Suchergebnisse

Is the future of civil rights subnational? If one is looking for civil rights innovation, much of this innovation might be happening through legislation, regulatory frameworks, and policies adopted by state and local governments. In recent years, states and cities have adopted legislation banning discrimination in housing based on the source of an individual's income, regulating the consideration of arrest or conviction in employment decisions, and prohibiting discrimination in employment based on an applicant's credit history. This deployment of subnational power is not new to civil rights. Many of the laws and regulatory frameworks that are now core to the national civil rights framework started at the state level. Before the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, states such as Wisconsin, New York, Massachusetts, and California banned discrimination on the basis of race in employment and housing. New York's administrative disparate impact standard was the precursor to the disparate impact standard that would eventually become ensconced in federal employment law. And more recently, the 1980s and 1990s saw proliferations of state antidiscrimination laws that prohibited sexual orientation discrimination, even as legislative protections have stalled on the national level. What does appear novel, however, is the number of these initiatives in recent years alongside the possibility that these state measures might not end inevitably with national civil rights legislation. Indeed, for reasons of both political economy and institutional design, some of the most innovative examples of legislation and regulation to advance equality are likely to permanently reside at the subnational level. Many of these innovations build on recent movements to use local regulatory frameworks to increase wages and work conditions for lower income workers, and these innovations address not just identity exclusion based on race or ethnicity but also exclusions based on socioeconomic status. The political economy that sustains their emergence and implementation depends on demographics and political cultures that are largely centered on cities and large metropolitan regions. In addition, some of the innovations proliferating at the state and local levels such as local first-source hiring, community-benefits agreements (CBAs), and inclusionary zoning depend on regulatory powers exclusive to subnational governments. These proliferating state and local interventions present a different conception of civil rights than one centered on the promulgation of federal frameworks and the deployment of federal regulatory power. The aim of the civil rights project is typically national – the goal is to advance rights that belong to all citizens.That some states and localities are first-movers or have moreexpansive legislation can be consistent with civil rights as a national project. Consistent with classic accounts of states and cities as laboratories of legislation and problemsolving, states and localities can provide the regulatory models for nationally adopted civil rights legislation. States and localities can also build support among citizens and political leaders to advance adoption of these initiatives at the national level. But what if these initiatives are not in the service of an inevitable federal project of legislation and regulation? Today, one sees very little legislative activity at the federal level related to civil rights; all the interesting and important moves appear to be taken on by subnational governments. And amid uncertainty about whether these initiatives will be adopted by the federal government and diffuse "vertically," there is some evidence that these regulatory and legislative initiatives are spreading among jurisdictions. The question, then, is whether the "local turn" in civil rights law can ever be a satisfactory equilibrium for those interested in advancing civil rights and equality law. This local approach raises questions concerning the mechanisms by which these innovations will spread from one locality to another, and whether localities will have the legal, regulatory, and financial power to advance a meaningful civil rights regime. This article explores these questions and offers a cautiously hopeful account of these subnational innovations. As a practical matter, when large cities and metropolitan areas adopt these innovations, they are likely to have expansive demographic reach. Functionally, measures such as CBAs or inclusive zoning build on regulatory or legislative tools unavailable at the federal level. They thus expand the domains and points of intervention for advancing inclusion – diffusing civil rights norms to state and local actors. As a matter of political economy, these innovations, particularly those that address questions of economic inclusion like bans on source-of-income (SOI) discrimination and limitations on credit history depend on local movements and local politics. These local movements are hard to sustain at a national level and can play a crucial role in the politics of implementation. Finally, these subnational innovations are remaking the very nature of what we call "the civil rights project." Whether or not these innovations are fully successful yet, they demand a serious look if one is concerned with expanding regulatory models of inclusion. These new state and local measures provide routes around the limitations of the federal civil rights model in addressing subtle bias and structural exclusion.

We know from the articles of Richard Hofstadter that a defensive, even paranoid style has pervaded American politics from time to time. Murray Edelman and Michael Rogin have shifted the psychological stance of this terminology to a political one, focusing on how the notion of the construction of a political spectacle can excite hysteria and paranoia to attract public attention and by so doing build a securitization that expands the executive powers of the state. Rogin described how American political discourse has emphasized counter- subversive strategies in the construction of enemies: for example, against aboriginal peoples, communists and the USSR, and more recently, illegal migrants and terrorists who have supposedly infiltrated the homeland. However, the implications of this politics have rarely been expanded to transnational or international politics. The broad objective of this paper is to link the configuration of contemporary world politics with interesting strands of sociological research coming from the critical study of American politics. More specifically, the author argues that the compiling of watch lists from transnational databases constructs a criminalization of travellers as illegal and dangerous migrants, while also affecting everyone who uses cloud computing. States use a paranoid style to play off national sovereignty against their international obligations. Each country's practices in this regard constitute a distinctive variation of the trend toward Global Preventive Surveillance (GPS), which has in the author's view become a contemporary form of a transnational process of (in)security, i.e. a process that delivers insecurity through technological tools aiming to provide security. To sustain this argument, the paper shows how the emergence of global watch lists is reorienting data base technologies to serve the ends of electronic mass surveillance. Governments justify mass surveillance, despite its illegal status in many countries, by claiming that if everyone is doing it, it cannot be illegitimate. A paranoid strain of transnational politics based on unease and fear is thereby instrumentalized in the name of sovereignty, security, citizenship and national identity. Watch lists, in the author's view, are a concrete manifestation of the development by security professionals of a transnational stock exchange of fears, which purports to focus on migrants and border control but has much more to do with fostering domestic counter-subversive strategies than with serving as an effective response to threats. ; A partir de los artículos de Richard Hofstadter, sabemos que un estilo defensivo y hasta paranoico ha impregnado de vez en cuando a la política norteamericana. Murray Edelman y Michael Rogin han desplazado la postura psicológica de esta terminología hacia una de tono político, enfocándose en cómo la noción de la construcción de un espectáculo político puede incitar histeria y paranoia para atraer la atención pública y, al hacerlo, construir una securitización que expanda los poderes ejecutivos del Estado. Rogin describió cómo el discurso político norteamericano ha enfatizado estrategias antisubversivas en la construcción de enemigos: por ejemplo, contra pueblos indígenas, comunistas y la URSS y, más recientemente, migrantes ilegales y terroristas quienes han infiltrado, supuestamente, el país. Sin embargo, las implicaciones de estas políticas han sido raramente expandidas a la política trasnacional o internacional. El objetivo amplio de este artículo es conectar la configuración de la política mundial contemporánea con ramas interesantes de la investigación sociológica que provienen del estudio crítico de la política norteamericana. Más específicamente, el autor argumenta que la compilación de listas de alerta a partir de bases de datos trasnacionales construye la criminalización de los viajeros como migrantes ilegales y peligrosos, mientras que afecta también a todo aquel que use servicios informáticos en la nube. Los Estados usan un estilo paranoico para oponer la soberanía nacional contra sus obligaciones internacionales. Las prácticas de cada país en este aspecto constituyen una variación distintiva de la tendencia hacia la Vigilancia Global Preventiva (GPS por sus siglas en inglés) que, según la mirada del autor, se ha convertido en una forma contemporánea de un proceso trasnacional de (in)seguridad, es decir, un proceso que entrega inseguridad a través de herramientas tecnológicas destinadas a proveer seguridad. Para sostener este argumento, el artículo muestra cómo la emergencia de listas globales de alerta está reorientando a las tecnologías de bases de datos para servir a los fines de la vigilancia electrónica masiva. Los gobiernos justifican la vigilancia masiva, a pesar de su estatus ilegal en muchos países, alegando que si todo el mundo lo está haciendo, no puede ser ilegítimo. Una deformación paranoica de la política trasnacional basada en el malestar y el miedo es entonces instrumentalizada en el nombre de la soberanía, la seguridad, la ciudadanía y la identidad nacional. Las listas de alerta, en la visión del autor, son una manifestación concreta del desarrollo, por profesionales de la seguridad, de un intercambio trasnacional de acciones de miedo, que pretende enfocarse en migrantes y controles fronterizos pero que tiene mucho más que ver con fomentar estrategias antisubversivas domésticas que con servir como una respuesta efectiva frente a las amenazas.

The threat of surveillance by governmental and industrial parties is more eminent than ever. As communication moves into the digital domain, the advances in automatic assessment and interpretation of enormous amounts of data enable tracking of millions of people, recording and monitoring their private life with an unprecedented accurateness. The knowledge of such an all-encompassing loss of privacy affects the behavior of individuals, inducing various degrees of (self-)censorship and anxiety. Furthermore, the monopoly of a few large-scale organizations on digital communication enables global censorship and manipulation of public opinion. Thus, the current situation undermines the freedom of speech to a detrimental degree and threatens the foundations of modern society. Anonymous and censorship-resistant communication systems are hence of utmost importance to circumvent constant surveillance. However, existing systems are highly vulnerable to infiltration and sabotage. In particular, Sybil attacks, i.e., powerful parties inserting a large number of fake identities into the system, enable malicious parties to observe and possibly manipulate a large fraction of the communication within the system. Friend-to-friend (F2F) overlays, which restrict direct communication to parties sharing a real-world trust relationship, are a promising countermeasure to Sybil attacks, since the requirement of establishing real-world trust increases the cost of infiltration drastically. Yet, existing F2F overlays suffer from a low performance, are vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks, or fail to provide anonymity. Our first contribution in this thesis is concerned with an in-depth analysis of the concepts underlying the design of state-of-the-art F2F overlays. In the course of this analysis, we first extend the existing evaluation methods considerably, hence providing tools for both our and future research in the area of F2F overlays and distributed systems in general. Based on the novel methodology, we prove that existing approaches are inherently unable to offer acceptable delays without either requiring exhaustive maintenance costs or enabling denial-of-service attacks and de-anonymization. Consequentially, our second contribution lies in the design and evaluation of a novel concept for F2F overlays based on insights of the prior in-depth analysis. Our previous analysis has revealed that greedy embeddings allow highly efficient communication in arbitrary connectivity-restricted overlays by addressing participants through coordinates and adapting these coordinates to the overlay structure. However, greedy embeddings in their original form reveal the identity of the communicating parties and fail to provide the necessary resilience in the presence of dynamic and possibly malicious users. Therefore, we present a privacy-preserving communication protocol for greedy embeddings based on anonymous return addresses rather than identifying node coordinates. Furthermore, we enhance the communication's robustness and attack-resistance by using multiple parallel embeddings and alternative algorithms for message delivery. We show that our approach achieves a low communication complexity. By replacing the coordinates with anonymous addresses, we furthermore provably achieve anonymity in the form of plausible deniability against an internal local adversary. Complementary, our simulation study on real-world data indicates that our approach is highly efficient and effectively mitigates the impact of failures as well as powerful denial-of-service attacks. Our fundamental results open new possibilities for anonymous and censorship-resistant applications. ; Die Bedrohung der Überwachung durch staatliche oder kommerzielle Stellen ist ein drängendes Problem der modernen Gesellschaft. Heutzutage findet Kommunikation vermehrt über digitale Kanäle statt. Die so verfügbaren Daten über das Kommunikationsverhalten eines Großteils der Bevölkerung in Kombination mit den Möglichkeiten im Bereich der automatisierten Verarbeitung solcher Daten erlauben das großflächige Tracking von Millionen an Personen, deren Privatleben mit noch nie da gewesener Genauigkeit aufgezeichnet und beobachtet werden kann. Das Wissen über diese allumfassende Überwachung verändert das individuelle Verhalten und führt so zu (Selbst-)zensur sowie Ängsten. Des weiteren ermöglicht die Monopolstellung einiger weniger Internetkonzernen globale Zensur und Manipulation der öffentlichen Meinung. Deshalb stellt die momentane Situation eine drastische Einschränkung der Meinungsfreiheit dar und bedroht die Grundfesten der modernen Gesellschaft. Systeme zur anonymen und zensurresistenten Kommunikation sind daher von ungemeiner Wichtigkeit. Jedoch sind die momentanen System anfällig gegen Sabotage. Insbesondere ermöglichen es Sybil-Angriffe, bei denen ein Angreifer eine große Anzahl an gefälschten Teilnehmern in ein System einschleust und so einen großen Teil der Kommunikation kontrolliert, Kommunikation innerhalb eines solchen Systems zu beobachten und zu manipulieren. F2F Overlays dagegen erlauben nur direkte Kommunikation zwischen Teilnehmern, die eine Vertrauensbeziehung in der realen Welt teilen. Dadurch erschweren F2F Overlays das Eindringen von Angreifern in das System entscheidend und verringern so den Einfluss von Sybil-Angriffen. Allerdings leiden die existierenden F2F Overlays an geringer Leistungsfähigkeit, Anfälligkeit gegen Denial-of-Service Angriffe oder fehlender Anonymität. Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit liegt daher in der fokussierten Analyse der Konzepte, die in den momentanen F2F Overlays zum Einsatz kommen. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit erweitern wir zunächst die existierenden Evaluationsmethoden entscheidend und erarbeiten so Methoden, die Grundlagen für unsere sowie zukünftige Forschung in diesem Bereich bilden. Basierend auf diesen neuen Evaluationsmethoden zeigen wir, dass die existierenden Ansätze grundlegend nicht fähig sind, akzeptable Antwortzeiten bereitzustellen ohne im Zuge dessen enorme Instandhaltungskosten oder Anfälligkeiten gegen Angriffe in Kauf zu nehmen. Folglich besteht unser zweiter Beitrag in der Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines neuen Konzeptes für F2F Overlays, basierenden auf den Erkenntnissen der vorangehenden Analyse. Insbesondere ergab sich in der vorangehenden Evaluation, dass Greedy Embeddings hoch-effiziente Kommunikation erlauben indem sie Teilnehmer durch Koordinaten adressieren und diese an die Struktur des Overlays anpassen. Jedoch sind Greedy Embeddings in ihrer ursprünglichen Form nicht auf anonyme Kommunikation mit einer dynamischen Teilnehmermengen und potentiellen Angreifern ausgelegt. Daher präsentieren wir ein Privätssphäre-schützenden Kommunikationsprotokoll für F2F Overlays, in dem die identifizierenden Koordinaten durch anonyme Adressen ersetzt werden. Des weiteren erhöhen wir die Resistenz der Kommunikation durch den Einsatz mehrerer Embeddings und alternativer Algorithmen zum Finden von Routen. Wir beweisen, dass unser Ansatz eine geringe Kommunikationskomplexität im Bezug auf die eigentliche Kommunikation sowie die Instandhaltung des Embeddings aufweist. Ferner zeigt unsere Simulationstudie, dass der Ansatz effiziente Kommunikation mit kurzen Antwortszeiten und geringer Instandhaltungskosten erreicht sowie den Einfluss von Ausfälle und Angriffe erfolgreich abschwächt. Unsere grundlegenden Ergebnisse eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten in der Entwicklung anonymer und zensurresistenter Anwendungen.

Yksilökohtainen palveluohjaus monituottajuuden koordinoinnin välineenä Japanissa Tutkin erityisesti palvelun tuottajuuteen liittyvien kysymysten näkökulmasta Japanin viimeaikaisia poliittisia reformeja, joilla on pyritty muuttamaan vanhusten hoivan tuottamisen tapaa. Eri maissa suoritetuissa pitkäaikaishoidon politiikkareformeissa on tiettyjä yhteisiä piirteitä. Valtiot päättävä käynnistää verrattain samankaltaisia järjestelmiä ja ottavat toisinaan esimerkkiä toisten maiden kokemuksista. Japani on omaksunut pitkäaikaishoivan järjestämiseen monituottajuutta korostavan lähestymistavan ja yksilökohtaisen palveluohjauksen käsitteen globaaleissa yhteyksissä tapahtuneen poliittisen oppimisen tuloksena, mutta mallien ja käsitteiden omaksumisen seuraukset ovat tuskin kaikkialla samat. Erot syntyvät erityisesti täytäntöönpanossa, kun poliittisen oppimisen tulokset käännetään asiantuntijuudeksi. Japani omaksui monituottajamalliin perustuvan hoivavakuutuksen vastatakseen nopeasti kasvaviin hoivapalvelun tarpeisiin. Yksilökohtainen palveluohjaus tuotiin edesauttamaan hajanaisten resurssien koordinointia ja edistämään tilaaja-tuottajamallin käyttöönottoa. Sen seurauksena useimmat palveluohjaajat ovat työsuhteessa yrityksiin, järjestöihin tai puolijulkisiin palvelutuottajiin. Ajatuksena on, että palveluohjaajat toimivat ruohonjuuritason byrokraatteina heille annetussa ahtaassa institutionaalisessa tilassa toteuttamassa poliittisesti määritettyjä pitkäaikaishoidon tavoitteita ja samalla kehittävät omaa t apaansa toimia palveluohjaajina. Haastatelujen analysoinnin keskeinen tulos on, että japanilaisen palveluohjausmallin olennainen ominaisuus on ammattien uudelleenjärjestely. Palveluohjaajat ovat itse asiassa eturintaman työntekijöitä, joiden erityinen tehtävä on yhdistellä terveys- ja sosiaalipalveluorganisaatioiden sekä perheiden tuottamaa hoivaa. Tämän tehtävän suorittamiseksi palveluohjaajien on toimittava sekä asiantuntijoina, byrokraatteina, yrittäjinä että uskottuina läheisinä. Japanilaiset palveluohjaajat kohtaavat ongelmavyyhden, jonka vuoksi hoivavakuutuksen täytäntöönpano vaatii heiltä emotionaalisia uhrauksia. Yksi ongelmien alkulähde on hoivaohjaukseen liittyvä eklektinen terminologia: ulkomailta opittuja ammatillisia puhetapoja tulkitaan paikallisissa poliittisissa ja kulttuurisissa ympäristöissä. Hoivaohjaajat rakentavat identiteettiään ympäristössä, jossa ohjausta koskevat säädökset ja normit, ammatillisessa koulutuksessa syntynyt asiantuntijuus sekä yritystalouden vaatimukset ovat jännitteisessä suhteessa toisiinsa. Heidän on omin voimin kyettävä tulkitsemaan erilaisia organisatorisia ja yhteiskunnallisia periaatteita ja käymään neuvotteluja erilaisten ammatillisten tietoperustojen välimaastossa. Tällaisten järjestelyjenseurauksina syntyy ammattilaisten korkeaa vaihtuvuutta ja jopa ammatillisuuden katoamista. Japanin tapauksessa poliittiseen oppimiseen perustuva uudelleen organisointi toteutui prosessissa, joka peitti alleen välttämättömän palvelutarjonnan puutteet. Tutkimus päätyy toteamaan, että aikakautena, jolloin politiikantekijät muodostavat globaaleja verkostoja, on sosiaalityön tutkijoiden syytä arvioida muualta tuotujen ja paikan päällä sovellettujen ideoiden suhdetta sosiaalityön eettisiin ehtoihin. Toivonkin, että monituottajamalliin perustuvan palveluohjauksen seurausten kuvaaminen auttaa hoivapalvelujen ammattilaisia välttämään joutumasta eettisesti ongelmallisten tavoitteiden toteuttajiksi vasten omaa tahtoaan. ; The dissertation examines the recent policy reforms in eldercare in Japan focusing on the welfare mix approach aiming to change the mode of care production. Long-term care (LTC) policies share certain commonalities even when implemented in different nationstates. States enact and introduce similar systems, sometimes by imitating or taking examples from the practices of other states. Using the concept of policy learning, it is argued that the welfare mix approaches and the care management concept introduced in the LTC in Japan are learned in global contexts but possible impacts can be expected to vary. In particular, the variations are attributable to the implementation process that has been affected by the translation process of learned policy into expertise. Japan adopted the welfare mix approach for the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) to respond to rapidly increasing social care needs. The institution of care management was introduced as a solution to coordinate fragmented resources as well as to encourage purchaser-provider integration. As a result, most of the care managers are affiliated with service providers such as commercial business, non-profit and quasi-public providers called social welfare corporations. In the restricted institutional arena, it is assumed that care managers in Japan are acting as street-level bureaucrats to implement politically defined multiple objectives required in the current LTC policy and to develop their own sense of 'care management'. Based on a narrative analysis of interviews with 17 care managers in Japan, this study reveals that the essence of Japanese paradigm of care management is, in fact, professional realignment. Care managers are actually front-line workers whose particular task is to mix care that can be provided not only by health and social care organisations but also by families. To complete this assignment, care managers have to function as experts, bureaucrats, entrepreneurs and confidants. Care managers in Japan are experiencing complex mixtures of dilemmas. The process of implementation is accomplished by the emotional sacrifices made by each care manager. The basis of complex sets of dilemmas stem from the eclectic use of policy concepts and the language use surrounding care management tasks: Professional vocabularies imported by learning, and the process of interpreting such terms were affected by local political and cultural contexts. Care managers struggle to build their identity amidst the tensions between statutory and normative care management. Care managers are individuals who actively interpret different principles mediated by organisational and societal structures. They are continuously required to negotiate between various professional knowledge bases. The potential consequences of such realignments may result in the high turnover of professionals and de-professionalisation. The Japanese experience teaches us that such a realignment is accomplished by policy learning as a mode of political process, which conceals the lack of necessary service provision. The study argues that in the era of globalising networks of policy makers, the role of social work researchers is to critically evaluate imported and mixed ideas in the light of ethical requirements. Describing the impacts of the welfare mix on care management practice clarify the mechanism of such policy orientations and contributes to emancipate human service professionals from being unintentionally mobilised for ethically problematic objectives.

The main objective of this thesis was to establish a precise story of the interaction between societies and environment during the last millennium, in two zones of middle mountain area, which are particularly sensitive to the natural hazards as well as to the political, economic and social events, through a set of multiple data. The high-resolution study of two lacustrine sediment cores in two Jura and alpine sites, thanks to the palynological tool - pollen grains, spores and non-pollen palynomorphs - and the study of the historical and archival data allowed us, besides supplying a complementary corpus, to test a comparative approach (pollen vs cadastral data). At Lake Remoray (Doubs, Jura massif, 850 m asl.), the study specified the settlement process. The data of the Early Middle Ages, illustrate one more time that the idea that a forest desert preceding the arrival of the monks land-clearers is to be revised. The installation of religious communities during the XI-XIIIth centuries and the influence of the seigniorial powers in this strategic zone seem however the key stage in the implementation of a sustainable settlement. Economic activities diversify and take their development during the next centuries although certain periods are marked with sociopolitical crises and cross effects, more or less felt, of Little Ice Age. It will be necessary to wait for the XIX-XXth century transition to see the development of the recent silvo-pastoral landscape. Our second site of study finds its origin in what gives to the mountain another identity: the natural risks. The site is the testimony of a zone destroyed in 1248 AD by an immense landslide further to the fall of a part of the Mount Granier (Savoy, massif of the Chartreuse ; 1933 m asl.). This event, depriving the valley of five parishes and a thousand inhabitants quickly engendered a new territory, in terms of topographic, vegetal as well as socioeconomic aspect. The particular observation Lake Saint André lacustrine sequence, formed post-collapse, offered the opportunity to follow step by step this vegetal and human recovery, supported by the geological, geographical, archaeological and historic approaches which liven up the research in a recurring way. The results show of a period of vegetal recolonisation followed by a relatively fast agro-pastoral recovery with, as peculiarity, the implementation of a wine-making territory. The sedimentary recording of this lake allowed following, besides the indications of a varied food-producing farming till the beginning of the XXth century, the particular pollen testimony of the vineyard which will gradually become a monoculture. ; L'objectif principal de cette thèse a été d'établir une histoire précise des interactions sociétés-environnement durant le dernier millénaire dans deux zones de moyenne montagne, territoires particulièrement sensibles aux aléas naturels ainsi qu'aux évènements politiques, économiques et sociaux à travers un jeu de données multiples issues de différentes disciplines. L'étude de deux séquences sédimentaires lacustres de sites jurassien et alpin, grâce à l'outil palynologique - grains de pollen, spores et microfossiles non-polliniques -, particulièrement développé ici avec la haute-résolution, croisé avec l'étude des données historiques et archivistiques nous a permis, en plus de fournir un corpus complémentaire, de tester une approche comparative (données polliniques vs données cadastrales). Au lac de Remoray (Doubs, massif jurassien, 850 m d'altitude), l'étude a précisé le schéma du processus d'occupation de cette partie de la haute vallée du Doubs. Les données du haut Moyen Âge illustrent une fois de plus que l'idée qu'un désert forestier précédant l'arrivée des moines défricheurs est à nuancer. L'installation des communautés religieuses durant les XIème-XIIIème siècles, et l'influence des pouvoirs seigneuriaux sur cette zone stratégique, semblent toutefois l'étape clef dans la mise en place d'un peuplement durable. Les activités économiques se diversifient et prennent leur essor durant les siècles suivants bien que certaines périodes soient marquées de crises socio-politiques et traversées par les effets, plus ou moins ressentis, du Petit Âge Glaciaire. Il faudra attendre la transition XIXème-XXème siècle pour que les paysages sylvo-pastoraux que nous connaissons actuellement se mettent en place. Situé un peu plus au sud (Savoie, massif de la Chartreuse), notre second site d'étude trouve son origine dans ce qui donne à la montagne une autre identité : les risques naturels. Le site est le témoignage d'une zone dévastée en 1248 de notre ère par un immense glissement de terrain suite à la chute d'une partie du Mont Granier (1933 m d'altitude). Cet évènement, privant une partie de la vallée de cinq paroisses et d'un millier d'habitants, a engendré rapidement un nouveau territoire, aussi bien topographique, végétal que socio-économique. L'observation particulière des sédiments du lac Saint-André formé post-éboulement a offert l'occasion de suivre pas à pas cette reconquête végétale et humaine, appuyé par les approches géologiques, géographiques, archéologiques et historiques qui animent la recherche de façon récurrente. Les résultats obtenus témoignent d'une période de recolonisation végétale suivie d'une reconquête agro-pastorale relativement rapide, avec comme particularité la mise en place d'un territoire viticole. L'enregistrement sédimentaire particulier de ce lac a permis de suivre, en plus des indices d'une agriculture vivrière variée jusqu'au début du XXème siècle, le témoignage pollinique particulier de la vigne qui deviendra petit à petit une monoculture.

Il fenomeno migratorio nonostante rappresenti un movimento costante degli ultimi decenni oggi, i continui esodi dai luoghi della guerra unitamente al crescente numero delle tragedie in mare e alla chiusura delle frontiere da parte di alcuni paesi, determina una forte complessità di tale fenomeno. Si tratta di crescenti forme di mobilità umane che, per guerra, povertà, fuggono dal proprio paese d'origine attraversando le nostre città, ritrovandosi ad abitare gli "spazi di attesa" lungo le frontiere a causa delle barriere costruite fra i diversi paesi per impedire il passaggio dell'altro; "[…] barriere di ordine culturale e politico che opponiamo all'accoglimento di profughi, di stranieri e persino di "nomadi" che da secoli "abitano" un territorio che è anche il loro" (Remotti, 2016). Tale realtà ha sicuramente aumentato e reso più complessa la questione dell'accoglienza e dell'abitare, definendo nuovi spazi che, molto spesso, si identificano con i campi profughi. Si tratta di quella che Marc Augè definisce "localizzazione d'urgenza" in cui "campi di rifugiati, campi di transito, insediamenti un tempo concepiti per la promozione del mondo operaio sono diventati […] spazi inqualificabili in termini di luogo che accolgono, in teoria provvisoriamente, chi viene costretto dalle necessità della miseria, della guerra o dell'intolleranza all'espatrio" (Augè, 2007). La nostra contemporaneità è segnata infatti da immagini che mostrano la disperazione dei migranti a cui si associano, come scrive Alessandro Dal Lago "le condizioni disumane dei campi di "permanenza temporanea" che giustifica le loro proteste e i tentativi di evasione" (Dal Lago, 2012). Ci si chiede allora: Attraverso quali forme è possibile favorire processi di accoglienza e integrazione? Oggi, è ancora possibile favorire, generare, un abitare multietnico? La nostra storia è sempre stata segnata dal movimento dei popoli. Culture che, nell'attraversare le città, hanno lasciato testimonianza del loro passaggio rappresentando una ricchezza della loro coesistenza. Oggi invece, la presenza di etnie diverse non sempre trova una perfetta integrazione con i vari luoghi della città, spesso infatti esse vengono relegate negli spazi periferici o all'interno dei nuclei storici definendo delle vere e proprie "enclaves". Si tratta infatti di diversi fatti urbani in cui i migranti ridisegnano i propri confini per cercare di trovare il proprio luogo, la propria identità, all'interno della nuova comunità. A volte accade invece (come nel caso di Riace) che la realtà migrante, nell'insediarsi in un luogo, rappresenti una risorsa per quest'ultimo, attraverso il recupero di luoghi, spazi e attività abbandonate. Tale esempio dimostra come forme di integrazione nelle città sono ancora possibili, e che esse possono contribuire alla definizione di una nuova costruzione coerente della città che tenga conto anche dell'aspetto sociale dell'architettura. ; Migration has been a continuous phenomenon over the last decades. In fact, a rising number of persons have been forced to leave their lands for escaping the war, often losing their life in the sea. As a consequences, some countries has decided to face the problem closing their borders. Those are the reasons why nowadays migration is a very complex phenomenon. This is a new type of human mobility, caused by wars and poverty. These people leave their country, pass through our cities and arrive in a sort of "waiting spaces" on the political boundaries where they are forced to live because of the barriers built for preventing their entrance. "[.] social and political barriers that we oppose to refugees, foreigners and even "nomad" who have been living a territory for centuries which is theirs too" (Remotti, 2016). This situation has definitely intensified and made more complex issues as "reception" and "living" defining new spaces which can be often identified with refugee camps. This has been defined by Marc Augè as "urgent localization" where "refugee camps, temporary camps and settlements which, once were thought for promoting the laboring class, have become [.] unclassifiable places in terms of places able to welcome, in theory provisionally, who is forced by necessities dictated by misery, war or intolerance to expatriation" (Augè, 2007). In fact, modern times are characterized by images showing the desperation of migrants coupled with, as Alessandro Dal Lago claimed, "inhuman conditions of "short staying" camps which justified their protests and escaping attempts" (Dal Lago, 2012). Consequently, the question is: Which is the right way for facilitating reception and integration processes? Nowadays, is it still possible promoting and stimulating a multiethnic way of living? Our history has always been characterized by population movements. Culture which, passing through cities, have left testimonies of their passage being a treasure in theirs coexistence. Conversely, these days the presence of diverse ethnicity do not always contribute to a perfect integration inside the cities. In fact, the effect is that they are often relegated in suburban area or inside old cities creating that so called "enclaves". Consequently, different urban spaces with specific borders are defined by migrants themselves which seek to find their place and their identity inside a new community. Indeed, sometimes (as Riace's case) migrants, settling in a new place, are considered as resource in terms of improvement and recovery of places, spaces and activities which have been abandoned. This example demonstrates that ways of integration inside cities is still possible and that they might contribute to define a new coherent construction of the city which takes into account the social aspect of architecture as well.

The analysis of the Governmental Program for Cooperation with the Polish Diaspora for the years 2015-2020 in scope of education policy of the Polish Government towards the Polish national minority in Ukraine. The paper refers to the analysis of of the Governmental Program for Cooperation with the Polish Diaspora for the years 2015-2020 in scope of education policy of the Polish Government towards the Polish national minority in Ukraine. This program was accepted by the government and it is a kind of purpose for beginning a dialog with a very diferenciated (from the point of view of social positions, political situation in the country, level of knowledge of the Polish language and identifying theirselves with Poland) group of the Polish diaspora and Poles living abroad. It is also an attempt to meet very differentiated needs of this community. Ukraine is a multinational country. Social position of the Polish national minority is comparable to economic and social situation of the other minorities. The Poles in Ukraine are treated as a national minority. The Polish national minority is in general elegible to cultural and national autonomy that is guaranteed by the law and excersises this right first of all by setting up cultural societies aiming to teach the Polish language, popularization of Polish culture and developing folk traditions.The strategic goals of the Governmental Program are: giving suport to teaching the Polish language, studies about Poland conducted in Polish, strengthening Polish identity and ensuring participation in Polish cultural life, consolidation of Polish communities abroad, giving suport to their return to Poland, encouraging people of Polish origin to settle themselves in Poland and multilevel development of their contacts with Poland.We can identify these goals in the following order:- improving the quality of the institutions infrastructure starting from their renovetion and repair, equiping them with stationery, methodological guidances and educational materials;- financial suport for extracurricular education (lessons in libraries, educational excursions, special activity groups);- strengthening motivation system in studying the Polish language for children who are ofthen forced to study foreign languages by their parents;- imrovement of the Polish language teachers qualifications by organizing specific cources and seminars both in Poland and Ukraine;- encouraging the young generation of the teachers to practice their profession as the teachers of the Polish language by creating a system of additional remunerations and increasing the prestige of this profession;- improvement of managing teams qualifications by organizing training activities and cources that meet the needs of these specific institutions;- enrichment of the grants range for pupils of all the levels of school education;- involvement of parents in the proces of education by their participation in educatinal performances.The Program assumptions are undoubtedly relevant to the needs of the educational system units. Considering increasing interest in learning the Polish language, the range of suport is the thing that remains a challenge while identyfying its forms is much more easy. ; Referat, dotyczy analizy Rządowego Programu Współpracy z Polonią i Polakami za Granicą na lata 2015-2020 w zakresie polityki edukacyjnej Rządu RP w stosunku do polskiej mniejszości narodowej na Ukrainie. Przyjęty przez rząd program jest swoistą formą nawiązania dialogu z bardzo zróżnicowaną (status społeczny, uwarunkowania polityczne kraju zamieszkania, poziom znajomości języka polskiego i identyfikacji z Polską) grupą Polonii i Polaków za granicą i próbą odpowiedzi na równie różnorodne potrzeby tej społeczności. Ukraina jest państwem wielonarodowościowym. Status społeczny polskiej mniejszości narodowej jest porównywalny z sytuacją ekonomiczną i społeczną innych mniejszości. Polacy na Ukrainie zaliczają się do mniejszości narodowej. Polska mniejszość narodowa generalnie bez przeszkód korzysta z prawa do zagwarantowanej ustawodawstwem autonomii narodowo-kulturalnej, realizując ją przede wszystkim w postaci swobodnego zrzeszania się w stowarzyszeniach kulturalnych, mających na celu naukę języka ojczystego, krzewienie polskiej kultury, rozwój tradycji narodowych. Strategicznymi celami rządowego programu są: wspieranie nauczania języka polskiego, w języku polskim i o Polsce, umacnianie polskiej tożsamości i zapewnienie możliwości uczestniczenia w kulturze narodowej, wzmacnianie środowisk polskich za granicą, wspieranie powrotów Polaków do kraju oraz tworzenie zachęt do osiedlania się w Polsce osób polskiego pochodzenia, a także wielopłaszczyznowy rozwój kontaktów z Polską. Możemy zdefiniować je w następującym porządku: - podniesienie poziomu infrastruktury placówek, poczynając od wykonania prac remontowych, wyposażenia w materiały biurowe, metodyczne i edukacyjne;- dofinansowanie pozalekcyjnych form kształcenia (zajęcia w bibliotece, wycieczki edukacyjne, koła zainteresowań);- wzmocnienie systemu motywacyjnego do podjęcia nauki języka polskiego przez dzieci, które często podejmują naukę języka z inicjatywy rodziców;- podniesienie kwalifikacji nauczycieli języka polskiego poprzez organizację kursów, seminariów specjalistycznych zarówno w Polsce, jak i na Ukrainie;- zachęcenie młodego pokolenia pedagogów do wykonywania zawodu nauczyciela języka polskiego poprzez wypracowanie systemu wynagrodzeń i nagród oraz podniesienie prestiżu zawodu nauczyciela;- podniesienie kompetencji kierowniczych kadry zarządzającej poprzez organizację szkoleńi kursów merytorycznie odpowiadających potrzebom danej placówki;- wzbogacenie pakietu stypendialnego dla uczniów wszystkich szczebli i poziomów nauczania;- włączenie w proces edukacji rodziców poprzez włączanie rodzicóww przedsięwzięcia o charakterze edukacyjnym .Założenia programu są niewątpliwie odpowiedzią na potrzeby podmiotów systemu edukacyjnego. Z uwagi na rosnące zainteresowanie nauką języka polskiego, wyzwaniem jest wciąż zakres pomocy, nie tyle wyznaczanie jej form

In the article it is analyzed the peculiarities of the museum as a social institution of cultural representation on Bucovina in the aspects of traditions and innovations. It is investigated current trends of functioning of museums as socially cultural institutions, transformational processes in Museology in Bukovina, and also the introduction of new technologies and methods of work with visitors. Today, in the time of globalization and urbanization, the problem dealing with the preservation of national traditions and national identity of the person remains actual. This problem affects museum areas where you can the most clearly see the combination of past and present, traditional and innovative. Museology of modern Ukraine, focusing on European practice, is directed on the development in informationaly-cultural mainstream. In this context it is necessary to pay attention to the transformational processes in museum activities, where not only introduction of innovative methods and modern technologies occupies an important place, but also rethinking its traditional functioning. Museum of the XXI century began newly to influence on modern society, changed passive methods of work with visitors to the active, improved and modernized exposition, became the socio-cultural institution which should meet the needs of people with aesthetic, cultural and artistic knowledge as well as be a place of spiritual communication, creating intelligent individual. As a social institution, the museum has a unique value for each region. First of all, it is the center of scientific documentation and research activities in the region, since the selection, study and use of museum objects as artifacts require significant research, and the given results are often scientific discoveries. Museum is an institution of cultural representation of the region, because the museum exhibits are examples of cultural heritage and cultural norms that dominate in a particular area at a particular time. Continuing the traditions of the all-European integrational course, museums of Bucovina, one of the specific historically ethnographic regions of Ukraine, complement traditional forms of museums activities with modern forms, such as the introduction of new informational technologies, the use of museum management and marketing, creating a "virtual museums" and so on. Museums confirm Bukovina's history from ancient times to the present day in many sites of antiquities. They outline the settlement of this region and the development of its natural resources, the evolution of Ukrainian culture within different states in the multilingual, multicultural and multiconfession conditions. The largest museum in Chernivtsi region, near 90,000 exhibits, is Chernivtsi Regional Museum. Its peculiarity is the fact that it is the first and oldest museum of Bukovina, which functioned during Austria-Hungary, Romania, and the Soviet Union domination and survived in two world wars. The employees of this museum try to find new forms and methods of work, "spice up" their collection, introduce modern multimedia technology and actively use the possibilities of the Internet. Museum, which in recent years the most actively takes part in the cultural life of Bukovina, is Chernivtsi art museum. Considering the new demands of modern society, the leadership of this museum attracts visitors through temporary experimental exhibitions, which popularize modern forms of art. Chernivtsi Art Museum begins to use modern museum marketing and management, which enable to attract investments for the implementation of museum projects, get charity and patronage. One of six Ukrainian open-air museums is located in Bukovina, and is called Chernivtsi Oblast Museum of Folk Architecture and Life. The administration of this institution is trying to make the museum more "alive" and close to visitors. To gain this aim they exploit new methods of using theatrical costumes, role play, principles of screenplay building of museum programs. In the open-air museum, except the usual excursions, they held various folkloreethnographic and ethno-spiritual holidays and festivals. Chernivtsi Oblast Museum of Folk Architecture and Life actively contributes in the revival and preservation processes of traditional customs and rituals, which is achieved by using both traditional and modern forms and methods of work with visitors and plays a significant role in the development of folk art and crafts in Bukovina. Museum politics of region tries to follow the new trends of the modern era, according to which the museum is no longer repository and research center, as the traditional concept represented it, but a tool of socially cultural changes, the space which is filled with emotions and debates not only about issues of culture and art, but everything that is the most interesting in the modern life. ; В статье анализируются особенности музея как социального института культурного представительства на Буковине в ракурсе взаимовлияния традиций и инноваций. Исследуются современные тенденции функциони- рования музеев как социокультурных институтов, трансформационные процессы в музейном деле на Буковине, а также внедрение новейших технологий и методик работы с посетителями. ; У статті аналізуються особливості музею як соціального інституту культурного пред- ставництва на Буковині у ракурсі взаємовпливу традицій та інновацій. Досліджуються традиції та сучасні тенденції функціонування музеїв як соціокультурних інститутів, трансформаційні процеси в музейній справі на Буковині, а також впровадження новітніх технологій та методик роботи з відвідувачами.

One of the oldest Hungarian centers in Ukraine that was and has remained Transcarpathian region, where according to official figures, the number of the Hungarians is about 151, 5 thousand people, has been studied in this article. Based on the materials of the famous scientists and their ethnographic study, the author considers the Magyarswedding ritual of this region as an integral part of Hungarian traditional culture of the area. The relevance of this topic is to study the problem of historical reconstruction of the wedding ritualism of the Hungarians in the multicultural conditions of the region. Active increasing of social attention to high- quality level reproduction of the historical foundation of the traditional culture of the Hungarian national minorities, leads us to formulate and further to solve important issues of stylistic adaptation of folk traditions to requirements of modern Europeanized wedding culture of Ukraine. In order to define the main direction of this study, it is necessary to pay special attention to impact of major social and cultural tendencies in historical formation of mentality and traditions of the Hungarian population in Transcarpathia.The works by L.Kovach, M.Horvath, P.Shandor, O.Balla are used in this article on issues of history of Hungariantraditional culture; material culture of Transcarpathian population – I.Symonenko, S.Makovskyi, archetypical modules in family relationships of the population of Soviet Ukraine – A. Ponomaryov; fundamental study of ethnography of Transcarpathia – M.Tyvodar; materials of ethnographical society under the chairmanship of A.Voloshyn (archival materials of the town Mukachevo, Transcarpathian region, the middle of the 20th century); ethno-mental components of the wedding ritual of the Hungarians are the main studies of the author of this article. The aim of this study is the identification of the determination level of the Hungarian wedding ritualism under conditions of polyculture in Transcarpathia. It should be noticed that people's idea of world conception is, in fact, its philosophy, to tell the truth, naive, with powerful mythological layer. In order to understand the essence of folk world conception, it is necessary to remember the fact that the Hungarians of Transcarpathia are farmers, whose principal basis in the formation of cultural traditions and customs is the cult of fertility, vegetation. It was Transcarpathia, where customs and ceremonies of ancestors were kept and passed by in folk culture and great attention was paid to their expansion despite powerful prohibition, in the second half of the 20th century.Different norms of behaviour, rituals, beliefs and superstitions were connected with them which created specialatmosphere of solemnity, secrecy of these traditions, with a kind of semantic layer and connection of levels of different time ideas of world conceptions, beliefs and knowledge. Gradual historical development brought changes in all spheres of social life, including family. Ethnographic materials testify great attention in folk environment to inside family relationship and their dependency, first of all, on spouse relationship of a husband and a wife. It is worth emphasizing that, family institution underwent exceptionally great and essential changes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, with radical political and social and economic reforms, cardinal ideological and moral and ethical reorientation, decades of totalitarianism, repressions, hard times after the war, large- scale migrations and forced deportation and forced labor migration abroad which is still considered to be unprecedented state intervention in the family sphere. Due to massive outflow of population from the countryside, the rapid process of urbanization in Transcarpathia, the number of urban families highly increased and the number of rural families dramatically reduced.Since 1960s the tendency of aging of villagers has become really threatening, especially after the war, there has beenconstant decrease of young families and large families. If in the past mainly homogeneous social spouses were created (a peasant man married to a peasant woman, a poor man married to a poor woman, a rich man married to a rich woman, a workman married to a workwoman, a craftsman married to a girl of the same environment, an intelligent man married to an intelligent woman), in Soviet times, as A. Ponomaryov emphasizes in his book "The development of marriage and family relations", a special socially mixed family was typical which brought people of different status, professions, education together: a peasant-farmer and a teacher , a worker and a doctor, a trade worker and a machine operator.So the main components of the Hungarian wedding ceremony in Transcarpathia, as well as in the main territoryof Hungary were: before wedding, wedding and post-wedding periods, each of them consisted of special rituals,merriment, entertainment and traditional cookery components. It should be noted that in current conditions of totalconsolidation and Europeanization of all elements of Hungarian culture, the wedding ritual has some decorative look and sometimes even "souvenir" one. Today family and marriage traditions have been almost unchanged only in some Hungarian villages of Transcarpathian region, they still impress thanks to identity of the rituals and their components. ; В статье исследуется один из древнейших центров проживання венгров в Украине, которым было и остается Закарпатье. Опираясь на материалы известных ученых и собственные этнографические исследования, автор рассматривает свадебный обряд мадьяр данного региона как неотъемлемую часть венгерской традиционной культуры края. ; У статті досліджується один з найдавніших угорських осередків в Україні, яким була і залишається Закарпатська область. Спираючись на матеріали відомих науковців та власні етнографічні дослідження, автор розглядає весільний обряд мадярів даного регіону як невід'ємну частину угорської традиційної культури краю.

The paper analyzes the situation resulting from the adaptation of educational, cultural, healthcare institutions toa market economy. It is noted that the crisis in these areas is caused, to a great extent, by the inability of the state, under conditions of economic difficulties, to maintain budgetary funds at the required level in order to finance the socio-cultural sphere and also by the fact that the latter was inherited by modern Ukraine from the times of planned economy.The analysis of organizational and functional structure of state administration in the field of human developmentmade it possible to identify priority areas for improvement of its activities, including:- enhancing the prestige of the executive agencies, responsible for humanitarian policy, which in turn will reduce the occurrence of destructive tendencies in society, uncontrollable local and asocial processes;- improving the standards of living;- a clear development strategy of the organizational and functional structure of state administration;- working on the development strategy of the regions and the whole country by the budget and tax systems;- the presence of intellectual potential in all areas.Internal and external environment factors and obstacles were highlighted, namely:- forming and implementation of the high standard of living;- civilizational guidelines of humanitarian development of Ukraine;- achievements and needs in the humanitarian field;- implementation of European standards in the legal support of national humanitarian sector;- reforming of the Ukrainian education system in the context of major trends in the European Higher Education Area;- culture as a factor of the formation of European identity and the growth of the human potential of the country;- actualization of Ukrainian heritage as an integral part of the European heritage;- modernization dimension of cultural policy;- integrated management model of cultural and information space of Ukraine.The article states that our country is among the countries with high scientific potential, so priority activity of public authorities should comprise the creation of conditions that provide not only an increase of such potential, but, above all, its maximal realization for the public interest. The state has to become a leader of innovation and direct investment development and an organizer of research and development in advanced areas of scientific and technological progress and to facilitate their implementation in all spheres of economic activity.The article analyzes the existing the following problems: inconsistent of legislation in the field of innovation and investment; significant reduction of the innovative activity of enterprises and general deterioration of innovation of culture; ineffectiveness of legal protection of intellectual property; an appropriate forecasting system of scientific and technological development and innovation has not been created; widespread practice of ignoring the law or suspension of the articles of laws concerning financial support of innovation.Despite the fact that the basic constituents of humanitarian spheres – education, culture, science, and health – are investigated more than by one generation of scientists and researchers, social policy itself has become the object ofattention and learning in our country not long ago. A practical interest to itself, this sphere of social activity has retuned just the last decade – since the development and establishment of independent democratic Ukrainian state. The article deals with the concept of humanitarian policy and human development.It was determined and analyzed 1) the nature of humanitarian policy as a system of principles, objectives, mechanisms, consistent measures aimed at creating conditions for the development of the humanitarian community; 2) social dynamics of education, science and culture; 3) providing intellectual and spiritual security of a person; 4) implementation of humanitarian and spiritual needs of a person; 5) formation and enrichment of people's creativepotential; 6) comprehensive fulfillment of the essential powers of a person, his/her spirituality.The article examines humanitarian policy not just as a one-sided mechanism to ensure human development, butalso as a mechanism of interaction between a person, society and a state, which appears, on the one hand, to focus on people, improving the conditions of life, and on the other hand – to attract people to the state processes, and in a broader sense – to the world cooperation and development, which is now so important for the humanitarian development of the Ukrainian state. ; В статье анализируются последствия, возникшие в результате адаптации учреждений образования, культуры, здравоохранения к рыночным отношениям. Констатируется, что кризисная ситуация в этих отраслях в значительной степени обусловлена неспособностью государства в условиях экономических трудностей содержать за бюджетные средства на необходимом уровне финансирование социально-культурной сферы, а также тем, что последняя была унаследована современной Украиной со времен функционирования государственно-плановой экономики. Освещены внешние и внутренние благоприятные факторы и препятствия. Анализ организационно-функциональной структуры государственного управления в сфере гуманитарного развития позволил определить приоритетные направления совершенствования его деятельности. ; У статті аналізуються наслідки адаптації закладів освіти, культури, охорони здоров'я до ринкових відносин. Констатується, що кризова ситуація в цих галузях значною мірою зумовлена неспроможністю держави в умовах економічних негараздів утримувати за бюджетні кошти на необхідному рівні фінансування соціально-культурної сфери, а також тим, що остання була успадкована сучасною Україною з часів функціонування державно-планової економіки. Висвітлено зовнішні і внутрішні сприятливі чинники та перешкоди. Аналіз організаційно-функціональної структури державного управління у сфері гуманітарного розвитку дав змогу визначити пріоритетні напрями вдосконалення його діяльності.

L'hégémonie et les programmes d'éducation autochtone au Mexique et au Brésil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero Dans cet article, l'auteure présente des renseignements sur les programmes d'éducation autochtone des agences indigénistes du Brésil et du Mexique, entre 1940 et 1970, et elle propose également un survol de l'influence de ces programmes sur les processus de formation d'hégémonie des États au sens large, au sein des peuples amérindiens de ces pays durant la même période. Les écoles de l'Institut national indigéniste (INI), au Mexique, et surtout celles du Service de protection de l'Indien (SPI), au Brésil, ont mis l'accent sur l'enseignement de la langue nationale dans leurs programmes et elles ont exercé une influence sur la création de l'idée d'existence de la nationalité « métisse », visant le « développement » et l'« intégration » des peuples autochtones à la nation. Dans les deux pays, les missions religieuses ont participé à l'éducation autochtone, notamment le Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Au Mexique, la participation des promoteurs culturels bilingues en tant qu'« intermédiaires culturels » entre les institutions indigénistes et les communautés s'est avérée un élément clé pour la formation de l'hégémonie. Au Brésil, les enseignants étaient « non autochtones » et leur influence fut moins importante.Mots clés : éducation autochtone, politique indigéniste, éducation bilingue, intégration indigénisme, hégémonie Hegemony and Indigenous Education Programs in Mexico and Brazil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero This article describes the education programs of indigenist agencies in Brazil and Mexico between 1940 and 1970. It provides an overview of the influence that these programs have had on the formation of State hegemonies, broadly considered, and their extension to Indigenous peoples during this period. The schools of the National Indigenist Institute (INI) in Mexico, and even more those of the Indian Protection Service (SPI) of Brazil, have put an emphasis on the teaching of the national language in their programs, and have contributed to the creation of the idea of « mestizo » national identity, while centering their mission on the « development » and « integration » of Indigenous peolples within the nation. In both countries, religious missions have played a role in Indigenous education, notably through the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). In Mexico, the participation of bilingual cultural promoters acting as « cultural intermediaries » between indigenist institutions and the communities has played a key role in the formation of State hegemony. In Brazil, teachers were non-indigenous, and their impact was less significative.Keywords: Indigenous Education, Indigenist policy, bilingual education, Indigenism Integration, hegemony Hegemonía y programas de educación indígena en México y Brasil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero En este artículo la autora presenta informaciones sobre los programas de educación indígena de las agencias de asuntos indígenas de Brasil y de México, entre 1940 y 1970. Para este mismo período, la autora da también una mirada a la influencia de dichos programas sobre la constitución de formas hegemónicas en los Estados, en un sentido amplio, y en el seno de los pueblos indígenas de dichos países. Los programas de las escuelas del Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI), en México, y sobre todo las del Servicio de Protección a los Indios (SPI), en Brasil, pusieron el acento en la enseñanza de la lengua nacional e influyeron en la creación de la idea de la existencia de la nacionalidad "mestiza", apuntando hacia el "desarrollo" y la "integración" de los pueblos indígenas a la nación. En ambos países las misiones religiosas han participado en la educación indígena, especialmente el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). En México, la acción de los promotores culturales bilingües como "mediadores culturales" entre las instituciones de asuntos indígenas y las comunidades fue un elemento clave para la configuración de formas hegemónicas. En Brasil, los profesores eran "no indígenas" y su influencia fue menos importante.Palabras clave : educación indígena, política indigenista, educación bilingüe, integración indigenismo, hegemonía Hegemonia e os programas de educação indígena no México e no Brasil (1940-1970)Lígia Duque Platero Nestas notas de pesquisa, apresentamos informações sobre os programas de educação indígena das agências indigenistas do Brasil e do México, entre 1940 e 1970, e realizamos uma breve discussão sobre a influência desses programas nos processos de formação de hegemonia dos Estados ampliados entre os povos indígenas desses países, no período citado. Nas escolas do Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI), no México, e principalmente do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI), no Brasil, as escolas enfatizaram o ensino da língua nacional em seus currículos e influenciaram na criação da ideia da existência da nacionalidade "mestiça", visando o "desenvolvimento" e a "integração" dos povos indígenas à nação. Em ambos os países, missões religiosas participaram da educação indígena e aqui destacamos a atuação do Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). No México, a participação dos promotores culturais bilíngues como "intermediários culturais" entre as instituições indigenistas e as comunidades resultou na grande importância da educação indígena para a formação da hegemonia. Já no caso do Brasil, os professores e professoras eram "não indígenas" e sua influencia foi mais restrita.Palavras-chave : Educação Indígena; Política indigenista; educação bilíngue; Indigenismo de Integração; Hegemonia

The article investigates the archival materials related to professional training in choral singing in Kyiv. The creative work of R. Glier Kyiv Institute's of Music Women, Chamber and Children choirs is analyzed. Different semiotic and semantic orientation in the creative activity of each team is spotted. The role of R. Glier Kyiv Institute's of Music creative activities in formation contemporary cultural and artistic environment of Kyiv is proved. First professional music training institution in Ukraine – Kyiv Music College, which operates now as R. Glier Kyiv Institute of Music, began its educational and creative activity 1868. It was then discovered class choirs. 1869 Student Choir has performed in meeting of the Russian Musical Societies Kiev branch. Students of Music College were also a significant part of its choir. Started a tradition of combining learning with concert choirs and creative activities are always interested in finding an echo in Kyiv's cultural and artistic environment. From the first years of school ideological and artistic principles of activities was chosen in the field of choral art democratic orientation of the learning process, professionalism and spiritual creativity.Over the years the department of choral conducting has given professional education for dozens of choral conductors, including N. Gorodovenko, O. Soroka, O. Minkivskyi, P. Murawskyi. Important role in the development of conducting and choral department played O. Koshits, M. Leontovich, K. Stetsenko, V. Verhovinets, E. Skrypchynska, G. Veryovka, and in the post-war days – M .Verykivsky, G. Zhukovskyi, A. Kolomiets, O. Lysenko etc.A mixed choir always has been in the music college. 1984 a new choir leader G. Horbatenko insisted on building the replacement female choir. From this time the choir went from student to a professional one. Its creative activity begins to exceed the regulatory requirements for teaching art institution. However, the structural reorganization of school choirs, finding sustainable solutions to optimize the learning process and creative activity, continued until 2000.Presently, there are three choirs in R. Glier Kyiv Institute of Music: Female Choir, Chamber Choir and Children Choir of schools teaching practice. All three choirs have their audience and fans in Kiev cultural and artistic environment. The article describes the features of each of the creative teams. Female Choir is a regular participant and winner of numerous international choral competitions and festivals, is well known outside Kyiv and Ukraine, successfully integrated into the international cultural space. During a tour in Oberflokkenbah (Federal Republic of Germany, and noting the twentieth anniversary of its founding, the Female chorus again was voted "The Best Choir in the World". The team has a rich creative biography. It is a highly professional practice base for future choirmaster, nevertheless, choir successfully presenting our choral art in Ukraine and abroad. The repertoire of the choir make up best examples of world choral music from the Renaissance, classical, romantic to the arrangements of Ukrainian folk songs, sacred music, choral works by contemporary avant-garde. The choir has a lot of stock records that are regularly heard on Ukrainian radio, his performances are broadcast on television, with rave reviews press, prominent figures of Ukrainian choral art.Chamber Choir was founded as a creative and educational laboratory of student choir conductor department. The identity of this group is that it stands above all as the first interpreter of contemporary Ukrainian music composers. Creative activities and its impact on contemporary cultural and artistic environment as most are found in the large-scale choral festivals and competitions.Children Choir of schools teaching practice is a kind of "talent's factory", the future of choral singers and conductors and has three age composition. So create continuous creative personnel's "pipeline" in the system of professional choral music education. Choral singing in projected public benefit concert of youth, promotes the development of children's creative activity leads to increased musical knowledge and skills makes systematically develop and improve.We found a variety of symbolic and semantic focus in the creative activities of each group. The role of R. Glier Kyiv Institutes of Music choirs creativity in the formation of Kyiv's contemporary cultural and artistic environment is proved. The primary importance of extracurricular creative work these choirs are to facilitate the formation of Kiev "environment in the environment" – a wide segment of the academic lovers of choral music. Thus, a single circle united intellectuals, artists, creative young people – students of educational institutions of music, as well as their parents and teachers. It allows you to meet the aesthetic needs of thousands of fans of classical choral music. ; В статье исследованы архивные материалы, связанные с профессиональным обучением хоровому пению в Киеве. Освещены исторические и творческие пути внеучебной концертной деятельности хоровых коллективов Киевского института музыки им. Р. М. Глиэра. Проанализирована творческая деятельность женского, камерного и детского хоров института. Выявлена разная знаково-смысловая направленность в творческой деятельности каждого коллектива. Доказана роль творческой деятельности хоровых коллективов Киевского института музыки им. Р.М. Глиэра в формировании современной культурно-художественной среды Киева. ; У статті досліджені архівні матеріали, пов'язані з професійним навчанням хоровому співу в Києві. Висвітлено історичні та творчі шляхи позанавчальної концертної діяльності хорових колективів Київського інституту музики ім. Р. М. Глієра. Проаналізовано творчу діяльність жіночого, камерного та дитячого хорів інституту. Виявлено різну знаково-смислову спрямованість у творчій діяльності кожного колективу. Доведено роль творчої діяльності хорових колективів Київського інституту музики ім. Р. М. Глієра у формуванні сучасного культурно-мистецького середовища Києва.

On November 16, 1942, in the New Mexican desert, J. Robert Oppenheimer suggested to his military counterpart, General Leslie Groves, that Ashley Pond's Los Alamos Ranch School would be an ideal location for the establishment of a secret laboratory to pursue research on the design and construction of the atomic bomb. This event sealed the fate of New Mexico, dubbed the "Land of Enchantment," which acquired a new identity as the cradle of the nuclear age. The Los Alamos Laboratory paved the way to a third colonization of the area; a scientific conquest funded by the Federal Government and maintained by the arms race with the Soviet Union. Along the Rio Grande, the derivative installations of the Manhattan Project revolutionized the social, economic, and demographic order in the state while introducing environmental and cultural disruptions. And yet, seventy years later, New Mexico was still among the five poorest states in the nation despite its nuclear Eldorado. This thesis assesses the double-edged quality and the multiple facets of the Manhattan Project's legacy in New Mexico. By evaluating the durability and distribution of the benefits entailed by the nuclear industry in terms of jobs, education, and standards of living, this dissertation focuses on the question of the extent to which local populations actually gained from this high-technology revolution, and of the environmental, socio-economic price, which has been and will have to be paid for the nuclear bonanza. Since the settlement of the first atomic pioneers in Los Alamos, the native populations of New Mexico—be they Indian Pueblo dwellers, Hispanic villagers, or Anglo ranchers—have had to adapt to the ups and downs of the new order based on a dependence on federal funds that were, in turn, determined by global politics, and to face an increasingly harsh competition with outsiders, i.e. nuclear immigrants to the state. A combination of military and government power with secrecy built up the mechanism of a local military-industrial and scientific complex, which maintained the region's status as an internal colony of the United States. Since the 1980s, growing public awareness of environmental and health consequences of radioactivity have prompted antinuclear reactions in New Mexico. Thereupon, many previously unheard voices have spoken up to shed a new light on the nuclear heritage in the state. This local perspective of the humblest, forgotten participants in the advent of the nuclear age lacks historical recognition; therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to address the relations between New Mexicans and the local nuclear industry. ; Le 16 novembre 1942, dans le désert du Nouveau-Mexique, J. Robert Oppenheimer suggéra à son homologue militaire, le Général Leslie Groves, que la Los Alamos Ranch School d'Ashley Pond serait une localisation idéale pour l'établissement d'un laboratoire secret où continuer la recherche sur la conception et la construction de la bombe atomique. Cet événement scella le destin du Nouveau-Mexique, surnommé la « terre d'enchantement », qui se vit alors octroyé une nouvelle identité en tant que berceau de l'ère nucléaire. Le laboratoire de Los Alamos a déclenché la troisième colonisation de la région : une conquête scientifique financée par le gouvernement fédéral et entretenue par la course à l'armement avec l'Union Soviétique. Le long du Rio Grande, les installations nées à la suite du Projet Manhattan ont révolutionné l'ordre social, économique et démographique établi dans l'État tout en y produisant des bouleversements environnementaux et culturels. Et pourtant, soixante–dix ans plus tard, le Nouveau-Mexique demeurait l'un des cinq États les plus pauvres du pays malgré son Eldorado nucléaire. Cette thèse évalue l'ambivalence et les multiples facettes de l'héritage du Projet Manhattan au Nouveau-Mexique. En estimant la durabilité et la répartition des profits générés par l'industrie nucléaire en termes d'emplois, d'éducation et de niveau de vie, cette thèse interroge l'étendue réelle des gains perçus par les populations locales grâce à cette révolution vers le nucléaire et la haute technologie, ainsi que l'évolution des coûts socio-économiques et environnementaux qu'il a fallu et qu'il faudra encore payer pour la panacée nucléaire. Depuis l'arrivée des premiers pionniers atomiques à Los Alamos, les populations natives du Nouveau-Mexique (qu'il s'agisse des Indiens pueblos, des villageois hispaniques ou des ranchers anglos) ont dû s'adapter aux changements en dents de scie d'un nouvel ordre reposant sur des fonds fédéraux, eux–mêmes déterminés par la scène politique internationale et ils furent confrontés à une concurrence de plus en plus rude avec les nouveaux arrivants, c'est-à-dire les immigrés du nucléaire venant d'autres États. L'association du pouvoir militaire, du gouvernement et de l'omniprésente confidentialité a renforcé les mécanismes du complexe militaro-industriel et scientifique local, ce qui a maintenu la région dans son statut de colonie interne des États-Unis. Depuis les années 1980, une prise de conscience progressive de la société concernant les conséquences environnementales et sanitaires de la radioactivité a entraîné des réactions antinucléaires au Nouveau-Mexique. Dès lors, de nombreuses voix précédemment restées dans le silence se sont levées pour mettre en évidence une autre vision de l'héritage nucléaire dans l'État. Cette perspective locale des participants les plus modestes, les oubliés de l'avènement de l'ère nucléaire, manque de reconnaissance historique. Par conséquent, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'examiner la relation entre ces Nouveaux-Mexicains et l'industrie nucléaire locale.

Purpose. To consider the subjective factor of cultural and historical identity of society as an ideology, without which the positive social and personal development is inconceivable. To produce proofs against the false rhetoric about "deideologization", as a harmful and destructive idea for social awareness, that aims to destroy basic humans' ethical values and to manipulate their living motivations. Methodology. The method of investigation of the problem was indicated as analytical result of preliminary scheme that was directed by the author towards the realization of his conception. This subjectivism of thinking "on one's own account" (K. Jaspers) and "without relying on existences" (M. Heidegger) the author attempted to corroborate with notions of modern scientists about the relations of causes in non-linear systems. Scientific novelty. It would be difficult to talk about scientific novelty if we had no thought on "chronic" issues of contemporary society and its world outlook vectors. It is possible to talk about the existential newness, the rise of personal indifference in connection with the irresponsible short-sightedness with which today under the guise of democratic overcome the totalitarian narratives is lightly questioned the universally valid moral values, belittled the philosophical classics and dragged the false ideological omnivorous freedom and devaluation of high culture. Conclusions. Personal life of individuals and historical results of their vital activity are dependent on their world outlook orientation. Human being without ideology is similar to lost creature with weakened will and uncertain conscience. The problem is not in refutation of ideology, but in its production and selection. It's impossible to build ideal social relation based on ideal principles, but in the same time it is impossible to imagine social development without any general orientation. Man can create only ruin and prepare himself for apocalypse without the culture, which would be reflection of philosophical understanding and orientation. ; Цель. Рассмотреть субъективный фактор культурно-исторического самосознания общества как идеологию, без которой немыслимо никакое положительное социальное и личностное развитие. Привести аргументы против фальшивой риторики о деидеологизации и «научном», «постмодерном» ниспровержении «субстанциальных» ценностей культуры, как вредной псевдодемократической порчи общественного сознания, нацеленной не на утверждение свободы самодеятельности людей, а на их тотальное оболванивание и манипулирование. Методология исследования означенной проблемы не что иное, как его аналитический результат, который сначала в виде побудительного мотива и общей схемы направлял автора к экспликации его замысла. Этот субъективизм мышления «на свой страх и риск» (К. Ясперс) и без «опоры на сущее» (М. Хайдеггер) автор попытался подкрепить современными представлениями учёных о нелинейных отношениях причинности в сложных самоорганизующихся системах. Научная новизна. О научной новизне говорить сложно, если только не понимать её настоятельной необходимостью переосмысления «хронических» вопросов идейной жизни современного общества и его мировоззренческих ориентиров. Можно говорить об экзистенциальной новизне, подъёме личного неравнодушия в связи с той безответственной недальновидностью, с какой сегодня под видом демократического преодоления тоталитарных нарративов легкомысленно ставятся под сомнение общезначимые нравственные ценности, принижается философская классика и протаскивается фальшивая свобода идейной всеядности и обесценивания высокой культуры. Выводы. От характера мировоззренческих установок зависят как личные судьбы индивидов, так и исторические результаты их совместной жизнедеятельности. Человек без идеологии подобен потерянному существу со слабой волей и неуверенной совестью. Проблема состоит не в преодолении идеологии, а в её выработке и выборе. На идеальных принципах и общезначимых смыслах вряд ли удастся построить столь же идеальные общественные отношения, но без них невозможно представить общество, способное к продуктивному развитию. Без культуры, которая была бы отражением консолидирующих общество философских ориентиров, человек может создать только руину и подготовить себя к апокалипсису. ; Мета. Розглянути суб'єктивний фактор культурно-історичної самосвідомості суспільства як ідеологію, без якої важко уявити продуктивний розвиток суспільства і особистості. Навести аргументи проти брехливої риторики про деідеологізацію і «наукове», «постмодерне» усунення «субстанційних» цінностей культури, як шкідливе псевдодемократичне пошкодження суспільної свідомості, що має на меті не свободу і самодіяльність людини, а її духовне знищення. Методологія дослідження цієї проблеми не що інше як її аналітичний результат, який спочатку у вигляді спонукального мотиву і загальної схеми керував автором у реалізації його задуму. Цей суб'єктивізм мислення на свій «страх і ризик» (К.Ясперс) і без «підпори на існуюче» (М.Гайдеґґер) автор спробував пов'язати з сучасними уявленнями вчених про нелінійні відношення причинності у складних системах, що само організуються. Наукова новизна. Про наукову новизну говорити складно, як що тільки не розуміти її нагальною потребою перетлумачення хронічних питань ідейного життя сучасного суспільства і його світоглядних орієнтирів. Можливо говорити про екзистенціальну новизну, підйом особистої небайдужості у зв'язку з тією безвідповідальною недалекоглядністю, з якою під виглядом демократичного подолання тоталітарних нарративів сьогодні легковажно відкидаються загальнозначущі моральні цінності, принижується філософська класика і протаскується фальшива свобода вседозволеності і знецінювання високої культури. Висновки. Від характеру світоглядних настанов залежать як особисті долі індивідів, так і історичні наслідки їх спільної життєдіяльності. Людина без ідеології, що відображає сутність її світового онтологічного положення як «трансцендентного проекту» із «метафізичною відповідальністю» подібна до загубленої істоти із слабкою волею і невпевненою совістю. Немає людей без ідеології, оскільки як смислова істота людина завдана в пошуку виправдання свого існування. Проблема міститься не в подоланні ідеології, а в її виробленні і виборі.

Mar del Plata es un destino turístico que desde hace algunos años plantea la necesidad de diversificar su oferta turística dada la madurez de su tradicional producto de "sol y playas". En este contexto, el barrio Puerto de esta ciudad presenta atractivos naturales y culturales, actuales y potenciales, que hasta el momento no han sido incluidos en una oferta turística integral y auténtica que contribuya a la elaboración de estrategias de reconversión. Desde una perspectiva alternativa de estudio de potencialidad turística, la presente ponencia se propone exponer los resultados de un proyecto de investigación referido al capital social cognitivo presente en los residentes del barrio Puerto. En este sentido, se define capital social como las actitudes de confianza, reciprocidad y cooperación que integran las relaciones y estructuras sociales. La dimensión cognitiva del capital social se deriva de procesos mentales y es el resultado de ideas influidas por la cultura y la ideología, que se traducen en normas, valores, actitudes y creencias que facilitan la acción colectiva mutuamente beneficiosa. La investigación fue realizada bajo un enfoque cualitativo y la técnica de recolección de datos empleada fue la entrevista semi-estructurada, aplicada a una muestra intencional de personas integrantes de la comunidad residente en el barrio Puerto. Cabe aclarar que el presente estudio incluye a residentes del barrio en general que estuvieran nucleados en organizaciones sociales de diverso tipo. En cuanto a los resultados, se evidencia la existencia de valores compartidos en lo que respecta a una cultura del trabajo y a la solidaridad; el reconocimiento de una identidad singular diferenciada del resto de los residentes marplatenses; y la pertenencia a un territorio valorado como espacio de relevancia histórica para la ciudad. Por otro lado, se identifican líderes barriales y organizaciones de la sociedad civil hacia los cuales manifiestan diversos grados de confianza. A su vez, prevalece una percepción de exclusión y abandono histórico por parte del gobierno local, manifestándose la escasa participación de la comunidad en cuestiones que atañen a su bienestar y desarrollo. En lo que respecta a la visión del turismo, se lo considera como una actividad generadora de ingresos para las personas que se benefician directamente del mismo (comerciantes y gastronómicos que se encuentran localizados en el barrio), pero no para toda la comunidad en general. Los resultados obtenidos pretenden contribuir a la elaboración de un diagnóstico de sustentabilidad socio-cultural para la implementación de políticas y proyectos de desarrollo turístico en la zona objeto de estudio, enfocados al desarrollo local. ; Mar del Plata is a tourism destination that since a few years ago has been trying to diversify its offer, given the maturity of its traditional product "sun and beaches". In this context, the port neighbourhood of the city has natural and cultural attractions, so far not been included in a comprehensive and authentical tourism offer in order to contribute to the development of strategies for restructuration. From an alternative perspective of studies in tourist potentiality, this paper intends to present the results of a research project based on the cognitive social capital present in residents of "Puerto" neighborhood. In this sense, social capital is defined as the attitudes of trust, reciprocity and cooperation that integrate relationships and social structures. The cognitive dimension of social capital arises from mental processes and is the result of ideas influenced by culture and ideology, which are translated into norms, values, attitudes and beliefs that facilitate mutually beneficial collective action. The research was conducted under a qualitative approach, the technique of data collection used was the semi-structured interview, applied to a sample of members of the resident community in the "Puerto" neighborhood. It should be noted that this study included residents of the neighborhood that are grouped in social organizations of various kinds. As for results, the existence of shared values with regard to a culture of work and solidarity; the recognition of a unique identity distinct from the rest of the Mar del Plata residents; and the belonging to a territory valued as a space of historical significance for the city are evidenced. On the other hand, neighborhood leaders and civil society organizations to which varying degrees of confidence is manifested, are identified. In turn, it prevails a perception of exclusion and historical abandonment by the local government, manifesting the low participation of the community on matters pertaining to their welfare and development. With regard to the vision of tourism, it is considered as an income-generating activity for people who benefit directly from it (traders and restaurants that are located in the neighborhood), but not for the whole community. The results are intended to contribute to the elaboration of a diagnosis of socio-cultural sustainability for the implementation of policies and projects for tourism development in the area under study, focused on local development. ; Fil: Cacciutto, Mariangel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina. ; Fil: Barbini, Bernarda. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.