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Migration has been the single most dynamic factor in the otherwise dreary development scenario of Kerala during the last quarter of the last century. It has contributed more to poverty alleviation and reduction in unemployment in Kerala than any other factor. As a result of migration, the proportion of the population below the poverty line has declined by 12 per cent. The number of unemployed persons – estimated to be only about 13 lakhs in 1998 compared with 37 lakhs reported by the Kerala Employment Exchanges – has declined by over 30 per cent.Migration has caused nearly a million married women in Kerala to live away from their husbands. Most of these so‐called "Gulf wives" experienced extreme loneliness to begin with, and were burdened with added family responsibilities to which they had not been accustomed when their husbands were with them. But over a period, and with a helping hand from abroad over the ISD, most came out of their early gloom. Their gain in autonomy, status, management skills and experience in dealing with the world outside their homes were developed the hard way and would remain with them for the rest of their lives for the benefit of their families and society. In the long run, the transformation of these million women will have contributed more to the development of Kerala society than all the temporary euphoria created by remittances and modern gadgetry.Kerala is dependent on migration for employment, subsistence, housing, household amenities, institution building, and many other developmental activities. The danger is that migration could cease, as shown by the Kuwait war of 1993, and repercussions could be disastrous for the State.Understanding migration trends and instituting policies to maintain the flow of migration is more important today than at any time in the past. Kerala workers seem to be losing out in international competition for jobs in the Gulf market. Corrective policies are needed urgently to raise their competitive edge over workers in competing countries in South and South‐East Asia. Like any other industry, migration from Kerala needs periodic technological upgrading of workers. Otherwise, there is a danger that the State might lose the Gulf market permanently.The crux of the problem is Kerala workers' inability to compete with expatriates from other South and South‐East Asian countries. The solution lies in equipping workers with better general education and job training. This study suggests a twofold approach. In the short run, the need is to improve the job skills of prospective emigrant workers. This could be achieved through ad hoc training programmes focussed on the job market in Gulf countries. In the long run, the need is to restructure the educational system, taking into consideration the future demand of workers not only in Kerala but also in potential destination countries all over the world, including the US and other developed countries. Kerala emigrants need not always be construction workers in the Gulf countries; they could also be software engineers in developed countries.

In Jharkhand, migration from rural to urban areas accounted for more than half of seasonal migration flows. In terms of spatial movements, rural–urban migration dominates migration for economic reasons. In Jharkhand seasonal migration is high and it is very high among the socio‐economically deprived and marginal groups. This paper examines the association between seasonal migration and its determining factors, particularly socio‐economic status; it observes that there is a significant negative association between economic status and temporary migration. Socio‐economically deprived and marginal groups such as ST, SC, Muslim, household from lower Monthly Per Capita Expenditure quintile and household having lower land holding have a greater propensity to migrate seasonally, which also reflects its distress‐driven nature. The study has found no significant effects of educational attainment on the propensity to migrate. Our results have numerous potential policy implications, including the design of typical social; security schemes for Jharkhand.

To understand the dynamics of urban growth, there is a fundamental and pertinent question about migration which holds a place of prominence in a geographical analysis of population change in an area. Migration is most fundamental to the understanding of continuously changing space content and space relationship of an area. Migrants tend to move from areas of lower economic opportunity to those of higher economic opportunity. Internal migration is a very important component in the population structure of Arunachal Pradesh. Migration has important economic consequences on employment and unemployment for both the emigrant and immigrant while emigration tends to reduce unemployment and immigrating tends to expand unemployment. The objective of the study is to find out the effects of migration on urbanization in Arunachal Pradesh. This study is an introspective type of research based on secondary data gathered from books, articles, websites, web-based journals, Census Reports, and government offices.

Der migrationsgesellschaftliche Wandel beschäftigt die Weiterbildung mit steigender Intensität. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die zum Teil begrenzte weiterbildungswissenschaftliche Rezeption der Thematik in der Vergangenheit und beschreibt aktuelle Trends in Forschung und Praxis. Als Perspektiven für die Bildungsinstitutionen werden der Abbau von Zugangsbarrieren für Migrant/inn/en, makrodidaktische Aspekte sowie Fragen der Organisationsentwicklung und Professionalisierung skizziert. Für die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung werden ein verstärkter intradisziplinärer Austausch mit der interkulturellen Pädagogik, die Rezeption von Ergebnissen aus der kritischen Migrationsforschung sowie eine intensivierte Reflexion des Beitrags der Bildungs wissenschaften zur Konstruktion von Fremdheit und zur Reproduktion von Rassismen angeregt.

The net effect on the environment from migration into developed countries has received little attention in existing literature. Yet, this issue has important policy implications – e.g., nativists' support of anti-immigration policy for achieving pollution reduction targets. This research uses panel data for 127 countries from years 1971–2012 to analyse how migration affects greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through remittance flows. The findings suggest higher remittances lead to lower GHG emissions. Further, the estimated decrease in GHG emissions more than compensates for any potential increase in global GHG emissions from migration into developed countries. These results suggest that pollution alone does not justify policies restricting immigration.

ABSTRACTThis article explores an unexpected and overlooked consequence of the expansion of microcredit: how it interacts with migration patterns. Drawing on qualitative research in northwest Cambodia, this study explores the uses, meanings and implications of 'migra‐loans' — microcredit loans that are used in tandem with household strategies of international migration. Using microcredit in combination with migration allows households to immediately meet consumption goals and utilize the credit being actively promoted by microfinance institutions, while also retreating from insecure and less profitable local livelihood strategies. These strategies problematize expectations about the developmental potential of microcredit, and highlight the importance of local context in framing rural livelihood choices.

A fundamental issue in society today, migration has been undergoing a new dynamic transformation, calling for new policy approaches. This new dynamic is not yet understood clearly, let alone that adequate policy answers for 'the managing' of these new migration processes and the consequences for receiving and sending societies are within. This comprehensive overview of migration research conducted throughout the IMISCoe network of European research analyses the influx of various types of immigrants in Western Europe post World War II, mostly to large cities, as well as the reactions of the native populations and governments to the changes and pressures brought about by immigration.

We investigate whether anti-immigrant attitudes affect migrant inflows in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Using longitudinal exhaustive data, we find that natives' hostility, particularly natives' propensity to discriminate on the labor market, reduces immigration. This effect is comparable to more conventional migration factors. We obtain robust results when we, for example, capture hostility with far-right parties' popularity instead and control for tighter immigration policies or multilateral resistance to migration. We find a stronger effect for EU-to-EU migrants, migrants from developed countries and linguistically close countries. Our results raise a challenge for policy makers when the demand for foreign workers and anti-immigrant sentiment are present.

The dominant paradigm in studies of international migration has largely neglected the significance of skilled women in migratory streams. Much recent analysis of international migration has been overly influenced by conceptualizations developed in the context of the migration of women who engage in unskilled labor, or of ungendered but implicitly androcentric theorizations of skilled migration, whether arising from a modernization thesis or globalization thesis. In this paper I explore the legacies of such theorizations and the ways in which the presence of skilled women can challenge these conceptualizations. This paper suggests the need to rethink the household-labor market-immigration nexus in the light of issues of social stratification which a focus on skilled women migrants raises.