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Mazierska's and Rascaroli's From Moscow to Madrid is a fascinating experiment in imaginary cartography, which explores the representation of cities in contemporary European cinema while drawing freely on film history, sociology, politics and cultural studies. The authors choose the postmodern discourse as a theoretical framework to analyze the complex psyche of modern European cities as it is filtered through the cinematic medium. Their cities are postmodern spectacles testifying to the death of God, to the collapse of any overarching and unifying myths and ideologies and to the ensuing fragmentation and diversification. Although the authors are fascinated by the scale of social, economic and political changes which orchestrated the shift from modern to postmodern city, they do not celebrate it but rather count the losses in sensibilities and examine the cracks in ideologies. What strikes in their account is sadness and nostalgia for some lost city which no longer has place.

THEMES AND MOTIFS IN THE CINEMA OF FRANCESCA ARCHIBUGI THE Italian cinema of the 1980s and 1990s has been characterized by a new trend labelled carineria. Enrico Magrelli defines this style as a form of creative aphasia that tries to metabolize fragments of the commedia all'italiana. He maintains that it imitates "the aesthetics of the reality-shows and talk-shows by exploiting cliché family chronicles and illustrating a catalogue of human passions" (Zagarrio 13). The carino genre has produced nice and sentimental films, criticized for revealing the contemporary directors' inability to narrate ambivalent, mysterious images or enigmatic ideas. This kind of cinema, denigrated with euphemisms such as "dignified, evasive, and promising" (Vitti 235), shows a disinterest in the exploration of the world of the soul and the mind, and insists on the complete removal of serious topics like history, politics or memory. Critics have defined Archibugi's cinema as carino (Sesti 1994).

Official policies against male homosexuals in Cuban revolutionary history are analyzed, documenting episodes of gay persecution by organized political bodies since 1961, when police first began to conduct street raids of homosexual prostitutes. Particular attention is paid to the impact of such policies & activities on national literary production vis-a-vis the repression of gay intellectual circles. The case of writer Reinaldo Arenas in examined in detail. The political dimensions of such activities are explored, showing how homosexual literary & artistic figures, besides being harassed on the basis of their sexual activities, became caught up in attacks on all intellectuals who opposed the revolution. The impact of the 1984 film, Conducta impropia (Improper Conduct), in which exiled filmmakers Nestor Almendros & Orlando Jinenez Leal documented the persecution of gays & lesbians based on the testimony of those who had fled to the US for escape, is discussed. 44 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

There are two conflicting and equally misleading interpretations of Hobbes: either he is a patri-archalist like Filmer – but the premise of Hobbes's theory is that political right originates in maternal not paternal lordship; or he is an anti-patriarchalist – but he endorses the subjection of wives to husbands in civil society. To appreciate how Hobbes turns mother right into a specifically modern, non-paternal form of patriarchy, an understanding is required of his peculiar view of the family as a protective association of master and servants that originates in conquest (contract). Secondly, a conjectural history of the defeat of women by men in the natural condition and their incorporation into 'families' has to be provided. The overthrow of mother right enables men to enter the original contract, to create Leviathan in their own image, and to secure the fruits of their conquest by establishing patriarchal political right, exercised in large part as conjugal right.

THERE ARE TWO CONFLICTING AND EQUALLY MISLEADING INTERPRETATIONS OF HOBBES: EITHER HE IS A PATRIARCHSLIST LIKE FILMER -- BUT THE PREMISE OF HOBBES'S THEORTY IS THAT POLITICAL RIGHT ORIGINATES IN MATERNAL NOT PATERNAL LORDSHIP; OR HE IS AN ANTIPATRIARCHALIST -- BUT HE ENDORSE THE SUBJECTION OF WIVES TO HUSBANDS IN CIVIL SOCIETY. TO APPRECIATE HOW HOBBES TURNS MOTHER RIGHT INTO A SPECIFICALLY MODERN, NON-PATERNAL FORM OF PATRIARCHY, AN UNDERSTANDING IS REQUIRED OF HIS PECULIAR VIEW OF THE FAMILY AS A PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF MASTER AND SERVANTS THAT ORIGINATES IN CONQUEST (CONTRACT). SECONDLY, A CONJECTURAL HISTORY OF THE DEFEAT OF WOMEN BY MEN IN THE NATURAL CONDITION AND THEIR INCORPORATION INTO 'FAMILIES' HAS TO BE PROVIDED. THE OVERTHROW OF MOTHER RIGHT ENABLES MEN TO ENTER THE ORGINAL CONTRACT, TO CREATE LEVIATHAN IN THEIR OWN IMAGE, AND TO SECURE THE FRUITS OF THEIR CONQUEST BY ESTABLISHING PATRIARCHAL POLITICAL RIGHT, EXERCISED IN LARGE PART AS CONJUNGAL RIGHT.

From the end of the 19th century and during great part of the 20th century, the school history in Argentina had a stamp civilizing, nationalistic, factual and bookish. Nevertheless, in the last thirty years, there are new educational regulations, intense transformations of the educational system, and important cultural and communicative mutations. From this situation, where does history go as school discipline? To answer this question, the article analyzes the aims, contents and activities of the history in the secondary level in Argentina. Across the analysis of scholar, political and pedagogical sources, it will show dominant, emergent, latent, residual and everlasting elements. As a whole, the work will expose the construction of a new disciplinary code that intends critical and plural elements, a procesual history, towards the formation of readers and writers of diverse supports and languages. ; Desde fines del siglo XIX y durante gran parte del siglo XX, la historia escolar en Argentina tuvo una impronta civilizatoria, nacionalista, fáctica, y libresca. En los últimos treinta años, se registran nuevas regulaciones educativas y sucesivas variaciones curriculares, intensas transformaciones del sistema educativo en su conjunto e importantes mutaciones culturales y comunicativas. Frente a este panorama, ¿hacia dónde va la Historia como disciplina escolar? Para responder esta pregunta, el artículo analiza los objetivos, los contenidos y las actividades actuales de la enseñanza de la Historia en el nivel secundario en Argentina. A través del análisis de fuentes áulicas, normativas y pedagógicas se dará cuenta de elementos dominantes, emergentes, latentes, residuales y perennes. En conjunto, el trabajo dará cuenta de la construcción de un nuevo código disciplinar para esta disciplina que enfatiza lo crítico y lo plural, lo conceptual, procesual, problematizador y explicativo, y la formación de lectores y escritores de diversos soportes y lenguajes.

During the fabrication of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), residual stress is often induced in the thin films that are deposited to create these systems. These stresses can cause the device to fail due to buckling, curling, or fracture. Government and industry are looking for ways to characterize the stress during the deposition of thin films in order to reduce or eliminate device failure. Micro-Raman spectroscopy has been successfully used to analyze poly-silicon MEMS devices made with the Multi-User MEMS Process (MUMPS trade name). Micro-Raman spectroscopy was selected because it is nondestructive, fast and has the potential for in situ stress monitoring. This research attempts to validate the use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze the stress in MEMS made of silicon carbide (SiC) using the Multi-User Silicon Carbide surface micromachining (MUSiCsm) process. Surface interferometry of fixed-fixed beam arrays and comb drive resonance test are employed to determine stress and compare it to the Raman values. Research also includes baseline spectra of 6H, 4H, and 15R poly-types of bulk SiC. Raman spectra of 1- to 2-micrometers thick 3C-SiC thin films deposited on silicon, silicon nitride, and silicon oxide substrates are presented as an attempt to establish a baseline spectra for 3C-SiC, the poly-type of SiC found in MEMS made with the MUSiCsm process.

Der Artikel bietet zunächst einen interpretativen Überblick über die wesentlichen Phasen der deutschen Aufarbeitung des 3. Reiches, bis hin zu jenem Erinnerungsboom in Literatur und Film, der Ende der Neunziger Jahre einsetzte. Dieser Boom ist einerseits gekennzeichnet durch eine extreme Kommerzialisierung der Vergangenheit, andererseits aber auch durch kritische Rückblicke auf frühere Phasen des Erinnerns, in denen eine klare Instrumentalisierung des Schuldvorwurfs der Nachkriegsgeborenen gegen ihre Elterngeneration aufgedeckt wird. Die Erkenntnis leitende Motivation nachgeborener Generationen hatte teilweise, so der Vorwurf, mehr mit eigenen moralischen und politischen Projektionen als mit der Vergangenheit und ihren Akteuren selber zu tun. Das legt die Hypothese nahe, dass die literarische Suche nach Wahrheit und Gerechtigkeit mit zunehmender zeitlicher Distanz zum 2. Weltkrieg an Glaubwürdigkeit verlor. Dafür würde sprechen, und das macht den zweiten Teil der Untersuchung aus, dass viele unmittelbar nach Kriegsende publizierten und teilweise noch im Krieg verfassten Texte auf eine viel differenziertere Weise die sehr unterschiedlichen Grade der Verstrickung in das Böse offenlegten, als dies in späteren Jahrzehnten üblich war. Sie kannten vielfältige Möglichkeiten des Schuldig-Werdens und präsentierten sogar Situationen, in denen es unmöglich ist, nicht schuldig zu werden. Diese Einsichten in das moralische Dilemma der menschlichen Existenz, so die These des Artikels, gingen in den folgenden Jahrzehnten weitgehend verloren. ; The article offers first an interpretative overview about the essential phases of German historical reappraisal of the Third Reich up to that memory boom in literature and film, which started in the end of the nineties. This boom is marked, on the one hand, by an extreme commercialisation of the past, on the other hand, however, also by critical reviews on former phases of historical memory, in which is disclosed a misuse for other purposes of the reproach of being guilty, made by parts of the post-war-born against their parental generation. The epistemic interest and motivation of post-war-generations partially dealt, according to the critical reviews, more with own moral and political projections than with the past and its actors itself. This suggests the hypothesis that, with an increasing temporal distance to the Second World War, the literary search for truth and justice lost credibility. An argument for this would be, and this puts out the second part of the article, that many literary and philosophical attempts of understanding the horror, written during and/or published immediately after the end of the war, uncovered in a much more differentiated way the various degrees of the entanglement into the Evil. They knew a great variety of becoming guilty and presented even situations, in which it is impossible not to become guilty. These insights of the moral dilemma of human condition, according to the thesis of the article, got lost to a large extend in the following decades.

Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- CHAPTER I -- CHAPTER II - ORIGIN OF THE TROUBLE. -- CHAPTER III. - THE TRAGEDY ON THE LONELY ROAD. -- CHAPTER IV. - GARRETT HAD A PRESENTIMENT OF HIS FATE. -- CHAPTER V. - AT THE BAR OF JUSTICE. -- CHAPTER VI. - RUMORS OF THREATS. -- CHAPTER VII. - THE LIFE OF GARRETT. -- CHAPTER VIII. - THE REIGN OF THE "GUN MEN." -- CHAPTER IX. - BLOODY DONA ANA COUNTY. -- CHAPTER X. - HISTORY OF BLOODY DEEDS. -- CHAPTER XI. - THE MAN OF THE HOUR-PAT GARRETT. -- CHAPTER XII. - THE ETHICS OF THE "DROP." -- CHAPTER XIII. - GARRETT'S FIGHT WITH AN OUTLAW. -- CHAPTER XIV - BONES OF HIS VICTIM AS EVIDENCE. -- CHAPTER XV. - THE BLOODY "CATTLE WAR." -- CHAPTER XVI - ON THE TRACK OF THE KID. -- CHAPTER XVII. - TWO COWARDLY "BAD MEN." -- CHAPTER XVIII - CAPTURE OF THE KID AND HIS GANG. -- CHAPTER XIX. - A BLUSTERING MOB AT LAS VEGAS. -- CHAPTER XX THE KID IS SENTENCED TO BE HANGED. -- CHAPTER XXI - WANDERINGS OF THE OUTLAW. -- CHAPTER XXII. - WILLIAM H. BONNEY, ALIAS "BILLY THE KID." -- CHAPTER XXIII. - BILLY MAKES HIS FIRST RAID. -- CHAPTER XXIV. - A "BUNCO" HORSE RACE. -- CHAPTER XXV - BILLY MAKES ANOTHER KILLING. -- CHAPTER XXVI - BAD LUCK, BUT BROKE A MONTE GAME. -- CHAPTER XXVI. - NOT OF THE "YELLOW KID" TYPE. -- CHAPTER XXVII. - THE LAST SCENE OF ALL. -- CHAPTER XXVIII. - PEACE AND PROSPERITY NOW REIGN IN LINCOLN. -- REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER.

Translated by John W. Phelps. Second edition published in New York, 1864, under title: The cradle of rebellions. A history of the secret societies of France. Cf. M.D. Gilman's Bibliography of Vermont. ; Mode of access: Internet.