in PPG Industries, inc. v. United States (U.S. countervailing duty law) -- WTO subsidies discipline during and after the crisis -- WTO dispute settlement from the perspective of developing countries -- Problems with the compliance structure of the WTO dispute resolution process -- The compliance problems of the WTO -- Political questions in international trade : judicial review of section 301?

Die Gesellschaften der Nationalstaaten haben völlig unterschiedliche Institutionen zur Regelung ihrer jeweiligen staatlichen Aufgaben herausgebildet. Während die Regierungsinstitutionen moderner internationaler Gesellschaften auf internationalem Vertragsrechts und multilateralen Regelungen basiert, war im antiken Griechenland keine Form solcher Institutionen zu erkennen. Und trotzdem entwickelten die Staaten ein erfolgreiches funktionsfähiges System, um innerstaatliche Fragen und Aufgaben zu regeln. Da bisher keine der internationalen Theorien dieses Phänomen erklären kann, entwickelt der Artikel einen neuen Erklärungsansatz über die Entstehung fundamentaler Institutionen. Staaten und Gesellschaften sind demnach durch drei Faktoren grundsätzlich geformt: den Glauben an die moralischen Absichten der Staaten, dem Prinzip der Souveränität und einer Norm in Bezug auf prozeduralen Rechtsfragen. Diese Faktoren beeinflussen und leiten institutionelle Handlungen und entwickeln sich - je nach der Ausprägung der jeweiligen Gesellschaft - jeweils unterschiedlich (SWP-Fnk)

The relevance of historyThe title of this essay may sound odd, if not inexplicable. 'Entering the future backwards' —the quotation comes from the French poet, Paul Valery and it seems to me to have utility in this context in both a theoretical and practical mode. Theoretical, because the term reminds us that as scholars and teachers we have an obligation when we reflect upon a confused and alarming present to think historically, i.e., to ask ourselves what is unique about our current global circumstances. We can only do this by probing the past to determine whether there are any significant parallels which might illustrate an understanding of the present. But the idea that states and statespersons—apart from scholars—enter the future backwards also has some substance: after all, politicians—understandably—confronted by unexpected cataclysmic change attempt to understand that change in terms of traditional assumptions about the structure, process and philosophical bases of international society. They may do it intuitively, but they do it none the less. And this, one might argue, applies to the scholarly community as well.

"This book explores the intended and unintended impact of international criminal justice on the legitimacy of quasi-state entities (QSEs). In order to do so, the concept of 'quasi-state entity' is introduced to distinguish actors in statehood conflicts that aspire to statehood, and fulfil statehood functions to a greater or lesser degree, including the capacity and willingness to deploy armed force, but lack the status of sovereign statehood. This work explores the ability of QSEs to create and maintain legitimacy for their actions, institutions and statehood projects in various constitutencies simultaneously. It looks at how legitimacy is a prerequisite for success of QSEs and, using critical legitimacy theory, assesses the legitimating narratives of QSEs and their statehood adversaries. The book links international criminal justice to statehood projects of QSEs and their success and legitimacy. It looks at the effects of international criminal justice on the ability to create and maintain legitimacy of QSEs, an approach that leads to new insights regarding nternational courts and tribunals as entities competing with states over statehood functions that increasingly have to take the legal implications of their actions into consideration."--Page i