Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China
In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, Heft 137, S. 229
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
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In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, Heft 137, S. 229
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, Heft 140, S. 1080-1104
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
Concerns about the duration of China's growth and hence the question of a permanent significant contribution of China to world economic growth relate, amongst other things, to the problem of reducing regional disparity in China. While China's high average growth is driven by a small number of rapidly developing provinces, the majority of provinces have experienced more moderate development. To obtain broad continous growth it is important to identify the determinants of provincial growth. Therefore, we introduce a stylized model of regional development which is characterized by two pillars: (i) International integration indicated by FDI and/or trade lead to imitation of international technologies, technology spill overs and temporary dynamic scale economies, and (ii) domestic factors indicated by human and real capital available through interregional factor mobility. Using panel data analysis and GMM estimates our empirical analysis supports the predictions from our theoretical model of regional development. Positive and significant coefficients for FDI and trade support the importance of international integration and technology imitation. A negative and significant lagged GDP per capita indicates a catching up, non steady state process across China's provinces.Highly significant human and real capital identifies the importance of these domestic growth restricting factors. However, other potentially important factors like labor or government expenditures are (surprisingly) insignificant or even negative. Further, in contrast to implications from NEG models indicators for urbanization and agglomeration do not contribute significantly.
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In late 1890's, a xenophobic Yihetuan ("Boxer") movement emerged in German sphere of influence in Shandong. In 1900, the movement spread into the neighbouring province of Zhili and was largely tolerated by anti-foreign officials. Foreign diplomats failed to understand this threat. As a consequence of hasty and miscalculated moves of both sides, the Chinese court found itself in the middle of an open conflict with the great powers. Since mid-June, foreign detachments were fighting with governmental troops in Zhili; on June 20, German Minister to China was killed and the siege of the Beijing legations began. German forces in the Far East were too limited to participate much on the fighting. Germany sent a large expeditionary force to the Far East, but these troops arrived too late to take part on the conquest of Beijing on 14 August 1900. Allied forces under supreme command of German Field Marshall Alfred vonWaldersee occupied Zhili and conducted many punitive operations at the country. During the crisis, Germany gained bad reputation for the conduct of her troops.
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In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, S. 125-142
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
In: China economic review, Band 82, S. 102049
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 79, S. 101970
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 76, S. 101868
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 62, S. 101479
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 61, S. 101226
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 46, S. 1-9
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 27, S. 82-93
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 21, Heft 3, S. 456-469
ISSN: 1043-951X
In: China economic review, Band 19, Heft 2, S. 308-319
ISSN: 1043-951X
As China urbanizes, more migrants need and expect public services. Many municipalities, however, resist and undermine elements of the central government's urbanization strategy by deflecting demands for benefits instead of accepting or denying them outright. Urban authorities sometimes do so by establishing nearly impossible eligibility requirements or requiring paperwork that outsiders struggle to obtain. At times they also nudge migrants to seek healthcare or education elsewhere by enforcing dormant rules or by shutting down a locally available service provider. Limiting access to public services saves cities a vast amount of money and isolates and disempowers migrants. Phantom services are a consequence of the localization of the household registration system (hukou 户口) and a sign that new axes of inequality and gradations of second-class citizenship have emerged.
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