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Social media campaigning is increasingly linked with anti-democratic outcomes, with concerns to date centring on paid adverts, rather than organic content produced by a new set of online political influencers. This study systematically compares voter exposure to these new campaign actors with candidate-sponsored ads, as well as established and alternative news sources during the US 2020 presidential election. Specifically, we examine how far higher exposure to these sources is linked with key trends identified in the democratic deconsolidation thesis. We use data from a national YouGov survey designed to measure digital campaign exposure to test our hypotheses. Findings show that while higher exposure to online political influencers is linked to more extremist opinions, followers are not disengaging from conventional politics. Exposure to paid political ads, however, is confirmed as a potential source of growing distrust in political institutions.

Critiques Francis Fukuyama's memorable "end of history" thesis, in which he asserted that liberal capitalism's victory over historical-evolutionary theories, marked by the end of the Cold War & fall of the Soviet Union, punctuated the demise of ideology. In light of the attacks of September 11 (2001), Fukuyama's comprehensive claim seems rather less unassailable. The "end of history" thesis fails to account for the role of passion as an influence over historical events & actors seeking recognition from an indifferent modernity. The thesis also neglects the behavior of states as they seek Manichean foreign policy ends. On a recent visit to Australia Fukuyama qualified his thesis with the suggestion that liberal democracies, by virtue of their power struggles & disputes among one another, may still be "in" history rather than beyond it. If so, the previous death knell for ideological inquiry was certainly sounded prematurely. K. Coddon

First published in 1986. This book explores developments in the cinema, sport, holidays, gambling, drinking and many more recreational activities, and situates working-class leisure within the determining economic and social context. In particular, the inventiveness of working people 'at play' is highlighted. Drawing on an extensive range of source material, the book has a wide general appeal, and will be useful to those professionally concerned with leisure, as well as teachers and students of social history, and all those interested in the patterns of working-class life in the past.

body in computer culture, computer virus, hacker, HIV/AIDS activism, virality International audience Analysing both mainstream and underground computer-related press sources from 1982 to 1991, a discursive core is displayed revolving around contamination and sexually transmissible diseases. The "computer virus" metaphor, popularized in that period, came to resonate with mounting moral panic over the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These anxieties about the body are then conceptualized (and historically contextualized) along two dimensions : 1) the political proximity between HIV/AIDS activists and computer hackers during the FDA clinical trials controversy of 1987-88 ; 2) the ideological reinforcement provided by academic progressive elements to these political actions.

Essays reprinted from various periodicals. ; The Monroe doctrine.--The third-term tradition.--The political depravity of the fathers.--The riotous career of the Know-nothings.--The framers and the framing of the Constitution.--Washington's inauguration.--A century of constitutional interpretation.--A century's struggle for silver.--Is sound finance possible under popular government?--Franklin in France.--How the British left New York.--The struggle for territory.--Four centuries of progress. ; Mode of access: Internet.