Suchergebnisse

Die Mitgliedstaaten der EU sind nach EU-Verordnung 2018/841 (LULUCF-VO) verpflichtet, für die Zeiträume 2021 - 2025 und 2026 - 2030 einen National Forestry Accounting Plan (NFAP, nationaler Anrechnungsplan für die Forstwirtschaft) vorzulegen. Dieser muss jeweils das sogenannte Forest Reference Level (FRL, Referenzwert für Wälder) enthalten, gegen das die realen Veränderungen im Wald in diesem Zeitraum bilanziert und angerechnet werden sollen. Der deutsche NFAP wurde am 20.12.2019 fertiggestellt und eingereicht. Die Vorgaben der EU-Verordnung sind in sich jedoch nicht völlig widerspruchsfrei und in Teilen unterschiedlich interpretierbar, so dass je nach Gewichtung einzelner Aspekte unterschiedliche Methoden oder Datensätze 'die besten verfügbaren' sind. Zwischen der EU-Kommission und Deutschland (und parallel anderen Mitgliedsstaaten) kam es deshalb zu intensiven Diskussionen um einzelne Punkte des jeweiligen NFAP. In der Folge stimmt deshalb das im ersten eingereichten Entwurf enthaltene FRL nicht mit dem des final eingereichten NFAP und dieses nicht mit dem des delegierten Rechtsaktes, der die FRL der Mitgliedsstaaten festschreibt, überein. Dieses letztlich zwischen Kommission und Deutschland vereinbarte FRL wurde formal als 'Recalculation' seitens der EU verabschiedet. Da es keine formal korrekte Möglichkeit zur Überarbeitung des NFAP gibt, die diese Änderungen berücksichtigt und nicht alle Dokumente, die zwischen Deutschland und der EU-Kommission ausgetauscht wurden, frei verfügbar sind, legen wir hier eine kommentierte Fassung als Thünen-Working Paper vor, in dem die entsprechenden Rechengänge und die verwendeten Zahlen nachvollzogen werden können. Das Working Paper folgt in der Struktur so weit wie sinnvoll dem originalen NFAP, um die Nachverfolgung von Änderungen zu erleichtern. Es ist allerdings zu beachten, dass dieser Bericht formal nicht mit dem NFAP identisch ist und nicht als dieser referenziert werden darf. Der offiziell eingereichte NFAP ist auf der Homepage des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit hinterlegt: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/nfap_germany_bf.pdf Dieser Bericht hat den Stand Sommer 2021. Die Berichterstattung entwickelt sich permanent weiter, Methoden werden verbessert, neue Daten werden verfügbar und durch z.B. technische Korrekturen in die Inventare eingebaut. Die aktuell laufenden Novellierungen sind hier nicht enthalten, da sie in den Nationalen Inventarberichten dokumentiert werden. Bei der Verwendung von Zahlen im NFAP-Kontext sind deshalb immer die letzten verfügbaren Nationalen Inventarberichte auf Änderungen zu prüfen. Dieser Bericht fokussiert auf Bearbeitungsschritte, die nicht so leicht zugänglich dokumentiert sind. Würde man auf die letzte Aktualisierung der THG-Berichterstattung warten, könnte der Bericht erst in einem Jahrzehnt publiziert werden. Nicht alle Autoren des NFAP waren an dieser kommentierten und ergänzten Version beteiligt. Da der NFAP und alle Dokumente hierzu international sind, ist dieser Bericht im Weiteren in Englisch abgefasst. ; Following EU-Regulation 2018/841 (LULUCF-Reg.), the member states of the European Union are obliged to submit National Forestry Accounting Plans (NFAP), covering the periods 2021 - 2025 and 2026 - 2030. The NFAP must include a Forest Reference Level (FRL), which is used to estimate the net emissions of Greenhouse Gases to be accounted by the respective member state. The FRL of all member states were formally set by a delegated act from the Commission. The NFAP for Germany was submitted Dec. 12th, 2019. Because the requirements set by the LULUCF-Reg. are not completely self-consistent and competetive in parts, so depending on interpretation and weighing of the requirements, different methods or data sets are better suited than others. Following the first submission, intense discussion arose between the Commission and Germany (and, in parallel, some other member states). Thus, the FRL included in the first submission is not identical with the FRL in the final submission, and this is not identical with the FRL finally agreed upon and set in the delegated act. For formal reasons, the final FRL is set as a 'recalculation' by the Commission. There is no legal possibility to amend the submitted NFAP, and only part of the documents exchanged between Germany and the Commission are available to the public, so we decided to publish this Thünen Working Paper as a commented NFAP with additional explanations and information. The text follows the structure of the original NFAP as much as possible, to help readers to reproduce and understand the changes made by the Commission. In any case, this paper is not to be mistaken for and / or cited as the German NFAP. The officially submitted NFAP for Germany is available from the homepage of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/nfap_germany_bf.pdf This report is as at summer 2021. Greenhouse Gas Inventories evolve constantly as methods are refined and new data become available. This leads to technical corrections in the inventories. Refinements that are under way or planned as this report was drafted are not considered here. They are or will be documented in the National Inventory Reports (NIR). If numbers from the NFAP shall be used, please check with the NIRs whether these numbers have changed. This report focuses on changes whose documentation is not so openly accessible as the NIR. If this report would wait for the final actualization of the reporting, it could not be published for at least another decade. Not all authors of the original NFAP contributed to this ammended version and are thus not listed as authors here.

The article emphasises that Max Weber's works, counselled by Bohdan Kistiakivskyi and dedicated to the analyses of revolutionary events of 1905 in the Russian Empire, contain somewhat controversial conclusions. On the one hand, a prominent German thinker believed that Russian social-reformist liberal democracy has embarked on the path of self-renunciation by virtue of the fact that its only historical chance laid within the system of zemstvo and under the conditions of the implementation of a way more moderate agricultural programme than the one advocated by cadet liberalism. On the other hand, he substantiated a view that Russian society turned to the Western European model, renouncing patriarchal "agrarian communism" and narodnichestvo (Russian populism). The comparison between Weber's and Kistiakivskyi's standpoints is then made, as of thinkers who, together with Simmel and Sombart, considered social relations in terms of social rationalisation. The convergence of views of these theorists is demonstrated through a deliberately positive attitude to anti-centralism of Mykhailo Drahomanov, criticism of the democratic intelligentsia radicalisation, and condemnation of its pan-moralism (focus on the total struggle for "truth"; non-recognition of ethical neutrality in assessments; assumption that human consciousness is focalised around ethics). The difference is said to be particularly demonstrated by the fact that Bohdan Kistiakivskyi was much less concerned with the role of the Protestant-Reformation factor in the genesis of liberal ideology. The article instantiates that sectarian Protestant puritanism, especially the heterodoxy of Protestant ethics of the Reformation, can be characterised as a phenomenon with a fundamentally dual and ambivalent nature. The aforementioned phenomenon formed a dual causal connection with both the "spirit of capitalism" and the "spirit of agrarian communism" condemned by Weber. That is the worldview of the bourgeois-liberal social class as well as the socially disadvantaged groups of the peasantry. Some of Weber's references to Müntzer (f.e., that peasant riots headed by Thomas Müntzer had a decisive influence on the evolution of Luther's views) allow us to believe that Weber himself understood the full extent of the ideological ambiguity of the Protestant phenomenon. ; У статті йдеться про створені за консультування Богдана Кістяківського праці Макса Ве- бера, присвячені аналізові революційних подій 1905 року в Російській імперії. Автор арґумен- тує, що висновки, викладені в цих текстах, є певною мірою контроверсійними. З одного боку, визначний німецький мислитель вважав, що російська соціал-реформістська ліберальна де- мократія потрапила на шлях самозречення, оскільки мала історичний шанс тільки в рамках системи земства і за умов здійснення набагато помірнішої аґрарної програми, ніж та, за яку ратував кадетський лібералізм. З іншого боку, він доводив, що російське суспільство стало на шлях західноєвропейських країн, зрікаючись патріархального «аґрарного комунізму» та народництва. Стаття також містить порівняння поглядів М. Вебера та Б. Кістяківського як мислителів, які поряд із Ґ. Зимелем та В. Зомбартом розглядали суспільні відносини з погляду соціальної раціоналізації. Близькість позицій цих теоретиків вбачається у підкреслено позитивному ставленні до антицентралізму Михайла Драгоманова, критиці радикалізації демократичної інтеліґенції та засудженні її панморалізму (орієнтації на тотальну боротьбу за «правду»; заперечення визнання нейтральної щодо етичних оцінок зони; припущення, що свідомість народу орієнтована суто етично). Відмінності полягали, зокрема, в тому, що Богдан Кістяківський меншої ваги надавав ролі протестантсько-реформаційного чинника у генезі ідеології лібералізму. Автор статті жоводить, що сектантський протестантський пуританізм, а надто гетеродоксія протестантської етики доби Реформації можуть бути схарактеризовані як явища принципово дуальні та амбівалентні. Це формувало двоїстий каузальний зв'язок як із «духом капіталізму», так і з засуджуваним з боку М. Вебера «духом аґрарного комунізму». Йдеться про віддзеркалення світогляду як бюрґерсько-ліберальних верств, так і соціально упосліджених верств селянського стану. Окремі Веберові згадування Т. Мюнцера (наприклад, щодо вирішального впливу на еволюцію поглядів М. Лютера селянських заворушень на чолі з Мюнцером) дають підстави для припущення, що М. Вебер насправді розумів ідейну неоднозначність протестантського феномену.

Modern science is increasingly focused on research that solves specific technological problems. In the world literature there are different, but generally similar, names for such studies. For example, German and Russian researchers use the term «problem-oriented research», the names «mission-oriented research», research as a response to «great challenges» and «frontier research», «science mode 2» are also used. In Ukraine, particularly in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the name «targeted research programs» and «targeted scientific (scientific and technical) projects» are used. The article analyzes features of targeted research and the status of the obtained knowledge. It emphasizes their direct involvement in the social sphere — economic, political, social relations in general, because they are the basis of modern technology and their development is interested in the general public — producers and consumers of material goods. The knowledge obtained in these studies is knowledge «to order», which requires a solution to the relationship between basic and applied research, the principles of professional activity of scientists, «academic freedoms», changes in epistemological, socio-humanitarian principles of science as a social institution. In the professional activity of a scientist, the praxeologization of science requires an ori- entation on the humanity of the produced knowledge, which, in fact, is a combination of knowledge about nature with knowledge about human. In this case, the scientist must be an expert in related disciplines. The organizers of targeted research solve this situation through the collective implementation of research, or, as expressed by R. Florida, the use of «social intelligence». At the same time, the latter requires from the scientist, as a specialist, not only purely professional competencies but also individual psychological skills of work (creativity) in an interdisciplinary team (mutual assistance, tolerance, empathy, etc.) and interaction with the transdisciplinary community. Otherwise, the profession of a scientist becomes socially en- gaged in terms of competencies and activities, and the leader in the research team performs moderative rather than directive functions. Although targeted research programs are becoming widespread, leading in solving urgent practical problems, but in the scientific field, a balance must be maintained between research «to order» and research that will be the basis for future development of science and society. ; Сучасна наука дедалі більше орієнтується на дослідження, які розв'язують конкретні технологічні проблеми. У світовій літературі існують різні, але загалом аналогічні назви таких досліджень. Наприклад, німецькі та російські дослідники використовують назву «проблемно- орієнтовані дослідження», вживають також назви «дослідження, орієнтовані на місію», «дослідження як реакція на "великі виклики"», «дослідження переднього краю науки», «наука моду- су 2». Українські дослідники, зокрема в рамках Національної академії наук, використовують назви «цільові програми наукових досліджень» та «цільові наукові (науково-технічні) проєкти». У статті проаналізовано особливості цільових наукових досліджень та статус отриманого в такий спосіб знання. Автор підкреслює їхню безпосередню вмереженість у соціальну сферу — економічні, політичні та соціальні відносини загалом, бо вони є основою сучасних тех- нологій і в розвитку їх зацікавлена широка громадськість – виробники та споживачі матеріальних благ. Знання, здобуті в цих дослідженнях, це знання «на замовлення», яке вимагає розв'язання питання щодо співвідношення фундаментальних і прикладних досліджень, принципів реалізації професійної діяльності вчених, «академічних свобод», змін гносеологічних і соціально- гуманітарних принципів функціонування науки як соціального інституту. У професійній діяльності вченого праксеологізація науки вимагає орієнтації на людино- мірність продукованих знань, що передбачає поєднання знань про природу зі знаннями про людину. Отже, вчений має бути фахівцем із суміжних дисциплін. Організатори цільових досліджень розв'язують цю ситуацію через колективне виконання досліджень, або, за висловом Ричарда Флориди, використання «соціального інтелекту». Водночас останнє вимагає від вченого як фахівця не тільки суто фахових компетенцій, а й індивідуальних психологічних навичок праці (творчості) в міждисциплінарному колективі (взаємодопомоги, толерантності, емпатії тощо) і взаємодії з трансдисциплінарною спільнотою. Інакше, професія вченого стає, з погляду компетенцій і діяльності, соціально заанґажованою, а керівник в науковому колек- тиві виконує модераційні, а не директивні функції. Хоча цільові програми наукових досліджень набувають поширення і стають провідними у розв'язанні нагальних практичних проблем, у науковій сфері має зберігатися баланс між дослідженнями «на замовлення» і дослідженнями, що стануть основою майбутнього розвитку науки та суспільства.

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to reveal the specifics of women's organizations formation in the form of "women departments", "women delegate meetings", "women councils" in Volyn region during the first postwar years; to elucidate the content of their activities through the prism of political and propaganda work and participation in the process of the collective farm system formation in the region. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism, scientificity, a combination of systemic and regional approaches, an authorial objectivity, a moderate narrative constructivism, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact for the first time in the historiography of the Ukrainian women movement on the basis of previously unknown archival documents there has been elucidated the topic of women's participation in the Sovietization of the western regions of Ukraine during the first postwar decade, in particular, in Volyn; there has been highlighted the policy of the Bolshevik government's use of women as an effective tool for forming the collective farm system in the region; the dynamics of the quantitative growth of members of women's organizations has been elucidated. The construction of the image of a woman activist by Stalinist propaganda has been illustrated; controllability of the process of women activation by the party structures; the scale of work of "women departments" and "women councils" through the organization of women forums, meetings; rhetoric of speeches of women delegates. The Conclusions. After the liberation of Volyn region from the German occupiers, the campaign was launched there to restore the institutions of the Soviet power. In 1945, women department was established in the structure of the CP(b)Ukr regional committee, and women organizers were appointed in the district committees. These bodies coordinated and supervised the work of women's organizations, which were necessarily created en masse in institutions, organizations, villages, and later – in the collective farms of the region. Their main task was to mobilize women's resources for the process of economic life reconstruction and development in the region. In addition, they partially took care of the social problems of the region – the elimination of illiteracy and poor literacy of women, guardianship of orphans, the disabled, mothers with many children, the improvement and landscaping of villages and towns, and etc. Key words: women, women departments, women councils, Volyn, Sovietization. ; Анотація. Мета дослідження – розкрити специфіку формування жіночих організацій у формі "жінвідділів", "жіночих делегатських зборів", "жінрад" у Волинській області в перші повоєнні роки, показати зміст їх діяльності крізь призму політико-пропагандистської роботи та участі в процесі становлення в регіоні колгоспної системи. Методологічною основою дослідження є принципи історизму, науковості, поєднання системного та регіонального підходів, авторської об'єктивності, поміркованого наративного конструктивізму, а також використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше в історіографії українського жіночого руху на основі невідомих раніше архівних документів з'ясовано тему участі жінок в процесах радянізації західних областей України у перше повоєнне десятиліття, зокрема на Волині, розкрито політику використання більшовицькою владою жінок як дієвого інструменту насадження в регіоні колгоспної системи, динаміку кількісного росту учасників жіночих організацій. Показано конструювання сталінською пропагандою образу жінки-активістки; керованість процесу активізації жінок з боку партійних структур; масштаб роботи "жінвідділів" та "жінрад" через організацію жіночих форумів, зборів; риторику виступів жінделегаток. Висновки. Після звільнення Волинської області від німецьких окупантів тут було розгорнуто кампанію з відновлення інститутів радянської влади. У 1945 р. в структурі обкому КП(б)У було створено жінвідділ, а в райкомах – призначені жіночі організатори. Ці органи координували та курували роботу жіночих організацій, які в обов'язковому порядку масово створювалися в установах, організаціях, селах, а згодом – і в колгоспах області. Основне їх завдання полягало в мобілізації жіночого ресурсу на процес відбудови та розбудови господарського життя області. Крім того, вони частково опікувалися соціальними проблемами регіону – ліквідація без- та малограмотності жінок, шефство над сиротами, інвалідами, багатодітними матерями, благоустрій сіл і містечок тощо. Ключові слова: жінки, жіночі відділи, жіночі ради, Волинь, радянізація.

This dissertation uses the Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) to analyze various effects of the global low-carbon transition. The focus of the work is mainly on developments in the energy system, but also branches out to analyze and discuss socio-economic issues that are connected to this technical transformation (in the form of employment effects and social cost analyses). The dissertation tries to answer region-specific questions for Europe, India, China, and Germany, while also bridging back to a global perspective, and giving an excursus into the lessons learned from modeling 100% renewable energy scenarios. Part I of the dissertation presents various regional analyses, focusing on the energy transition and its related effects. For Europe, the issue of asset stranding is examined by introducing non-perfect foresight into the energy system model computation. The analysis of the Indian energy system focuses on the difficult task of combining rapid demand growth with emission reduction targets, and taking a closer look at the employment effects of the transformation of the local energy system. A case study on China implements new model features, trying to improve the result details, and specifically targets the developments in the Chinese industrial and coal sectors in the context of the Paris Climate Agreement. The first part is concluded by an explorative sensitivity analysis for the German Energiewende, aimed at identifying the key chances and barriers that it could face. Part II then focuses on the current state and future possibilities for energy system models by giving a discussion about the use of discounting in cost-optimizing energy system models, specifically focusing on social discounting (to ensure intergenerational equality) and social costs of carbon (to include all negative external effects of greenhouse-gas emissions). The chapter provides a point of discussion by highlighting the immense effect on model results and by pointing out the lack of literature and awareness on the topic. The final chapter of Part II then concludes my dissertation by giving insights into the lessons learned from modeling 100% renewable energy systems, providing both a retrospective about important model settings, as well as an outlook for further research in the field. By providing multiple perspectives on the challenges and opportunities that the global lowcarbon transition brings with it, this dissertation is able to offer valuable insights, as well as policy recommendations and inputs into the energy modeling community. The aim is to contribute to both the discussion on current topics, but also highlight possibilities for further research in the field. ; Die vorliegende Arbeit nutzt das offene, multi-sektorelle Energiesystemmodell Global Energy System Model (GENeSYS-MOD) um diverse Effekte der globalen Energietransformation zu analysieren. Der Fokus der Arbeit ist hauptsächlich auf Entwicklungen des Energiesystems, gibt aber auch Ausblicke in sozio-ökonomische Aspekte die mit der technischen Transformation einhergehen. Die Dissertation versucht regionen-spezifische Fragen für Europa, Indien, China, und Deutschland zu beantworten, wobei gleichzeitig eine Brücke zurück zum globalen Kontext geschlagen wird. Der erste Teil der Dissertation präsentiert mehrere regionale Analysen, die auf die Energietransformation und ihre einhergehenden Effekte eingehen. Für Europa wird die Thematik von versunkenen Investitionen analysiert, indem reduzierte Voraussicht in die Modellierung mit aufgenommen wird. Die Analyse des indischen Energiesystems betrachtet den schwierigen Zwiespalt zwischen starkem Zuwachs an Energienachfrage, sowie der Notwendigkeit für Emissionsreduktionen und gibt dabei Ausblicke in die damit einhergehende Entwicklung des lokalen Arbeitsmarkets. Eine Fallstudie zu Chinas Entwicklung im Kontext des Pariser Klimaabkommens implementiert neue Modellfunktionen, die den Detailgrad der Ergebnisse, speziell im Hinblick auf den Industriesektor, verbessern sollen. Teil I wird abgeschlossen mit einer explorativen Sensitivitätsanalyse der deutschen Energiewende, welche darauf abzielt, deren größten Chancen und Hindernisse zu quantifizieren. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit gibt Einblicke in den aktuellen Stand und zukünftige Möglichkeiten im Feld der Energiesystemmodellierung, indem spezifisch die Problematik der Diskontierung im Klimakontext sowie die Einbringung sozialer Kostenwerte (zur Wahrung von intergenerationeller Gleichheit und Internalisierung von Umweltkosten in die Modellergebnisse) diskutiert werden. Das letzte Kapitel des zweiten Teils schließt die Dissertation mit Lehren aus der Modellierung 100% erneuerbarer Energiesysteme ab. Es gibt hierbei sowohl eine Restrospektive über wichtige Modell-Annahmen, als auch einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsmöglichkeiten. Durch die Darlegung verschiedenster Perspektiven über die Chancen und Hindernisse, die die globale Energietransformation mit sich bringt, gewährt diese Dissertation wertvolle Erkenntnisse, sowie Politikvorschläge und Inputs in die Welt der Energiesystemmodellierung. Das Ziel ist es, zur Diskussion über aktuelle Forschungsthemen beizutragen, sowie Möglichkeiten für zukünftige Forschung in dem Feld aufzuzeigen. ; BMBF, 01LN1704A, Nachwuchsgruppe Globaler Wandel: CoalExit - Die Ökonomie des Kohleausstiegs - Identifikation von Bausteinen für Rahmenpläne zukünftiger regionaler Strukturwandel ; EC/H2020/835896/EU/Open ENergy TRansition ANalyses for a low-carbon Economy/Open ENTRANCE

In the article the author analyzes the limits of parliamentary competence as a guarantee of limiting state power. The question of the limits of parliamentary activity is very relevant in the science of constitutional law. It is important to know that the legislator is forbidden (respectively, what is allowed) by the nature of public relations, which can disrupt the stability of the legal system, destroy the conditions under which people can build their relationships. Based on this, it is necessary to determine what should be the activities that meet the real needs of participants in public relations and the nature of the latter. In other words, we are talking about forbidden borders, "borders", which the parliament has no right to cross. The author gives a historical paradigm of approaches to this issue. Beginning with the ancient philosophers – Plato and Aristotle, distinguished between the concepts of "society" and "state", so in their teachings the question of the limits of the legislator as a scientific problem was not raised. In the Renaissance, the philosopher John Locke assumed that the power of the legislature could never go beyond what is necessary for the common good. A representative of German classical philosophy, Georg Hegel believed that the influence of the legislator can be exposed only to external aspects of social relations. Wilhelm von Humboldt took a very thorough approach to the research question. The question of the limits of the state W. Humboldt decided based on the analysis of its goals. Humboldt is a supporter of the state not to go beyond the limits set by the need to prevent the danger that threatens citizens from both internal and external enemies. Thus, the purpose of the legislator is to give citizens complete freedom. Summing up, the author comes to the conclusion that in a state governed by the rule of law, the legislator cannot claim uncontrolled lawmaking. The task of legal science and practice of constitutional law is to find and formulate the limits of the legislator's activity, to create socio-political, organizational and legal mechanisms of control over their observance. ; У статті автор здійснює аналіз меж парламентської компетенції як запоруки обмеження державної влади. Питання щодо меж діяльності парламенту є дуже актуальним у науці конституційного права. Важливо знати, що законодавцю заборонено (відповідно, що дозволено) природою суспільних відносин, що може порушити стабільність правової системи, зруйнувати умови, за яких люди можуть нормально будувати свої взаємини. Зважаючи на це, треба визначити, якою має бути діяльність, що відповідає реальним потребам учасників суспільних відносин і природі останніх. Інакше кажучи, йдеться про заборонені межі, «кордони», переступати які парламент не має права. Автор наводить історичну парадигму підходів до зазначеного питання. Починаючи з античних філософів – Платона й Арістотеля, розрізняли поняття «суспільство» і «держава», тому в їх вченнях питання про межі діяльності законодавця як наукова проблема не ставилася. В епоху Відродження філософ Джон Лок спирався на те, що влада законодавчого органу ніколи не може сягати далі, ніж це необхідно для загального блага. Представник німецької класичної філософії, Ґеорґ Геґель вважав, що впливу з боку законодавця можуть бути піддані лише зовнішні сторони суспільних відносин. Дуже ґрунтовним підходом щодо досліджуваного питання відзначився Вільгельм фон Гумбольдт. Питання про межі діяльності держави В. Гумбольдт вирішував, виходячи з аналізу її цілей. Гумбольдт – прихильник того, щоб держава в своїй діяльності не виходила за межі, які поставлені необхідністю запобігати небезпеці, що загрожує громадянам як від внутрішніх, так і від зовнішніх ворогів. Таким чином, призначення законодавця полягає в тому, щоб надати громадянам цілковиту свободу. Підсумовуючи, автор доходить висновків, що в правовій державі законодавець не може претендувати на безконтрольну законотворчість. Завдання юридичної науки і практики конституційного права - знайти і сформулювати межі діяльності законодавця, створити соціально-політичні, організаційні та правові механізми контролю за їх дотриманням.

This is the corrected version of the retracted article under the same title, which was published with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/slh.1517
The article is a study of the symbolic topography of Warsaw's Chłodna Street. In 1940–1942, Chłodna Street was an "Aryan" border strip, dividing the small and large ghettos. For the past quarter-century, the symbolic dominance of this space has been made manifest by the subsequent commemorations of the ghetto's wooden footbridge that existed here between January and August 1942. These commemorative artefacts evolved from a counter commemoration (1996), into a commemoration through the use of painting (2007) and photography (2008), into a symbolic reconstruction of the bridge (2011). The analysis of this dynamic, from representation of an object to its materialization, is complemented by a reconstruction of the patterns and stakes of narratives that make up the subsequent layers of the Chłodna Street narrative palimpsest. An important context for the analysis, apart from the history of the site, is the fact that today, the means of control over the space of the former ghetto are in the exclusive possession of the non-Jewish majority.
A turning point in the commemoration process was Roman Polański's film The Pianist (2002). The bridge over Chłodna was reconstructed "one to one" – in Warsaw but outside the space of the former Warsaw ghetto. The film was shot in the midst of a nationwide debate taking place in Poland about Jan Tomasz Gross' book Neighbors (2000). The debate concerned the Poles' participation in the Holocaust and the socio-cultural determinants of their attitudes and behavior. Within Polish dominant culture, the narrative shock was so immense that a return to the old Polish tale of heroism and martyrdom seemed impossible. Meanwhile, the mainstream journalistic discourse cast Gross and Polański on two sides of a narrative opposition. The former supposedly represented subjectivism and rash generalizations, while the latter was supposed to embody objectivism and fair judgment. The silhouette of the bridge over Chłodna Street merged at that point with a counterfactual vision of the Polish context of the Holocaust. The international success of The Pianist (Palme d'Or and Oscar) sealed the evolution of the bridge as a figure: from an abject to an object of desire, a tourist attraction, and an export commodity. (A separate issue, also addressed in the article, is how the events depicted in the film relate to the story of Władysław Szpilman, mediated originally by Szpilman's ghostwriter Jerzy Waldorff and then by the scriptwriters, Ronald Harwood and Roman Polański. In both cases, the most serious discrepancies concern depictions of the Poles' attitudes toward the Jews during, but also before, the Holocaust).
The success of the film was the determining factor in a decision made to invest public funds in another, and up to now the last, commemoration of the bridge over Chłodna: its symbolic reconstruction in situ. What was reconstructed was not so much the bridge as it was in 1942 but the bridge as depicted in the film, and with it the film's idealized portrayal of the Polish context of the Holocaust. The figure of the bridge suggests tight isolation of Jews and Poles – an isolation instituted by the Germans. By so doing, it feeds into the image of Poles as helpless bystanders (onlookers/gawkers, at times even witnesses) in the face of the Holocaust. The figure of the Polish bystander/witness to the Holocaust is in turn a key figure of Polish innocence. In addition, the symbolic reconstruction of the bridge draws the attention of the users of this space away from another site on Chłodna Street, where Jews and Poles came into direct contact with each other throughout the entire existence of the Warsaw ghetto. In obscuring the factual state of affairs uncovered as a result of the Jedwabne debate, the symbolic reconstruction of the bridge over Chłodna Street functions as a discourse-reproducing machine of sorts, alowing the dominant majority to "indulge in retrospective hallucination" (Baudrillard).
The article uncovers the workings of a roly-poly narrative mechanism that renders impossible any successful reassessment and rejection of the Polish dominant culture and prevents common knowledge about facts from bearing in any way on the collective consciousness.

Despite vast improvements in the measurement of the cosmological parameters, the nature of dark energy and an accurate value of the Hubble constant (H0) in the Hubble–Lemaˆıtre law remain unknown. To break the current impasse, it is necessary to develop as many independent techniques as possible, such as the use of Type II supernovae (SNe II). The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of SNe II for deriving accurate extragalactic distances, which will be an asset for the next generation of telescopes where more-distant SNe II will be discovered. More specifically, we present a sample from the Dark Energy Survey Supernova Program (DES-SN) consisting of 15 SNe II with photometric and spectroscopic information spanning a redshift range up to 0.35. Combining our DES SNe with publicly available samples, and using the standard candle method (SCM), we construct the largest available Hubble diagram with SNe II in the Hubble flow (70 SNe II) and find an observed dispersion of 0.27 mag. We demonstrate that adding a colour term to the SN II standardization does not reduce the scatter in the Hubble diagram. Although SNe II are viable as distance indicators, this work points out important issues for improving their utility as independent extragalactic beacons: find new correlations, define a more standard subclass of SNe II, construct new SN II templates, and dedicate more observing time to high-redshift SNe II. Finally, for the first time, we perform simulations to estimate the redshift-dependent distance-modulus bias due to selection effects. ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1211916 ; TABASGO Foundation, Gary and Cynthia Bengier ; Christopher R. Redlich Fund ; Sylvia and Jim Katzman Foundation ; Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (UC Berkeley) - European Union 839090 ; Spanish grant PGC2018-095317-B-C21 ; European Union (EU) ; EU/FP7-ERC grant 615929 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) collaboration includes the astronomical communities of Japan ; Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) collaboration includes the astronomical communities of Japan ; Princeton University ; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU) ; University of Tokyo ; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) ; FIRST programme from the Japanese Cabinet Office ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST) ; Toray Industries, Inc. ; Institute for Astronomy (the University of Hawaii) ; Max Planck Society Foundation CELLEX ; National Central University of Taiwan ; Space Telescope Science Institute ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NNX08AR22G ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1238877 ; University of Maryland ; Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE) ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; W.M. Keck Foundation ; National Research Council of Canada ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; National Research Council ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) GN-2005A-Q11 GN-2005B-Q-7 GN-2006A-Q-7 GS-2005A-Q-11 GS-2005BQ-6 GS-2008B-Q-56 ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; Spanish Government ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Higher Education Funding Council for England ; National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Ohio State University ; Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University ; Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP) ; Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient'tronomy at Texas AM University ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; University of Portsmouth ; OzDES Membership Consortium ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1138766 AST-1536171 AYA2015-71825 ESP2015-66861 FPA2015-68048 SEV2016-0588 SEV-2016-0597 ; European Union (EU) ; European Union - CERCA programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya ; European Research Council (ERC) ; European Research Council (ERC) 240672 291329 306478 ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) 465376/2014-2 ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-05CH11231

This dissertation contains a total of three papers. In the first two studies, behavioral economic effects resulting from deferred taxation are examined. The last study deals with the question which factors influence the choice of negotiation strategies of tax auditors of the tax authorities and which effects these strategies have on the outcome of a tax audit. The first study uses several laboratory experiments to show that taxes are misperceived when savings decisions are made in a deferred taxation system. This leads to significantly lower after-tax pensions than in an economically equivalent system of immediate taxation. For subjects with low tax and financial knowledge, the misperceptions remain despite accumulated experience. For all subjects, the tax misperceptions almost disappear only after they have received recurrent numerical informational nudges regarding pension taxation and have gained experience. Furthermore, using government matching contributions instead of tax deductions might reduce necessary informational costs and still achieve significantly higher retirement savings. The second study shows that deferred income taxation influences not only individual saving behavior but also entrepreneurs' production behavior and risk allocation. Several laboratory experiments reveal that nearly 80\% of all subjects engage in overproduction. This is mainly due to the fact that subjects underweight the deferred tax burden because they often act myopically and tend to make decisions in isolation rather than simultaneously (choice bracketing). As a result, the willingness to take risks decreases. This is particularly due to the additional cognitive load associated with the taxation of investment income. However, the participants learn through experience. Despite these learning effects, however, the overproduction is only marginally reduced, since mainly participants with high cognitive capacity learn. Overproduction and distortions in risk allocation only almost disappear if the timing of taxation is changed from a deferred to an economically equivalent immediate taxation system. For the last paper of this dissertation, German tax auditors were asked about their negotiation strategies in connection with the outcome of a tax audit. The study shows that the outcome and the probability of agreement during an audit depend on which negotiation strategy the tax auditor chooses. Furthermore, the study provides insights into the determinants of the auditor's choice of strategy. It is shown that the choice of strategy is influenced not only by tax auditor's audit experience, the availability of higher authority, time pressure or the quality of a taxpayer's financial accounting system but also by the perceived negotiation strategy of the tax advisor. ; Diese Dissertation beinhaltet insgesamt drei Beiträge. In den ersten beiden Beiträgen werden verhaltensökonomische Effekte infolge einer nachgelagerten Besteuerung untersucht. Der letzte Beitrag widmet sich der Frage, welche Faktoren Steuerprüfer der Finanzverwaltung bei der Wahl der Verhandlungsstrategie beeinflussen und welche Effekte diese Strategien auf das Ergebnis einer Steuerprüfung haben. Die erste Studie zeigt mithilfe mehrerer Laborexperimente, dass Steuern bei Sparentscheidungen in einem nachgelagerten Besteuerungssystem verzerrt wahrgenommen werden. Dies führt zu wesentlich geringeren Renten nach Steuern als bei einem ökonomisch äquivalenten System der sofortigen bzw. vorgelagerten Besteuerung. Dieses Ergebnis deutet auf substantielle Steuerfehlwahrnehmungen bei der nachgelagerten Besteuerung hin. Für Individuen mit geringem Steuer- und Finanzwissen bleiben die Verzerrungen trotz gesammelter Erfahrung bestehen. Die steuerlichen Fehleinschätzungen verschwinden bei allen Individuen erst dann nahezu, wenn sie wiederkehrende numerische Informationen zur Rentenbesteuerung erhalten und Erfahrung gesammelt haben. Weiterhin können staatliche Zulagen die Nachsteuerrenten über das Niveau der sofortigen Besteuerung anheben, ohne dass zusätzliche steuerliche Informationen bereitgestellt werden. Die zweite Studie belegt, dass die nachgelagerte Einkommensbesteuerung nicht nur das individuelle Sparverhalten, sondern auch das Produktionsverhalten von Unternehmern und die Risikoallokation beeinflusst. In mehreren Laborexperimenten wird deutlich, dass die nachgelagerte Besteuerung bei 80 \% der Probanden zu einer Überproduktion führt. Ein wesentlicher Grund hierfür ist, dass Probanden die nachgelagerte Steuerlast zu gering gewichten, weil sie oft myopisch handeln und dazu neigen, Entscheidungen eher isoliert als gleichzeitig zu treffen (choice bracketing). Infolgedessen sinkt die Risikobereitschaft. Dies ist besonders auf die zusätzliche kognitive Belastung im Zusammenhang mit der Besteuerung von Investitionsrückflüssen zurückzuführen. Die Probanden lernen jedoch durch Erfahrung, wobei sich die Überproduktion nur marginal verringert, da hauptsächlich die Probanden mit hoher kognitiver Kapazität lernen. Nur wenn der Besteuerungszeitpunkt von einem nachgelagerten zu einem wirtschaftlich äquivalenten sofortigen Besteuerungssystem geändert wird, verschwinden die Überproduktion und die Verzerrungen bei der Risikoallokation nahezu vollständig. Für den letzten Beitrag dieser Dissertation wurden deutsche Steuerprüfer zu ihren Verhandlungsstrategien im Zusammenhang mit dem Ergebnis einer Steuerprüfung befragt. Die Studie zeigt, dass das Ergebnis und die Einigungswahrscheinlichkeit beider Parteien einer Prüfung davon abhängen, welche Verhandlungsstrategie der Steuerprüfer wählt. Weiterhin gibt die Studie über die Determinanten der Strategiewahl eines Prüfers Aufschluss. Danach wird die Wahl der Strategie neben der Berufserfahrung, dem Zeitdruck eines Prüfers oder der Qualität des Finanzbuchhaltungssystems eines Steuerzahlers auch durch die wahrgenommene Verhandlungsstrategie des Steuerberaters beeinflusst.

We conducted imputation to the 1000 Genomes Project of four genome-wide association studies of lung cancer in populations of European ancestry (11,348 cases and 15,861 controls) and genotyped an additional 10,246 cases and 38,295 controls for follow-up. We identified large-effect genome-wide associations for squamous lung cancer with the rare variants BRCA2 p.Lys3326X (rs11571833, odds ratio (OR) = 2.47, P = 4.74 × 10−20) and CHEK2 p.Ile157Thr (rs17879961, OR = 0.38, P = 1.27 × 10−13). We also showed an association between common variation at 3q28 (TP63, rs13314271, OR = 1.13, P = 7.22 × 10−10) and lung adenocarcinoma that had been previously reported only in Asians. These findings provide further evidence for inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and its biological basis. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that imputation can identify rare disease-causing variants with substantive effects on cancer risk from preexisting genome-wide association study data. ; We acknowledge The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for their contribution of lung cancer genomic data to this study (TCGA Project Number 3230). We also acknowledge support from the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the Royal Marsden Hospital. This study was supported by the NIH (U19CA148127, R01CA055769, 5R01CA127219, 5R01CA133996 and 5R01CA121197). The work performed at ICR was supported by Cancer Research UK (C1298/A8780 and C1298/A8362), National Cancer Research Network (NCRN), HEAL, Sanofi-Aventis and National Health Service funding to the Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, as well as the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre. B.K. was the recipient of a Sir John Fisher Foundation PhD studentship. Work at ICR was also supported by NIH GM103534 and the Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences at Dartmouth to C.I.A. The work performed in Toronto was supported by The Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (020214), Ontario Institute of Cancer and Cancer Care Ontario Chair Award to R.J.H. and G.L. and the Alan Brown Chair and Lusi Wong Programs at the Princess Margaret Hospital Foundation. The work performed at Heidelberg was supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe (70-2387 and 70-2919) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (EPIC-Heidelberg). The work performed at IARC was supported by the Institut National du Cancer, France, the European Community (LSHG-CT-2005-512113), the Norwegian Cancer Association, the Functional Genomics Programme of Research Council of Norway, the European Regional Development Fund and the State Budget of the Czech Republic (RECAMO, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0101), the NIH (R01-CA111703 and UO1-CA63673), the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the US NCI (R01 CA092039), an FP7 grant (REGPOT 245536), the Estonian Government (SF0180142s08), the EU European Regional Development Fund in the frame of Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Estonian Research Infrastructure's Roadmap and the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG) and an IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship (M.N.T.). Work at the NCI was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, the NCI, US Public Health Service contracts NCI (N01-CN-45165, N01-RC-45035, N01-RC-37004, NO1-CN-25514, NO1-CN-25515, NO1-CN-25512, NO1-CN-25513, NO1-CN-25516, NO1-CN-25511, NO1-CN-25524, NO1-CN-25518, NO1-CN-75022, NO1-CN-25476 and NO1-CN-25404), the American Cancer Society, the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative in part by HG-06-033-NCI-01 and RO1HL091172-01, genotyping at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (U01HG004438 and NIH HHSN268200782096C) and study coordination at the GENEVA Coordination Center (U01 HG004446). Work was also supported by NIH grants (P50 CA70907, R01CA121197, RO1 CA127219, U19 CA148127 and RO1 CA55769) and a Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas grant (RP100443). Genotyping was provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Work performed at Harvard was supported by the NIH (CA074386, CA092824 and CA090578). The Icelandic study was supported in part by NIH DA17932.

The Luxembourgish sociolinguistic context, structured around a pluriglossy inscribed diachronically in a secular history, calls for specific language arrangements for the purpose of addressing a particular demographic situation in which nearly 50% of residents are foreign nationals. Varieties imported by foreigners are combined with this historical national trilingualism and widely disseminated within the economic sphere.The first part of this thesis therefore lists the conditions for the existence of a "language policy" according to a historical and geographical context that justifies the presence of linguistic varieties in a given territory. It is intended to base a definition of these varieties on three perspectives: a morphological perspective, a symbolic perspective, and a sociological perspective. Language, seen as a component of a linguistic ecology – according to Einar Haugen –, involves complex political and social arrangements that govern its management according to its propagation environment. The descriptive analysis then focuses on the study of these organisational systems of planning or development, which are translated into national language policies.The second part focuses on current language policies in Luxembourg, which are strained between the dual objective of promoting the national variety, Luxembourgish, and of attracting, by economic necessity, a massive workforce divided into two major groups: French speakers and English speakers. The analysis is based on a double corpus consisting, on the one hand, of a collection of interviews conducted with actors involved in the implementation of these local language policies, and on the other hand, a collection of questionnaires distributed to a sample of foreigners residing and working in the country. Their study reveals a complex sociolinguistic situation which disrupts the hierarchical ranking of the three national languages - French, German and Luxembourgish. The successive linguistic arrangements attempt to reconcile these antagonisms by implying the hypothesis of a progressive orientation of plurilingualism towards a legal predominance of the national language, possibly leading, in the long term, to an official affirmation of a Luxembourg speaking monolinguism. ; Le contexte sociolinguistique luxembourgeois, structuré autour d'une pluriglossie inscrite diachroniquement dans une histoire séculaire, appelle des aménagements linguistiques spécifiques face à une situation démographique particulière dans laquelle près de 50 % des résidents sont des ressortissants étrangers. Autour du trilinguisme national historique s'agrègent des variétés importées par les étrangers et largement diffusées dans la sphère économique. Une première partie recense donc les conditions d'existence d'une « politique linguistique » selon un contexte historique et géographique qui justifie la présence des variétés linguistiques sur un territoire donné. Une définition de ces variétés se propose de les cerner sous trois perspectives : une perspective morphologique ; une perspective symbolique ; une perspective sociologique. Le cas paradigmatique de la langue luxembourgeoise sert de support empirique à la démonstration. La langue, perçue comme composante d'une écologie linguistique – d'après Einar Haugen -, implique des aménagements politiques et sociaux complexes qui président à sa gestion selon son milieu de propagation. L'analyse descriptive porte alors sur l'étude de ces systèmes organisateurs de planification ou aménagements et qui se traduisent par des politiques linguistiques nationales. La deuxième partie se concentre sur les politiques linguistiques à l'œuvre au Luxembourg, tendues entre le double objectif de promouvoir la variété nationale, le luxembourgeois, et d'attirer, par nécessité économique, une main-d'œuvre massive qui se répartit en deux groupes majeurs : les francophones et les anglophones. L'analyse s'appuie sur un double corpus constitué, d'une part, du recueil d'entretiens menés auprès d'acteurs impliqués dans la mise en place de ces politiques linguistiques locales ; d'autre part, d'une collecte de questionnaires distribués à un échantillon d'étrangers résidant et travaillant dans le pays. Leur étude fait apparaître une situation sociolinguistique complexe qui bouleverse le classement hiérarchique des trois langues nationales - le français, l'allemand et le luxembourgeois. Les aménagements linguistiques successifs tentent de concilier ces antagonismes en émettant l'hypothèse d'une orientation progressive du plurilinguisme vers une prédominance juridique de la langue nationale conduisant éventuellement, à terme, à une affirmation officielle d'un monolinguisme luxembourgophone.

Quantifying signals and uncertainties in climate models is essential for the detection, attribution, prediction and projection of climate change1,2,3. Although inter-model agreement is high for large-scale temperature signals, dynamical changes in atmospheric circulation are very uncertain4. This leads to low confidence in regional projections, especially for precipitation, over the coming decades5,6. The chaotic nature of the climate system7,8,9 may also mean that signal uncertainties are largely irreducible. However, climate projections are difficult to verify until further observations become available. Here we assess retrospective climate model predictions of the past six decades and show that decadal variations in North Atlantic winter climate are highly predictable, despite a lack of agreement between individual model simulations and the poor predictive ability of raw model outputs. Crucially, current models underestimate the predictable signal (the predictable fraction of the total variability) of the North Atlantic Oscillation (the leading mode of variability in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation) by an order of magnitude. Consequently, compared to perfect models, 100 times as many ensemble members are needed in current models to extract this signal, and its effects on the climate are underestimated relative to other factors. To address these limitations, we implement a two-stage post-processing technique. We first adjust the variance of the ensemble-mean North Atlantic Oscillation forecast to match the observed variance of the predictable signal. We then select and use only the ensemble members with a North Atlantic Oscillation sufficiently close to the variance-adjusted ensemble-mean forecast North Atlantic Oscillation. This approach greatly improves decadal predictions of winter climate for Europe and eastern North America. Predictions of Atlantic multidecadal variability are also improved, suggesting that the North Atlantic Oscillation is not driven solely by Atlantic multidecadal variability. Our results highlight the need to understand why the signal-to-noise ratio is too small in current climate models10, and the extent to which correcting this model error would reduce uncertainties in regional climate change projections on timescales beyond a decade. ; DMS, AAS, NJD, LH and RE were supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra and by the European Commission Horizon 2020 EUCP project (GA 776613). FJDR, LPC, SW and RB also acknowledge the support from the EUCP project (GA 776613) and from the Ministerio de Econom´ıa y Competitividad (MINECO) as part of the CLINSA project (Grant No. CGL2017-85791-R). SW received funding from the innovation programme under the Marie Sk´lodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433 and PO from the Ramon y Cajal senior tenure programme of MINECO. The EC-Earth simulations were performed on Marenostrum 4 (hosted by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain) using Auto-Submit through computing hours provided by PRACE.WAM, HP, KMand KP were supported by the German FederalMinistry for Education and Research (BMBF) project MiKlip (grant 01LP1519A). NK, IB, FC and YW were supported by the Norwegian Research Council projects SFE (grant 270733) the Nordic Center of excellent ARCPATH (grant 76654) and the Trond Mohn Foundation, under the project number : BFS2018TMT01 and received grants for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputing (NOTUR2, NN9039K) and storage grants (NORSTORE, NS9039K). JM, LFB and DS are supported by Blue-Action (European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Grant Number: 727852) and EUCP (European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 776613) projects. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a major facility sponsored by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement No. 1852977. NCAR contribution was partially supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office under Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grant NA13OAR4310138 and by the US NSF Collaborative Research EaSM2 Grant OCE-1243015. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

L'interès d'aquest treball final de màster, és analitzar l'eficiència energètica de la tipologia d'escola de l'corrent pla "54 Noves Escoles", i si hi ha estratègies passives que puguin optimitzar el seu comportament. Per a aquesta tasca l'anàlisi tindrà un enfocament històric, local i global. Històric, per avaluar les millores aconseguides des dels últims plans d'escoles públiques, que encara estan en una etapa d'ús actiu, i per tant, de consum energètic. Local, analitzant si les normatives argentines IRAM, de caràcter optatiu, representen un conjunt d'exigències que siguin realment beneficioses per a l'edificació de país. I global, mitjançant el Codi Tècnic Espanyol i l'estàndard alemany Passivhaus, per estudiar el rendiment que poden generar normatives més restrictives de països europeus. La simulació i obtenció de valors de demanda de calefacció, refrigeració i consum d'energia total serà fet amb l'eina Unificada LIDER-CALENER. I en aquest mateix programa seran elaborats models amb propostes d'estratègies passives per definir la millor versió energètica de l'escola estudiada. Finalment, ha estat calculat el retorn de la inversió corresponent a la proposta de millora més òptima, corresponent a el marc normatiu de l'CTE, avaluant la viabilitat econòmica d'adoptar una arquitectura eficient en un país les polítiques encara no tenen un enfocament ambiental. ; El interés de este trabajo final de máster, es analizar la eficiencia energética de la tipología de escuela del corriente plan "54 Nuevas Escuelas", y si hay estrategias pasivas que puedan optimizar su comportamiento. Para dicha tarea el análisis tendrá un enfoque histórico, local y global. Histórico, para evaluar las mejoras logradas desde los últimos planes de escuelas públicas, que aún están en una etapa de uso activo, y por lo tanto, de consumo energético. Local, analizando si las normativas argentinas IRAM, de carácter optativo, representan un conjunto de exigencias que sean realmente beneficiosas para la edificación del país. Y global, mediante el Código Técnico Español y el estándar alemán Passivhaus, para estudiar el rendimiento que pueden generar normativas más restrictivas de países europeos. La simulación y obtención de valores de demanda de calefacción, refrigeración y consumo de energía total será hecho con la Herramienta Unificada LIDER-CALENER. Y en este mismo programa serán elaborados modelos con propuestas de estrategias pasivas para definir la mejor versión energética de la escuela estudiada. Por último, ha sido calculado el retorno de la inversión correspondiente a la propuesta de mejora más óptima, correspondiente al marco normativo del CTE, evaluando la viabilidad económica de adoptar una arquitectura eficiente en un país cuyas políticas aún no tienen un enfoque ambiental. ; The interest of this final master's project is to analyze the energy efficiency of the school typology of the current "54 New Schools" plan, and if there are passive strategies that can optimize its energy behaviour. For this task the analysis will have a historical, local and global focus. Historical, to evaluate the improvements achieved since the last public school plans, which are still in a stage of active use, and therefore, of energy consumption. Local, analyzing whether the optional Argentine IRAM regulations represent a set of requirements that are truly effective for the country's construction. And global, through the Código Técnico Español and the German Passivhaus standard, to study the benefit that more restrictive regulations from European countries can generate. The simulation and obtaining of demand values for heating, cooling and total energy consumption will be done with the Herramienta Unificada LIDER-CALENER. And in this same program, models will be elaborated with proposals for passive strategies to define the best energy version of the school studied. Finally, the return on investment corresponding to the most optimal improvement proposal, corresponding to the CTE regulatory framework, has been calculated, evaluating the economic viability of adopting an efficient architecture in a country whose politics do not yet focus on environmental approaches.

El artículo intenta abordar la asistemática filosofía del pensador alemán Peter Sloterdijk, la 'bestia negra' de la filosofía actual, a partir de la idea de que su nuevo 'gran relato' (entregado fundamentalmente en esa mezcla de filosofía de la historia con filosofía de la técnica que es Esferas) constituiría en realidad una suerte de cóctel de distintas pero cohabitantes filosofías. Esta multiplicidad de teorías (esférica, inmunitaria, protésica, antropotécnica, timótica) configura, en los hechos, una misma filosofía animal, que muestra a Sloterdijk como uno de los más influyentes representantes de la familia nietzscheana. A la par con esto, la filosofía de Sloterdijk se presenta como una nueva ontología (para decirlo bien, como una ontogénesis del espacio interior), cuyo componente esencial es el principio de información. Pero también cabe entender su crítica, mejor dicho, su proyecto postliberal, como una filosofía posmoderna de la técnica, cuya clave es la comprensión de la tecnología como destino dentro de la historia del ser. Sobre el final del artículo se decantan algunas ideas un poco más definitivas en Sloterdijk: su crítica política como desenmascaramiento de la macroesfera del poder (militar, financiero, periodístico, fiscal), su ofensiva biotecnológica como manifiesto de un quinismo históricamente invisibilizado por el cinismo de elite y, por último, la de la verdad como concepto inesencial a su proyecto psicopolítico. ; The article tries to approach the non-systemic philosophy of the German thinker PeterSloterdijk, the 'black beast' of current philosophy, from the idea of that his new Big Story (delivered fundamentally in this miscellany of philosophy of the history with philosophy of the technique that is Spheres) would constitute actually a kind of cocktail of different but cohabitants philosophies. This multiplicity of theories (spherical, immune, prosthetic, anthropotechnics, timotic) forms, in the facts, the same animal philosophy, which shows to Sloterdijk as one of the most influential representatives of the Nietzschean family. Together with this, the philosophy of Sloterdijk presented itself as a new ontology (to say it well, as ontogenesis of the inner space) whose essential component is the principle of information. However, it is necessary to understand his critique, rather than his post-liberal project, as a postmodern philosophy of the technique, whose key is the comprehension of the technology as a destination inside the history of being. Finally, some ideas are decided a little more definitive in Sloterdijk: his political criticism as unmasking of the macro sphere of power (military, financial, journalistic, fiscal), his biotechnological offensive as a manifesto of a quinism historically rendered invisible by elite cynicism and, finally, that of the truth as an inessential concept to his psycho-political project. ; O artigo tenta abordar a filosofia não sistêmica do pensador alemão Peter Sloterdijk, a 'besta negra' da filosofia atual, a partir da idéia de que a sua nova Grande História (entregue fundamentalmente nesta miscelânea de filosofia da história com a filosofia da técnica das Esferas) constituiria na verdade uma espécie de coquetel de filosofias diferentes, mas coabitantes.Esta multiplicidade de teorias (esférica, imune, protética, antropotética, timota) forma, nos fatos, a mesma filosofia animal, que mostra a Sloterdijk como um dos mais influentes representantes da família Nietzschean. Juntamente com isso, a filosofia de Sloterdijk se apresenta como uma nova ontologia (para dizer bem, como uma ontogênese do espaço interior) cuja componente essencial é o princípio da informação. Entretanto, é necessário entender a hiscrítica, e não o seu projeto pós-liberal, como uma filosofia pós-moderna da técnica, cuja chave é a compreensão da tecnologia como destino dentro da história do ser. Finalmente, algunas ideas são decididas um pouco mais definitivamente em Sloterdijk: sua crítica política como desmascaramento da macrosfera do poder (militar, financeira, jornalística, fiscal), sua ofensiva biotecnológica como amanifesto de um quinismo historicamente tornado invisível pelo cinismo das elites e, finalmente, a das verdades tem um conceito inessencial ao seu projeto psicopolítico.

Dazu hat auch ein bisher nicht dagewesener koordinierter Instrumenteneinsatz der Finanzpolitik, Wirtschafts- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik beigetragen, mit dem breite Schutzschirme sowohl für Unternehmen wie auch für Beschäftigte aufgespannt worden sind. Diese haben sowohl auf der Arbeitsnachfrage als auch auf der Arbeitsangebotsseite des Arbeitsmarktes angesetzt und die Beschäftigung deutlich stabilisiert. Eine erste Evaluation der Zielgenauigkeit der umfangreichen konjunktur- und arbeitsmarktstabilisierenden Maßnahmen neben dem Kurzarbeitergeld sind dies z.B. Sofort- und Überbrückungshilfen, der Wirtschaftsstabilisierungsfonds, aber auch der erleichterte Zugang zur Grundsicherung für Selbständige steht aber noch aus. Wegen der finanziellen Dimensionen des Mitteleinsatzes lassen sich die ergriffenen Maßnahmen aber nicht unbegrenzt weiterführen. Jenseits der aktuellen Konjunkturstabilisierung gibt es daher zunehmend eine Debatte über strukturell wirkende Maßnahmen zur weiteren Stabilisierung des Arbeitsmarktes nach der Krise. Hier stehen sich im Kern zwei grundsätzliche Denkschulen gegenüber: Ein zentraler politischer Debattenstrang thematisiert die Wiederbelebung von Arbeitszeitverkürzungs- und Grundeinkommenskonzepten, ergänzt um weitergehende Rechtsansprüche für Beschäftigte, etwa im Bereich Home-Office und bei Weiterbildung und Qualifizierung. Ein anderer Debattenstrang zielt auf die Förderung flexibler Beschäftigungsformen und die Senkung der Einstellungsbarrieren für Unternehmen, etwa im Arbeitszeit-, Befristungs- und Selbständigkeitsrecht. Eine allgemeine Arbeitszeitverkürzung wird kritisch bewertet, weil sie zu einer sinkenden Stundenproduktivität und steigenden Lohnstückkosten führt. Ein bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen wirkt sich negativ auf das Arbeitsangebot aus und ist nicht finanzierbar. Ein Recht auf Homeoffice griffe in das Dispositionsrecht von Unternehmen ein. Die Regelungen zum Home-Office gehören vielmehr eindeutig auf die betriebliche Ebene. Hingegen kann eine verstärkte Weiterbildung positiv wirken. Mit Blick auf eine durch das Qualifizierungschancengesetz ohnehin verbreiterte Förderkulisse besteht aber neben einer fraglichen Effektivität die Gefahr von verstärkten Mitnahmeeffekten. Dies würde bei einem Recht auf Weiterbildung noch in besonderer Weise gelten. Zu prüfen sind demgegenüber eine temporäre Änderung des Befristungsrechts bei Neueinstellungen durch eine Aussetzung des Vorbeschäftigungsverbots, die Flexibilisierung des Arbeitszeitgesetzes hinsichtlich der wöchentlichen Höchstarbeits- und Mindestruhezeiten sowie die Erleichterung flexibler Beschäftigung, etwa durch eine Aussetzung der Höchstüberlassungsdauer in der Zeitarbeit und ein verändertes Statusfeststellungsverfahren bei der Abgrenzung abhängiger von selbständiger Beschäftigung. Für Existenzgründer ist wichtig, dass das bewährte Instrumentarium von Werk- und Dienstverträgen weiterhin werden kann. Auch der Einsatz von IT-Freelancern in Unterneh-men sollte erleichtert werden. ; The German labor market is being affected by the consequences of the corona crisis. This also threatens labor market outcomes, for example income distribution. In particular because of the strong use of short-time work, the increase in registered unemployment has so far been relatively low compared to the collapse in demand and production. A previously unprecedented coordinated use of financial, economic and labor market policy instruments has contributed to this, provding "protective shields" for both companies and employees. These have been targeted on both the labor demand and labor supply side and have so far stabilized production and employment significantly. An initial evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of the extensive measures to stabilize the economy is still pending. Because of the financial dimensions of the use of funds, the measures taken cannot be continued indefinitely. Beyond the current stabilization of the economy, there is therefore also an increasing debate about structural reform measures to further stabilize the labor market after the crisis. In essence, there are two fundamental schools of thought opposing each other: A central line of political debate is the revival of concepts for reducing working hours and introducing a universal basic income, supplemented by further legal claims for employees, for example in the home office area and in further training and qualification. Another line of debate aims to promote more flexible forms of employment and to lower the hiring barriers for companies, for example in working hours, fixed-term and self-employment law. On the labor supply side, a general reduction in working hours is viewed critically because it leads to falling hourly productivity and rising unit labor costs. An unconditional basic income has a negative effect on the labor supply and cannot be financed. A right to work from home interferes with the right of disposition of companies. The regulations on home office is clearly a matter of company level agreements. On the labor demand side, increased further training can have a positive effect. However, there is a risk of deadweight effects in view of a funding framework that has been broadened by the Qualification Opportunities Act. This would apply to a greater extent with a right to further training. In contrast, the relaxation of the right of fixed-term contracts for new hirings, the flexibilization of the Working Hours Act with regard to the maximum weekly working and minimum rest periods as well as the facilitation of flexible employment, e.g. by suspending the maximum duration period for temporary work and a changed status determination procedure for the delimitation against dependent employees should be discussed further.