Suchergebnisse

In diesem Artikel stehen Fragen politischer Sozialisation mit besonderem Bezug auf offene und verschlossene Prozesse biografischer Politisierung, d.h. biografischer Entfremdung, im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Mithilfe von narrativ-biografischen und themenorientierten Interviews, die mit zwei Überlebenden des Holocaust durchgeführt wurden, wurde der Frage nach der Konstitution von Bewusstseinsprozessen nachgegangen. Wenn Henri LEFEBVRE im dritten Band der "Kritik des Alltagslebens" (1975) im Abschnitt "das Erlebte und das Leben" auf die Dialektik von erlebtem Vergangenen und Gegenwärtigem und dem daraus resultierenden "Leben des Bewusstseins" (individuelles und gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein) eingeht, so ist damit der unausweichliche Konflikt zwischen der Präsenz biografischer Erlebnisse im gegenwärtigen Leben angesprochen. Nach LEFEBVRE sind biografische Erlebnisse nicht allein als zeitlich vergangene Handlungen zu sehen, vielmehr fungieren sie dialektisch als Konstituenten der Gegenwart. Wenn somit, dieser Argumentationslinie folgend, biografische Erfahrungen (das Erlebte) einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf Bewusstseinsprozesse haben, dann ist es vor dem Hintergrund der Überlegungen LEFEBVREs naheliegend, biografische Erlebnisse in die Analyse von Politisierungsprozessen und politischen Einstellungen mit einzubeziehen, um ein besseres Verständnis von deren Konstitutionsbedingungen zu erlangen.

Performative Sozialwissenschaft gewährt Forschenden eine lange erwünschte Plattform, um über traditionelle Wege der Datenerhebung, Analyse und Präsentation ihrer Ergebnisse hinauszugelangen hin zu einer Art der Beschäftigung mit und Beantwortung von Forschungsfragen, die den besonderen Charakter des Ausgangsmaterials nicht aus den Augen verliert. Damit die sozialwissenschaftliche Stimme Gehör findet, müssen neue Wege erprobt werden, um soziale Wirklichkeit darzustellen; Weg, die alte und rigide Vorstellungen von qualitativer Sozialforschung "entkrampfen" zugunsten moderner und flexibler Ansätze, die auch für die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit taugen. Indem wir die theoretischen und paradigmatischen Grenzen unserer Arbeit neu definieren, können wir andere einladen, die Welt aus zusätzlichen Blickwinkeln zu betrachten. In diesem Beitrag werden die Potenziale eines performativen Ansatzes genutzt, um die Lebenserfahrungen einer Überlebenden des Holocaust vorzustellen, zu denen auch die Internierung im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau gehörte. Aus der visuellen und textlichen Reise eines "Forschungsgesprächs" mit der Überlebenden, in die auch Fotografien und Gedichte eingegangen waren, ist eine "Foto-Text-Montage" entstanden, die eine auch empathische Beschäftigung mit deren Zeugnis und Vermächtnis ermöglichen soll. Ich bemühe mich dabei um ein neues Nebeneinanderstellen von Bildern und Worten mit dem Ziel eines besseren Nachvollzugs der Beziehung zwischen ihr und mir, des Forschungsprozesses und seiner Ergebnisse. Es werden Aspekte von Forschung als Prozess des chronologischen, zeitlichen und räumlichen Vertrautwerdens mit den Daten ebenso behandelt wie die Bedeutung der Präsentation (Formate, Layout). Und es wird auf diese Weise sichtbar, was in traditionellen Ansätzen zumeist unsichtbar bleibt – die eigene "Reise" als Forscherin und die Einsichten, die in ihrem Verlauf gewonnen wurden.

10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 1/7 Features | Around Campus | Events | Recognition | Service | SEARCH ARCHIVES January 2016 - Vol. 19, No. 5 P􀶋􈬍􀵾􇸍􀶌􈰍􀶂􈈍􀵽􇴍􀵾􇸍􀶇􈜍􀶍􈴧'􀶌􈰠 M􀵾􇸍􀶌􈰍􀶌􈰍􀵺􇨍􀶀􈀍􀵾􇸠 Welcome back to campus! I hope all of you had an enjoyable holiday break and are ready for a new year ofserving our students. We have some exciting events, projects and staff additions ahead, including: The annual Spring Assembly for Faculty and Staff is Thursday, Jan. 14, with a continental breakfastat 8:30 and program beginning at 9 a.m. I hope you'll come to the Save Mart Center for a brief recapof the fall semester. What's even more important, I have exciting news about the future. The Strategic Plan Committee worked throughout the fall to refine our plan based on the excellentinput received in our campus and community forums. Stay tuned for a final version of our StrategicPlan this spring. A new Cabinet member soon will be joining us. I've appointed Lawrence Salinas as executive directorof Government Relations, effective Feb. 1. He will develop and manage strategies to inform andinfluence public policy at the local, state and federal levels on issues and in areas of interest toFresno State and to advise the campus on legislative matters that may affect us. Lawrence, a FresnoState alumnus, has held leadership positions in governmental relations at UC Merced and the UCOffice of the President. I am thrilled that we again recruited our #1 choice in a Cabinet search! As we begin 2016, I am more convinced than ever that Fresno State's future is very bright. Let's go boldlyinto this new year! 10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 2/7 F􀵾􇸍􀵺􇨍􀶍􈴍􀶎􈸍􀶋􈬍􀵾􇸍􀶌􈱒 Red Wave honors faculty, staff Fresno State staff and faculty were honored Dec. 3 at a special men's basketball game appreciation night. Meet some ofthe player's favorite professors: Thea Fabian (Economics), Leonard Olson (Philosophy), Aric Min (Earth andEnvironmental Sciences) and Jonathan Hernandez (Communication). See more . EOP: Making a difference |The Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) at Fresno State continues to"make a difference" in helping first generation and historically low-incomestudents attain their goal of graduating from college. EOP recently announcedthat students in the fall 2009 cohort achieved a 6-year graduation rate of 59.7percent, which is higher than the campus rate of 58.4 percent. See more . FresnoStateNews.com is all new Stay current on the latest news, information and events happening at FresnoState by visiting the redesigned www.FresnoStateNews.com . This one-stop-shop for campus news features University produced videos, press releases,magazine and newsletter articles. FresnoStateNews.com is an easy way to follow the latest posts on the University'sofficial Facebook and Twitter accounts, and the live calendar is always up-to-date with the latest events on campus. Andif you have a question about a past event or issue facing the University, simply search the archives to access past newsarticles, videos and photos. The new FresnoStateNews.com is also the place to sign up for Fresno State's CommunityNewsletter. Created to showcase how Fresno State is making a bold difference in our region, this monthly newsletter isfilled with videos and features about all aspects of Fresno State. It's never been easier to stay in the know about allthings Fresno State. Bookmark www.FresnoStateNews.com today! Campus colors of fall The campus presents a beautiful show of color during the seasons, and this fall is a showstopper. Photos by CaryEdmondson. See slideshow . A look back at 2015 Revisit key moments from the past year. Photos by Cary Edmondson. See slideshow . A􀶋􈬍􀶈􈠍􀶎􈸍􀶇􈜍􀵽􇴠 C􀵺􇨍􀶆􈘍􀶉􈤍􀶎􈸍􀶌􈱎 New Warmerdam Field track project begins Warmerdam Field is undergoing a facelift as of December. The $2.6 million project is expected to continue through June2016. The project includes an eight-lane, all-weather track; a high-jump area; long- and triple-jump runways; two polevault runways; and shot put, discuss, hammer cage and javelin improvements. Also included are updates in utilities,landscaping and fencing. The current nine-lane, 400-meter track was constructed in 1976 and is named in honor ofCornelius "Dutch" Warmerdam, the former Fresno State head coach and former world-record holder in the pole vault.The track was last resurfaced in 1989. See more . Proposed Hmong minor option would be a first in western U.S. The University is developing a new minor program in Hmong Studies that will be the fifth such program in the nation andfirst in the western United States. The minor, which would be offered through the Linguistics Department in the College ofArts and Humanities, is in the final stages of the approval process with a decision due in the spring. The target date tolaunch is the fall 2016 semester. See more . Student Cupboard receives $25,000 endowment A Bay Area family joined together to establish an endowment that will help Fresno State students facing food insecurity.Michael Treviño, University of California director of undergraduate admissions, has established a $25,000 charitable giftannuity in honor of his aunt, Ermelinda Treviño. The annuity will provide lasting support of the Student Cupboard, whichprovides free food and hygiene products for Fresno State students in need. See more .10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 3/7 Global wireless connectivity is here On Jan. 14, Fresno State will launch eduroam(education roaming), a global wireless connectivityservice that enables students, faculty, staff, andguests to obtain secure internet connectivity. Theeduroam federation is a group of thousands ofuniversities and higher-education institutions across54 countries. These institutions have the eduroamnetwork at their locations and will grant you secureaccess to their network without having to go throughthe long process of setting up a guest login andpassword. Your device will work on their campusesthe same as if it were on Fresno State's. Additionalinformation about eduroam is available here . Benefits: Simplicity - Fresno State students, faculty and staff can log in to eduroam with their own Fresno State credentialsat any participating institution. Security - Eduroam' uses WPA2-enterprise authentication and encryption to prevent eavesdropping when usinginsecure applications on the network. The most significant change to the Fresno State network is that the process for logging in will require an email addressand corresponding email password instead of using computer login credentials. Contact the Help Desk at 278.5000 formore information. Salinas named director of governmental relations For Lawrence Salinas, a Fresno State alumnus with 30 years of political and public affairsexperience, coming home to serve as the University's new executive director of governmentalrelations is an opportunity to advocate for his alma mater. His primary role will be to develop andmanage strategies to inform and influence public policy at the local, state and federal levels inareas of interest to Fresno State. He will report directly to the president and advise the campuson legislative matters that may affect the University. See more . Philanthropist and supporter Dee Jordan dies Mrs. Dee Jordan, who, along with her husband and brother-in-law, was responsible for the largest cash gift in FresnoState's history, passed away on Nov. 17 in San Francisco at age 87. Her connection to Fresno State started at a socialgathering more than three decades ago when a retired Fresno State agriculture professor shared his enthusiasm for hiscollege's programs. That meeting led to a lasting relationship between the Jordans and Fresno State that ultimatelyresulted in a $29.5 million gift to Fresno State's Ag One Foundation in 2009. See more . Former psych professor, chair, Merry West, dies Dr. Merry West, professor emerita and former chair of the Psychology Department, died Nov. 20. She earned a Ph.D. inPsychology from Iowa State University in 1972 and joined the University soon after, then received emeritus status in1993. While at the University, she helped to initiate re-entry programs for students and to develop Women Studiesprograms. Dr. West loved traveling, but her favorite places were in California. See more . E􀶏􈼍􀵾􇸍􀶇􈜍􀶍􈴍􀶌􈱋 Keyboard Concerts presents Yefim Bronfman on Jan. 22 Yefim Bronfman performs at 3 p.m., Jan. 22, in the Concert Hall. Bronfman, a Russian-Israeli-American artist, regularly collaborates with the world's foremost conductors, including SirSimon Rattle, Daniel Barenboim, Herbert Blomstedt, Christoph von Dohnányi, Charles Dutoit,Valery Gergiev, Christoph Eschenbach, Zubin Mehta, Esa-Pekka Salonen, and David Zinman.General admission is $25, seniors $18 and students $5. For reservations and otherinformation, call 278.2337.10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 4/7 Comedian Drew Lynch performs Feb. 9 Student Involvement is hosting a special performance from comedian Drew Lynch on Feb. 9 at7 p.m. in the Satellite Student Union. This event is free to students with a valid Fresno StateI.D. and open to public for $5 per person. Drew Lynch starred on season 10 of America's GotTalent and advanced all the way to the finale. During his first audition, he shared his story ofhow a softball accident resulted in a permanent, severe stutter and how his life changedimmediately. Drew Lynch's comedy performance is being sponsored by Student Involvement,Services for Students with Disabilities, and Advocates for Students with Disabilities. For moreinformation, contact Shawna Blair at 559.278.2741. Library hosts Saleri exhibition Feb. 6-May 31; gala dinner is Feb. 5 During the spring 2016 semester, the Henry Madden Library presents a retrospective exhibition of artwork by KristinSaleri (1915 to 1987), a pioneering 20th century artist of Armenian heritage who lived and painted in Istanbul. Discovering Kristin Saleri runs Feb. 6 through May 31 in the Leon S. Peters Ellipse Gallery and Pete P. Peters BalconyGallery. The Gala Donors Opening Dinner is Feb. 5 at 6 p.m. in Henry Madden Library, second floor outside Leon S.Peters Ellipse Gallery. The exhibition is curated by Fresno natives Joyce Kierejczyk and Carol Tikijian, who also curateda spring exhibition at the Fresno Art Museum of works by artists of Armenian descent in commemoration of thecentennial of the Armenian genocide. The artworks exhibited are on loan from the family of the artist, who reside inHouston. For more information on the artist, visit www.kristinsaleri.com . For more information on the exhibit, visit the website . Save the date: Jan. 14 - International Fun Night, University Student Union Pavilion, 4 p.m. Jan. 16 - Men's basketball, Save Mart Center, 4 p.m. Meet members of the team . Jan. 20 - Women's basketball, Save Mart Center, 7 p.m. Jan. 21 - The Harlem Globetrotters, Save Mart Center, 7 p.m. Jan. 21 - Visual Arts Seminar, Satellite Student Union, 8 a.m. Jan. 22 - Women's basketball, Save Mart Center, 2 p.m. Jan. 27 - Club Sports Expo and Greek Day, University Student Union Balcony, starting at 7 a.m. Jan. 30 - SATAM Tai Chi group practice, South Gym 134, 7:30 a.m. R􀵾􇸍􀵼􇰍􀶈􈠍􀶀􈀍􀶇􈜍􀶂􈈍􀶍􈴍􀶂􈈍􀶈􈠍􀶇􈝅 Emmanuel Alcala (Central Valley Health Policy Institute) presented on air pollution in the Valley and its effects on children at the NationalInstitute of Environmental Health Sciences/Environmental Protection Agency Children's Centers Annual Meeting inWashington, D.C. See more . Nancy Delich and Stephen Roberts (Social Work and Communicative Disorders and Deaf Studies) are featured in the latest issue of Central California LifeMagazine, in which they discuss their underwater sign language course, which they teach at their dive shop, CentralValley Scuba Center. See more . Ethan Kytle and Blain Roberts (History) had their op-ed article advocating for a national slavery memorial published in the New York Times. See more .Roberts' book, "Pageants, Parlors, and Pretty Women: Race and Beauty in the Twentieth Century South" (University ofNorth Carolina Press, 2014) was recently awarded the 2105 Willie Lee Rose Prize by the Southern Association forWomen Historians. This award recognizes the best book in southern history published by a woman during the previouscalendar year. The book was also a finalist (among the top three, out of 70 submissions) for the 2015 BerkshireConference of Women Historians First Book Prize. Annette Levi (Agricultural Business) was named to the National Agricultural Research, Extension, Education, and Economics Advisory10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 5/7 Board by U.S. Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. The board advises Vilsack and land-grant colleges and universities. Bradley Myers (Theatre Arts) received recognition from the Region VIII Governing Board of the Kennedy Center/American CollegeTheatre Festival for the production of the play, "Really, Really ." A scene from the play will be included at the regionalfestival at the University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, held this February. Barlow Der Mugrdechian (Armenian Studies) had a book chapter published, "The Theme of Genocide in Armenian Literature," (pp. 273-286) in thenewly released book, The Armenian Genocide Legac y (Palgrave, 2015). The book was the product of a conference, "TheArmenian Genocide's Legacy, 100 Years On," held in The Hague, Netherlands, March 5-7, 2015. Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval (Arts and Humanities) was named dean of the College of Arts and Humanities, effective Jan. 1. He is a Fresno Stateprofessor of Spanish and Portuguese and served as interim associate dean of the college. Jiménez-Sandoval willsucceed Interim Dean José A. Díaz, who was not a candidate for the position. Díaz will be on special assignment in thespring semester. See more . Samendra Sherchan (Public Health) received the 2015-16 WRPI Faculty Research Incentive Award (from the Office of the Chancellor, WaterResources and Policy Initiatives) for his project, Understanding Public Perception to Direct Potable Reuse of MunicipalTreated Waste-water in the Central Valley. S􀵾􇸍􀶋􈬍􀶏􈼍􀶂􈈍􀵼􇰍􀵾􇹒 Reading and Beyond at Fresno State celebrates asuccessful semester The Reading and Beyond at Fresno State program (a partnershipbetween Fresno State's Richter Center and Reading and Beyond )recently took time to celebrate a successful semester. Over the courseof fall 2015, 60 work-study students served as tutors with the program,providing tutoring and mentoring services to children throughoutFresno County. Tutors worked directly with 183 elementary studentsproviding literacy and homework support. In addition, the tutors servedmore than 800 children intermittently. Reading and Beyond at FresnoState program also took part in several additional community serviceprojects, including school carnivals, local revitalization projects,educational community events, and a special letter-writing campaign benefiting military members and veterans. Save the Date: Spring Community Service Opportunities Fair The 13th annual Spring Community Service Opportunities Fair takes place Wednesday, Jan. 27, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.in the Satellite Student Union. The event is sponsored by The Jan and Bud Richter Center for Community Engagementand Service-Learning. During the Community Service Opportunities Fair students will have the opportunity to learn aboutvolunteer, service-learning, internship, and career opportunities offered through local community benefit organizations. Faculty and staff are encouraged to attend this event and send students who are interested in community service or whoare required to do service as part of a class assignment. For more information, please contact Trisha Studt in the RichterCenter at 559.278.7079. Registration open for Kids Day 2016 Kids Day is one the Valley's largest and most visible special events benefitting Valley Children's Hospital . Last year over1,400 Fresno State students participated in Kids Day and raised over $41,000! Kids Day will be held on March 8, 2016and is a great way for students, faculty, and staff to engage in a community-wide philanthropy project and can help inthree ways: (1) volunteer to sell papers, (2) help recruit other volunteers by sharing information on this event with friends,students and colleagues and (3) buy a paper on Kids Day from those around campus. Each year the Richter Centerhosts a friendly competition recognizing the top-selling student clubs and organizations. Register your club ororganization today by completing the online form . Individuals can also sign-up to volunteer using the same form . Formore information about participating, please contact Madison Dakovich in the Jan and Bud Richter Center for CommunityEngagement and Service-Learning at 559.278.7079 or send an email to fresnostatekidsday@gmail.com.10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 6/7 Fresno State for Summer Campaign a success This fall, Fresno State students Nancy Mohamed and Kelli Lowe, coordinated a campus-wide fundraising campaign builtaround the annual Giving Tuesday . This project raised money to support the wish of a Make-A-Wish CentralCalifornia child, Summer, whose wish is to visit to Walt Disney World with her family and meet Elsa from the movie Frozen . The campaign, "Fresno State for Summer" ran from November 1 - December 1, 2015. Over $1,400 was raisedto support Summer's wish. Mohamed and Lowe hope that this project will inspire future students to continue organizingfundraising efforts around Giving Tuesday and establishing a new philanthropic tradition at Fresno State. Richter Center student leaders provide nearly 3,000 hours of service In December, the Richter Center Student Leaders (RCSL) celebrated a successful fall semester. RCSL is made-up ofthree distinct teams including the Richter Center Ambassadors, Reflection Facilitators, and SERVE Committee. Theteam of 27 students provided a combined 2,734 hours of service to the campus and community. This service includedcoordinating and hosting two one-day service events (Make a Difference Day and Serving Fresno Day), conductingservice-related presentations and workshops for fellow Fresno State students, and promoting service through variousdigital and in-person campaigns. The team will return in the spring semester to continue these efforts including planningand hosting Spring into Service – a one-day service event – and National Volunteer Week activities. For more informationon RCSL, contact Mellissa Jessen-Hiser . Send us your photos! Campus News wants to share your most whimsical or memorable photo as a photo of the month . Faculty and staff, please submit your photo to campusnews@csufresno.edu . In case you missed it: Fresno State vs. San Francisco Catch some highlights from the Fresno State basketball win against San Francisco on Nov. 19. See slideshow . Fresno State vs. Colorado State Miss the Fresno State Bulldogs football game against Colorado State Rams, Nov. 28? See slideshow . International Cultural Night Enjoy the colors and vibrancy of International Cultural Night. See slideshow . ROTC Presentation Fresno State's ROTC made a presentation at the Oakland Raiders game, Dec. 6. See slideshow. Marching Band Moments A look back at some key Fresno State Marching Band moments. See slideshow . Happy Holidays Enjoy a glimpse of some of the seasonal decorations on campus, including displays in the Kennel Bookstore. Seeslideshow . Or enjoy holiday greetings from Victor E. Bulldog III. See slideshow . Slideshow photos by Cary Edmondson and courtesy of University Communications.10/28/2020 Campus News - January 2016 www.fresnostatejournal.com/vol19no5/index.html 7/7 Still looking for more news? For the latest university press releases, visit FresnoStateNews.com. For sports news, visit GoBulldogs.com . Find announcements, events, and more on BulletinBoard . For the academic calendar, see the catalog . Find additional calendars through Academic Affairs . A listing of season stage performances is available through Theatre Arts and music performances through the Music Department . Campus News is the Fresno State employee newsletter published online the first day of each month – or the weekday closest to the first – fromSeptember through May. The deadline for submissions to the newsletter is 10 days prior to the first of each month. Please e-mail submissions to campusnews@csufresno.edu ; include digital photos, video clips or audio clips that are publishable online. Phone messages, PDFs, faxes, and printedhard copies will not be accepted. President , Joseph I. Castro Vice President for University Advancement , Paula Castadio . Campus News is published by the Office of University Communications. Archives | Academic Calendar | FresnoStateNews | Campus News Deadlines | University Communications Print this Page

Senator Bob Menendez's indictment on federal corruption charges has rocked congressional politics and sent shockwaves through the foreign policy establishment. The New Jersey Democrat was, until recently, Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, a powerful role that has enabled the New Jersey Senator to wield outsized influence over a wide array of pressing foreign policy issues.Menendez has been a leading voice of congressional opposition to the pending U.S. sale of F-16 fighter jets to Turkey. There is "nothing new," he said earlier this summer, reiterating his concerns over Turkey's hold on ratifying Sweden's NATO membership, Ankara's human rights record, and its hostilities with fellow NATO member Greece. "How does it work for us to have one NATO ally be belligerent to another and someone sell them F-16s?" he said. Menendez has remained steadfastly opposed to the F-16 deal even after President Joe Biden, to whom the senator has been an important even if occasionally eristic ally, signaled his readiness to move ahead with the transfer.Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan made no attempt to conceal his pleasure over Menendez's ongoing political implosion. "One of our most important problems regarding the F-16s were the activities of U.S. Sen. Bob Menendez against our country," he said. "Menendez's exit gives us an advantage but the F-16 issue is not an issue that depends only on Menendez." Ankara has tried to exploit the issue of Sweden's NATO accession — which must be explicitly approved by every NATO member state before it can be formalized — as a source of leverage on the F-16 deal. Meanwhile, Menendez has insisted that Sweden's NATO membership is something that "should naturally occur" and not an object of barter between Erdogan and the West. "I've always said that the ratification of Sweden, which should naturally occur, is not the sine qua non of why I would lift the hold on F-16s," Menendez said. "There's bigger issues than just that alone."Menendez is accused of using his considerable influence over U.S. foreign policy to benefit the Egyptian government. The allegations have already spurred calls, endorsed by Menendez's fellow top Senate Democrat Chris Murphy, to dial back U.S. aid to Egypt."I would hope that our committee would consider using any ability it has to put a pause on those dollars, pending an inquiry into what Egypt was doing," Murphy said. "I have not talked to colleagues about this yet, but obviously this raises pretty serious questions about Egypt, Egypt's conduct." Questions of Egyptian involvement have rightfully received overwhelming public attention given the contents of the corruption charges leveled at Menendez, but there are other factors to consider. Though relations between Ankara and Cairo have been fraught since the 2013 ouster of Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi, with the two sides only recently restoring full-fledged diplomatic ties, Menendez's signaling against Turkey might be better explained by concerns closer to home. The senator's home state boasts sizeable diaspora communities from Greece and Armenia, countries that have long been on a hostile footing with Erdogan's Turkey. Menendez has emerged as a forceful voice in support of Armenia, urging recognition of the 1915-1917 genocide of Armenians in the former Ottoman Empire and pushing for sanctions against Azerbaijan, Turkey's close ally, over allegations of human rights abuses against ethnic Armenians in the Azerbaijani enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh. Asked by Reuters in July 2023 about the conditions for lifting his ongoing hold on the F-16 transfer to Turkey, Menendez said, "If they [the Biden administration) can find a way to ensure that Turkey's aggression against its neighbors ceases, which there has been a lull the last several months, that's great but there has to be a permanent reality." As noted by Erdogan himself, Menendez's downfall does not necessarily guarantee the immediate passage of the F-16 deal long sought by Ankara. Indeed, there appears to be an emerging consensus in Congress around Menendez's position that Turkey must approve Sweden's NATO bid without preconditions for the F-16 negotiations to progress. "I'm reading the tea leaves, and he was one of the four that was still kind of holding out, so I think it's more likely it's going to be approved — but Sweden's got to be admitted to NATO," said representative Mike McCaul (R-TX). "We're saying we're not going to consider this if you're going to play hardball against Sweden."It is clear that Menendez's standing as a key congressional voice on foreign policy issues will be degraded whether or not he manages to weather this latest corruption scandal. His potential resignation from the senate would altogether remove one of the principal obstacles to the fighter jet deal. But Erdogan and his allies have reasons to rejoice beyond the F-16 issue; Menendez's plight will weaken the U.S. Armenian lobby, curb congressional opposition to the Aliyev government amid rising fears of "ethnic cleansing" in Nagorno-Karabakh, and dampen congressional voices urging the White House to take a tougher line on Ankara. Outside of Eurasia, the Menendez indictment is not without possible implications on this side of the Atlantic. The New Jersey senator has been a principled opponent of steps toward rapprochement with Cuba, particularly including efforts to roll back parts of the U.S. embargo on Cuba. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee shakeup opens the door for a rekindling of diplomatic dialogue between the White House and Cuba, promised by Joe Biden during the 2020 presidential campaign, but it remains to be seen if the White House will seize this opportunity. A program of engagement with Cuba has support from segments of the left, with New York congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) denouncing the embargo as "absurdly cruel," but could prompt a backlash from parts of the Cuban American community and will draw charges from some Republicans that the administration is soft on Havana.

The American public almost unanimously agrees that the nation's War on Drugs has been a huge failure. Now, South American leaders have a plan to form an alliance with key nations to initiate a new, non-violent approach to drug crime. This is a critical opportunity for the Biden administration to combat organized crime while regaining geopolitical credibility by promoting peace.

Since the United States' War on Drugs began more than five decades ago, the nation has spent over a trillion dollars enforcing drug policies domestically since 1971.

Meanwhile, the number of drug cartels in the Americas has only increased, as have the casualties.

The U.S. is not alone in these failed efforts. Both drug-related violent crime and drug trafficking itself are at record highs in a number of countries around the hemisphere. According to InSight Crime, cocaine trafficking is at historic highs, and the homicide rate in Andean countries is skyrocketing. Clearly, violent efforts to combat drug use and trafficking are ineffective. Fortunately, some South American politicians are suggesting a new solution.

Colombian President Gustavo Petro recently proposed the creation of an alliance between Latin American and Caribbean states looking for a different way to fight organized crime and drug trafficking. In his speech at the Latin American and Caribbean Conference on Drugs on September 9th, Petro argued that "it is time to rebuild hope and not repeat the bloody and ferocious wars, the ill-named 'war on drugs', viewing drugs as a military problem and not as a health problem for society." Petro likened the policy to "genocide" against the Colombian people, with more than 200,000 civilians dying in the country as a direct result of the civil conflict — including drug violence — since 1958.

Presidents Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico and Luis Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil have already supported this new approach, at least rhetorically. At the conference, representatives from 17 countries signed a statement agreeing to the need to "rethink the global war on drugs" and focus on "life, peace, and development."

Unfortunately, some countries in Latin America have taken the opposite perspective, embracing militarization and "mano dura" (hard hand) policies based on the record of autocrat Nayib Bukele of El Salvador. Many U.S. policymakers promote similar tactics, including a ludicrous U.S. invasion of Mexico. Ecuador and Honduras, in response to rising homicide rates, chose to militarize counternarcotics, leading to more death, instability, and democratic backsliding.

But these violent tactics have never worked. Not only did the U.S.-led War on Drugs fail miserably, but the nation also played a large role in inciting violence in Central America by supporting violent groups and governments in the hopes of tackling drug traffickers and left-wing guerrillas in the region. The security infrastructure in most Central American countries is a direct result of U.S. involvement during the Cold War.

By promoting a violent solution to the drug crisis and emboldening anti-drug militias, the U.S. has created more drug cartels. According to records from the Drug Enforcement Administration, Colombian paramilitaries have become the largest domestic drug producers and traffickers in Colombia. They were originally propped up, funded, and armed by the United States.

Under the Reagan administration, Latin American factions and dictators engaging in drug trafficking, including the Contras in Nicaragua, and Manuel Noriega in Panama, were also supported by the U.S. In Mexico, the U.S. and Mexican governments' policy of decapitation — removing top leaders from cartels — led to fractionalization and the creation of more cartels battling over resources and power, making Mexico a narco-state with hundreds of groups.

In light of the negative influence that Washington has had on the War on Drugs throughout the American regions, the Biden administration should extend an olive branch to Petro and support his new alliance. By inviting Petro and other sympathetic Latin American leaders to the White House, or to a Latin American city with a connection to the War on Drugs, Biden could discuss a regional, non-violent approach that would repair international ties with South and Central American countries and renew the nations' vision for reducing drug crime. Involving the U.S. publicly would give weight to the transition and bring international media attention to the drug problem.

The alliance's members and leading in-country experts could then come up with a list of policies to be implemented across the hemisphere in line with the new non-violent approach. Those policies should then pass the legislatures and become law in the respective countries.

The list could include harm-reduction programs to reduce consumption, scholarship programs for youths in high-risk areas, public education programs, housing subsidies, negotiation with drug-trafficking organizations, reintegration programs for former members, funding for public mental health counseling, and large-scale investment in public projects to boost employment in low-income communities.

Examples of the far-reaching success of these policies should be included to support their validity and implementation.
In addition, regimes that continue their hardline policies should be isolated and condemned by alliance members. El Salvador, Honduras, and Ecuador have suspended constitutional rights and liberties to bolster the rights of the security state. In doing so, they have sacrificed civilian life, institutional stability, democracy, and human rights in exchange for temporary security. The United States should put diplomatic pressure on political leaders like Nayib Bukele of El Salvador and Xiomara Castro for militarized drug policies that perpetuate this behavior.Unifying the Americas around this approach would help equalize the burden of the drug problem while sharing the benefits of the new approach's success. Leaders of the alliance should publicly call out problematic policies within these regimes. Petro has already done this with El Salvador.
Other countries wanting to adopt the "hard hand" approach to counternarcotics should beware of the political, diplomatic, and economic consequences of adopting illiberal and unsuccessful drug policies. Proposing an invasion of Mexico won't help tackle the drug problem, promote U.S. security interests, or restore U.S. influence around the region. Supporting a new South American alliance would do this and more.

"Leave Nothing to the Imagination: Global Forms of Atrocity After 1945" argues that in the wake of the Nuremberg trials of 1945-1946, through the Eichmann trial in 1961, concern about how to establish evidence for atrocity becomes the major preoccupation for legal representations of human rights violations. I trace how legal discourse becomes dependent on literary modes of representation in order to substantiate the reality of large-scale violence and human suffering in the context of post-1945 human rights legislation. I argue that at key moments, legal arguments turn to fictions and figurations in their attempts to establish the facts of atrocity. Since fiction can create narrative cohesion that the facts themselves cannot support, legal attempts at redress borrow from the imaginative possibilities of fictional techniques for making atrocity legible. Figuration, moreover, fortifies unstable evidence by enlisting facts from other contexts through a logic of resemblance. Herein, I investigate how the dynamic between factual, fictional, and figurative modes of establishing evidence migrates from its epicenter in post-1945 Europe to diverse geographical spaces and geopolitical contexts, where it takes on internationally recognizable markings of atrocity. I look at the intersections between these geographical and geopolitical sites of atrocity, examining the way they borrow, refer to, and complicate one another, and I identify how these aesthetic exchanges constitute attempts to establish evidence in cases where empirical evidence lacks. I look at how the literature of atrocity after 1945 comes to center around this concern about proving the reality of atrocity, and how this happens simultaneously as atrocity becomes an increasingly international concern, subject to new international human rights legislation.This dissertation stands at the intersection of three interdisciplinary conversations: first, how human rights defines a concept of universal personhood; second, comparative genocide studies and, more broadly, comparative atrocity; and third, the nature of evidence in law and literature. The central literary figures that this project engages include Kurt Vonnegut, Antjie Krog, M. NourbeSe Philip, Paul Celan, and Indra Sinha; the central theorists I engage include Hannah Arendt, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Gayatri Spivak, and Jacques Derrida. The case studies I include trace out a global trajectory of a discourse of human rights, alongside concern about establishing evidence for human rights violations. In each chapter, I pair literary texts with archival sources, in order to identify how texts in each of these categories maneuver between factual and figurative terms. The formal category that has determined my grouping of primary texts is the category of "legal testimony." My first chapter, "Factuality on Trial: The "Real" Eichmann, The Authenticity of Atrocity, and the Evidence of Evil," examines the Eichmann trials in 1961 and Hannah Arendt's coverage of the trials in her landmark thesis, Eichmann in Jerusalem: Thesis on the Banality of Evil. This chapter focuses on the Holocaust as a new archetype of atrocity in which the idea of "authentic" representation of atrocity becomes unstable. I chronicle a turning point in the concept of legal evidence as it relates to and is used to establish the reality of atrocityMy next chapter, "Fictions of Evidence: Reconciling Truth in Country of My Skull," examines the South African Truth and Reconciliation Amnesty Hearings of 1996-1997. The TRC self-consciously fashioned itself against the Nuremberg and Eichmann trials, and did so in front of a global audience. In in the context of the TRC, truth becomes fragmented, and reconciliation requires fictions to supplement those fragments. I examine a particular piece of testimony from Antjie Krog's Country of My Skull to illustrate how legal truth in the TRC hearings may be governed by fictions. I show how at the core of the TRC, the concept of evidence itself is located in a specifically literary imaginary. My third chapter, "Seeing Double in Animal's People: Local Toxins, Global Toxicity and the Universal Bhopal," turns to industrial disaster of 1984 in India caused by an American multinational corporation. Bhopal showcases the challenges of providing evidence for and addressing local mass suffering in that global context. Focusing on Indra Sinha's Animal's People, my chapter examines how this atrocity in Bhopal veers between authenticating itself as atrocity by evidencing its universality, borrowing from facts and stylizations of antecedent atrocity to put Bhopal within the legislative purview of International Human Rights, and simultaneously evidencing its uniqueness, thus taking it outside of the global economy. My fourth chapter, "Textimony: Zong! and the Poetics of Evidence" pushes my argument into poetic form. M. NourbeSe Philip's Zong!, a collection of language poetry, is what the author calls an "untelling." It "untells" the 1781 slave massacre aboard the ship, an atrocity followed by an egregious legal case that framed the atrocity as a property compensation claim pressed by the slave owners. Zong! uses the aesthetic conventions developed by a specifically post-1945 mode of representing atrocity, and a contemporary mode of thinking about human rights and atrocity, and projects these conventions onto a historical event of atrocity—the transatlantic slave trade—that may stand both at the gateway of modern globalization, and as an archetype of atrocity. I consider the politics of comparative memory in a globalized legal context, and the representational and political consequences of a comparative approach to memory that may become competitive. My research intervenes into the discourses of contemporary international human rights concerns, policy development, and the discursive development of moral pedagogy addressing the lessons and the legacy of global atrocity for future responses and ethical import. My intervention into these conversations seeks to understand how, in the context of post-1945 human rights, which I will argue is inherently comparative, modes and methodologies of comparison typically associated with literary discourse—analogy, figuration, and metaphor—alongside fictions themselves, become forms of evidence, and how they come to mobilize some of the great human rights projects of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

En la sociedad europea crece la preocupación por el retorno de tendencias fascistas y neonazis y por la extensión de ideologías xenófobas y antisemitas, algunas de ellas alimentadas a partir de tesis de negacionistas de aquellos trágicos eventos de nuestra historia reciente. La lucha frente a los discursos negacionistas se ha llevado más allá del ámbito social y académico, y se ha propuesto la incorporación en los ordenamientos jurídicos europeos de tipos penales específicos que incriminan este tipo de discurso: negar, banalizar, o justificar el Holocausto u otros genocidios o graves crímenes contra la humanidad. Esta legislación, que encuentra su mayor expresión en la Decisión marco 2008/913/JAI, aunque castiga un discurso socialmente repugnante, sin embargo presenta dudas en cuanto a su legitimidad con un sistema de libertades erigido sobre el pilar del pluralismo propio de los Estados democráticos. Surge así la cuestión de si pueden estar surgiendo «nuevos» delitos de opinión y a ello se dedica entonces la presente tesis. El objetivo concreto de este trabajo será analizar esta política-criminal para proponer una configuración del delito de negacionismo compatible con la libertad de expresión, aunque se cuesiontará la conveniencia de castigar penalmente a través de un específico delito este tipo de conductas. En particular se pretende responder a tres preguntas: en primer lugar, ¿el discurso negacionista debe ampararse prima facie por la libertad de expresión en un ordenamiento abierto y personalista y cuáles podrían ser las «reglas» que podrían servir como criterio para limitar este género de manifestaciones? Admitido que este discurso puede ser limitado y teniendo en cuenta la «voluntad» del legislador de dar respuesta a través del Derecho penal a este fenómeno, la segunda pregunta sería entonces: ¿Cómo podría construirse un tipo penal respetuoso con los principios constitucionales y penales que específicamente incriminara este género de conductas? Ahora bien, como la misión del jurista no debe detenerse sólo en tratar de ejecutar la decisión política, formularé una última pregunta: ¿Es conveniente o adecuada una política criminal que lleve a crear un específico delito de negacionismo? En respuesta a estas preguntas se tratará de justificar que el discurso negacionista ha de entenderse amparado prima facie por la libertad de expresión, sin perjuicio de que pueda justificarse su proscripción en aquellos casos en los que las manifestaciones o bien resulten insultantes o amenazadoras, o bien cuando provoquen a la comisión de actos delictivos o de ilícitos en salvaguarda de bienes constitucionales generando un peligro cierto e inminente. Asimismo, se justificará la oposición a configurar el delito de negacionismo como un delito de clima o de peligro abstracto en tutela del orden público o de la paz pública, y se propondrá una construcción típica como una modalidad reforzada de injurias. En cualquier caso, se criticará esta política-criminal que lleva a que nuestros Códigos penales vuelvan a introducir figuras similares a los viejos delitos de vilipendio a la Religión o a la Nación típicos del fascismo, partiendo de una concepción paternalista de la propia democracia. ABSTRACT PhD. The struggle of the Law against negationism: a dangerous border. Particular study of the Spanish and Italian legal system D. Germán M. Teruel Lozano Universidad de Bolonia / Universidad de Murcia In European society is growing the concern of the return of fascist and neo-Nazi ideologies and the spread of xenophobic and anti-Semitic, some of them fed from thesis which try to deny Holocaust and those tragic events. The struggle against these denier speeches has been carried beyond the social and academic level, and proposed the incorporation in the European legal systems of specific criminal offenses that incriminate this kind of speech: deny, trivialize, or justify the Holocaust or other genocides or serious crimes against humanity. It is a kink of speech socially repugnant, but this legislation, which finds the greatest expression in the Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA, presents doubts about its legitimacy in a system of freedoms built on the pillar of the pluralism of democratic States. Thus arises the question if new «crimes of opinion» can be emerging. The specific objective of this thesis is to analyze this policy in order to propose a configuration of the «crime of (Holocaust) denial» compatible with freedom of expression, although in general will be criticized the decision of punishing this type of behaviour through a specific crime will be criticized. In particular, the thesis would answer three main questions: firstly, denier speech must be prima facie protected by freedom of speech in an open and personalist constitutional order and what might be the "rules" that could serve as criteria to justify a limit to this kind of manifestations? Secondly, how a criminal offense specifically incriminating this kind of speech could be configured in a manner respectfully of the constitutional principles? Thirdly, it is convenient or appropriate a criminal policy which specific incriminate this kind of speech? In response to these questions it will be justify that the denier speech should be prima facie covered by freedom of speech, although the prohibition of this speech could be justify in cases where the speeches are either insulting or threatening, or when they provoke the commission of criminal acts or illicit generating a clear and present danger. Also, the thesis will justify the opposition to set up a crime for its abstract danger against public order or public peace, and it will be proposed a construction as a reinforced form of libel or insult offences. In any case, it will be criticized this policy which leads to our Criminal Codes to introduce offences similar to the old crimes of vilification the Religion or the Nation, typical of fascism regimes, on the basis of a paternalistic conception of Democracy.

AbstractThe Therapeutic Turn in International Humanitarian Law: War Crimes Tribunals as Sites of "Healing"? by Diana Elizabeth Anders Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric Designate Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender, and SexualityUniversity of California, Berkeley Professor Judith Butler, Co-Chair Professor David Cohen, Co-Chair This dissertation examines the growing tendency to figure international war crimes tribunals in terms of their therapeutic value for their victims. My project documents and questions how the discourse of juridical healing emerged from what I term "the therapeutic turn" in international humanitarian law (hereafter, IHL). I analyze this phenomenon in terms of its key features, conditions of possibility, modes of legitimization, and effects, focusing on legal institutions designed to adjudicate crimes such as genocide, mass rape, and torture. My central argument is that the rhetoric of juridical healing, despite its commendable achievements, comes at an important cost, in that the appeal to law can invite new forms of regulation and domination. In short, this novel form of justice produces and authorizes its own forms of violence. It does so in part by obscuring the political effects of the law's promise to heal. To bring this uncomfortable fact into relief is but a first step towards countering such ill effects. This project focuses on the first two international ad hoc tribunals -- the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and the International Tribunal for Rwanda -- as well as the International Criminal Court (hereafter, the ICTY, the ICTR, and the ICC). All were established in the 1990s in the beginning of what has been called the "tribunal era," which has ushered in an unprecedented emphasis on victims of atrocity. Primarily by means of discourse analysis, I examine court documents and trial transcripts, as well as relevant statements made by diplomats, politicians, court officials, scholars, and non-governmental-organizations. Such analysis aims to chart the expansion of a new norm of justice as healing that has so far largely gone unrecognized. Chapter One outlines the general problem of the dissertation, introducing the phenomenon of juridical healing and situating it historically. Although such healing has become a powerful, even normative trope in humanitarian discourse, it has not been well defined. The chapter raises questions concerning what juridical healing can realistically achieve, and how it might constitute a new mode of power that paternalistically regulates the very subjects it pledges to heal. It also examines how the special status of healing discourse as "above reproach" has shielded it from critical scrutiny. Chapter Two surveys the growing scholarly discourse on juridical healing, arguing that such inquiries tend to uncritically accept the core terms of the therapeutic turn. This work can thus serve to reify the problematic notion of healing promulgated elsewhere. Such thinking holds that tribunals can occasion forms of "catharsis" and "closure," both for individual victim-witnesses and more broadly. I argue that this belief in "disclosure for closure" forecloses critical reflection on the effects of juridical healing, or on alternatives to this conception. In Chapter Three, I develop a genealogy of juridical healing in relation to new legal institutions. I analyze how the promise of healing has served as a means of legitimization, even as it has led courts into uncharted legal territory. Even as the tribunals of the 1990s derived their credibility from the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals that followed World War II, they also had to distance themselves from the accusation that the latter had only dispensed "victors' justice." In an uncanny echo, recent tribunals can be said to have produced forms of "victims' justice." I examine how such rhetoric threatens to undermine the same credibility that it otherwise means to establish, even at the cost of the victims it purportedly champions. Chapter Four considers the tribunals' adjudication of sexual violence as a war crime. Here I use individual case studies to show the unforeseen costs of such procedures. I examine how the female victim of sexual violence is effectively condemned to victimhood by the very discourse that promises to heal her, but denies her meaningful agency. At the same time, "other" victims of wartime sexual violence--such as men, boys, or women from the "enemy camp"--are marginalized. My analyses of these cases explore how therapeutic-juridical interventions can undermine their avowed aims, while concealing the power relations on which they rely and which they perpetuate. The final chapter is based on fieldwork that I carried out in 2009 in The Hague, Netherlands, and examines the depoliticizing effects of juridical healing. Drawing on interviews with ICTY and ICC officials, the chapter outlines the temporal and spatial coordinates of the rhetoric of healing. I focus on the ways in which such rhetoric enacts movements of deferral and displacement, and thus neutralizes potential forms of political activity. As an alternative, I examine Hannah Arendt's account of politics, which is centered on collective, participatory action and antagonistic debate. Such a view allows us to imagine a more capable subject of politics, one with the potential to recover, resist, and revolt. The Epilogue evaluates the current and future implications of the rhetoric of healing, exploring alternative responses to extreme violence. I claim that juridical healing can be understood as the latest "last utopia" or the least "lesser evil" in a time when "human rights" and "humanitarianism" have become increasingly wed to military interventions. I proceed to trace additional contradictions in the discourse of juridical healing, in that contemporary IHL also identifies with the ideology of militarized humanitarianism in its endorsement of the UN doctrine of "Responsibility to Protect." I close by suggesting that juridical healing presents the international community with an aporia that might ultimately be generative, insofar as it produces conditions under which the very politics it stifles might also be aroused. By rethinking and reframing this rhetoric, I hope to indicate avenues for differently imagining and producing the future--a future not destined to repeat or be dictated by the violence, injustice, and pain of the past.