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Businesses often engage in long-term relationships with firms and people they trust and know, in which they informally sell and exchange information and services (Baker, Gibbons, & Murphy, 2002). As postulated by Arrow (1972, p. 357), "virtually every commercial trans-action has within itself an element of trust". Within these relations, trust is defined as the belief that market actors adhere to informal contract arrangements. Particularly in lower-income countries, which are often described by distortions – such as inefficient institutions (e.g., contract enforcement), imperfect markets (e.g., access to credit), and market distortions created by firms (e.g., lobbying) (Atkin & Khandelwal, 2020) – such relational contracts are important for commercial interactions locally and internationally and are an important complement to formal contracts. In low-income economies, how are relational contracts used to foster economic activity? What policy measures can be used to aid trust-based relational contracts, or to address its inefficiencies? This Policy Brief presents the results from a study on the Rwandan coffee chain, which surveyed coffee mills, farmers and exporters on their performance and relational contracts. The main findings are that relational contracts are an important component at two levels of the chain: (a) between cooperatives, washing stations and mills, and its members, and (b) between mills and buyers. Mills, for example, offer informal provisions to its farmers to ensure timely delivery of high-quality beans. Exporters and mills invest in trust-based relationships with buyers by spending on getting market access and productivity-increasing activities (e.g., investing in new machinery) in anticipation of future buyer demand and prior to formal contracting. Buyers likewise invest in creating and maintaining relational contracts to local firms by providing informal technical and financial support. With the exception of certification programmes, few of the activities that both mills and buyers undertake are formally enforced through contracts but instead are done at the discretion of producers and buyers. Such informal relations are important and necessary because in low-income countries there can be market risks (e.g., limited access to inputs for farmers) that, if not addressed, affect the coffee supply and quality. The coffee sector in Rwanda is to a large extent com-parable to the coffee sector in other countries and other agricultural supply chains in low-income countries (like labour- and quality-intensive products, such as tea and cocoa). Therefore, this study may offer some valuable lessons to policy makers:1. Promote brokerage services to support trust-based relationships between local firms and international buyers. Brokerage services include programmes (either by governments of international organisations) that bring together and facilitate buyer-supplier linkages. These services have proven successful in creating long-term buyer-supplier relationships, while also facilitating financial and technical support for local firms and market access. There is a role for both international organisations and national governments to provide financing or facilitate such services.2. Use certification to formalise quality upgrading and market access. Certification programmes include credible, internationally recognised standards and evaluation protocols that are used across multiple commodities. Certification can help formalise some of the quality upgrading and market access activities that firms and farmers otherwise would receive informally through relational contracts. There are roles for national governments to promote and subsidise certification practices and for international organisations and certification providers to expand such services.

Panajotis Kondylis, der griechische Philosoph und Ideentheoretiker, wusste: Nur durch einen totalen existenziellen Einsatz, eine wachsame Beobachtung konkreter, stets geschichtlich bedingter Situationen und lebendiger, um ihre Selbsterhaltung und dabei notgedrungen auch um die Erweiterung ihrer Macht bestrebter Menschen sowie durch eine unaufhaltsame Filtrierung der Beobachtungen mit strenger Reflexion, die vor keinem Vorurteil kapituliert und keinen Konflikt scheut, gelangt der Geist zur Reife und entgeht der normativen Bindung. In den drei in den 1990er-Jahren geführten Interviews präsentiert sich dieses Wissen in praktischer Vollendung und bietet zugleich einen grundlegenden Einstieg in das Denken Kondylis' – ein Denken, das sich Philosophie, Anthropologie, Ökonomie und Geschichte zunutze macht, ohne sich den Disziplinengrenzen zu beugen. Ein Denken, das die politisch-ideologischen Strömungen und Theorien der Vergangenheit durchleuchtet, um ihre Bedeutung für die Gegenwart und den Einfluss, den sie auf das Heute haben, offenzulegen. Ein Denken, das an kein Ende kommt und sich als ein geradezu planetarisches erweist. (Verlagstext)

Title page -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- MEMORIES OF A SOLDIER'S LIFE -- FOREWORD -- CHAPTER I - IN THE CRIMEA -- CHAPTER II - AUSTRALIA -- CHAPTER III - TIGER SHOOTING IN INDIA -- CHAPTER IV - (1860 to 1886) - A TRIP TO CHYNEPORE -- CHAPTER V - REGIMENTAL LIFE IN INDIA -- CHAPTER VI - THE AGRA DURBAR -- CHAPTER VII - HOME AGAIN -- CHAPTER VIII - THE ZULU CAMPAIGN -- CHAPTER IX - ULUNDI -- CHAPTER X - 1880-1885 - THE BURMAH CAMPAIGN -- CHAPTER XI - IN COMMAND OF THE NAGPORE DISTRICT -- CHAPTER XII - SECUNDERABAD AND BANGALORE -- CHAPTER XIII - JAMAICA AND ALDERSHOT.

Front Cover -- Resident Stem Cells and Regenerative Therapy -- Dedication -- Resident Stem Cells and Regenerative Therapy -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- 1 - Book Overview -- 2 - Cardiac Stem Cells: Fact or Fiction? -- The Change of Paradigm: The Heart Can Regenerate Itself -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 3. Resident Liver Stem Cells -- Introduction -- Liver Development -- Liver Regeneration: The Hierarchy for Cell Response -- Hepatocyte and Cholangiocyte: The Forefront in Liver Regeneration -- Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Second Front in Liver Regeneration -- Fetal Hepatic Stem Cell Niche -- Adult Liver Stem/Progenitor Cell Niche -- Liver Regenerative Therapy: Bioengineering Strategies -- Genetically Edited Induced Hepatocytes -- Bioengineered Livers for Clinical Transplantation -- Human-Scaled Bioengineered Livers -- Bioengineered Porcine Livers -- Bioengineered Human Livers -- References -- 4 - Lung-Resident Stem Cells -- Lung Structure -- Hierarchy of Lung-Resident Stem Cells -- Resident Epithelial Progenitor Cells -- Basal Cells -- Club and Variant-Club Cells -- Alveolar Epithelial Type 2 Cells -- Resident Endothelial Progenitor Cells -- Resident Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells -- Lung-Resident Stem Cells in Respiratory Diseases -- Main Challenges for The Identification of Lung-Resident Stem Cells -- References -- 5 - Pancreatic Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine of Endocrine Pancreas -- Introduction -- Embryonic/Fetal Pancreas Development -- Anatomy, Physiology, and Function of The Adult Pancreas -- Adult Pancreas Regeneration -- Pancreatic Stem Cells and Regulators -- Regenerative Medicine -- Islet Cell Transplantation -- Expansion of Pancreatic β-Cells in vitro -- Transdifferentiation -- In vitro Differentiation -- Islet Encapsulation.

"One of the most contentious developments in contemporary international affairs has been the increase in uses of force-short-of-war, such as targeted killings, limited airstrikes, and no-fly zones. On the one hand, uses of force-short-of-war appear more compartmentalized and containable, but on the other hand, they have encouraged a more frequent recourse to arms. How, then, are we to make moral sense of this shift toward the small-scale uses of force? This debate has divided just-war theorists, but author Christian Nikolaus Braun offers a new perspective. He evaluates comprehensively the ethics framework jus ad vim (the just use of force-short-of-war) as a pillar of just war theory and as a practical matter of deciding when military interventions below the level of war can and cannot be justified. The book's moral argument will rely on a historical reading of the just-war thought of Thomas Aquinas"--

Im Kleingewässermonitoring 2018/2019 wurde eine umfangreiche Datenbasis zum Belastungszustand kleiner Fließgewässer in der deutschen Agrarlandschaft mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln (PSM) geschaffen. Mit den hier dargestellten vertieften Analysen der Daten wurden die treibenden Faktoren für die Einträge von PSM in Gewässer, die Effektivität von Risikominderungsmaßnahmen sowie die Toxizität von Pestiziden allein und in Kombination im Gewässer untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Gewässerrandstreifen den PSM-Eintrag insbesondere für gering mobile Stoffe effektiv mindern können und, dass auch nur zeitweise wasserführende Gräben den PSM-Eintrag erhöhen. Die große Anzahl an zeitgleich gefundenen PSM-Wirkstoffen in den Gewässerproben verdeutlicht das zusätzliche Risiko durch PSM-Mischungen, was die Risikobewertung im Zulassungsverfahren von PSM bislang nicht berücksichtigt. Ein weiteres Gewässermonitoring in 2021 ergänzt die Daten des Kleingewässermonitorings. Es bildet Trends der inzwischen im Feldanbau verbotenen Neonicotinoide ab und zeigt die Bedeutung der als Ersatzstoff zunehmend verwendeten Pyrethroide. Eine erste Auswertung von Anwendungsdaten aus den Einflusskorridoren der Messstellen zeigt darüber hinaus die Abhängigkeit der in den Gewässern gefundenen Belastungen vom PSM-Einsatz. Diese Auswertungen unterstreichen das Potential und die Notwendigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von PSM-Anwendungsdaten für die Identifikation von Expositionstreibern und für die Überprüfung von Expositionsmodellen und Risikomanagement. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse werden Empfehlungen für ein angepasstes Monitoringkonzept gegeben.