Suchergebnisse

In the final project of the Master's Degree in Urban Architectural Projects, he motivated research on the study of the problem of the use of waste materials in low-income communities; the search to detonate a new culture in the development of the economy and promote the necessary practices for the application of eco sustainability to the inhabitants, aldermen and merchants for the reuse of these, as well as to improve the quality of life and to detonate socio-economic development with positive results from a community, called Maney, in the municipality of Huichapan, Hidalgo, Mexico.The lack of strategic urban planning in the birth and development of habitable spaces, hinders the growth of eco-communities in our country, by not identifying them to detonate in their inhabitants, identity and socio-economic and cultural development with goals and objectives clear for the following generations.The purpose of this article is to analyze the concepts of eco-communities in socio-economic and cultural aspects, as well as national laws and regulations that allow their development. Another objective is to contextualize Maney as an eco-community of the 21st century, through the methodological design of a rural eco-communal scenario, through the endogenous, exogenous and exogenous variables applied to the place of study; the contribution in the descriptions of some theories and analysis of authors and researchers allowed to verify that Maney meets the urban parameters to identify it as an eco-community. The management of information aimed at a new culture is achieved with clear and solid foundations, once the conditions have been identified and the time barrier has been passed. Through encouraging tourism, the local economy, in a group of people who extract the quarry, in this case, the as sociation of caterers and individually, it has been possible to qualify positively the development of an eco-community in Maney It was observed that the eco-communities start from interstitial spaces to use spaces, transforming them into places of recreation or work, triggering greater economic income privately or communally. Therefore, there would be the opportunity to consider them in the Urban Development Plans. ; En el proyecto final de la maestría de Proyectos Urbanos Arquitectónicos motivó la investigación sobre el estudio de la problemática del uso de materiales de desperdicio en comunidades de bajos recursos; la búsqueda para detonar una nueva cultura en el desarrollo de la economía y promover las prácticas necesarias para la aplicación de eco sustentabilidad a los habitantes, regidores y comerciantes para el reúso de éstos, así como mejorar la calidad de vida y detonar el desarrollo socio económico con resultados positivos de una comunidad, llamada Maney, en el municipio de Huichapan, Hidalgo, México.La falta de planeación urbana estratégica en el nacimiento y desarrollo de los espacios habitables, dificulta el crecimiento de las ecocomunidades en nuestro país, al no identificarlas para detonar en los habitantes de las mismas, la identidad y desarrollo socioeconómico y cultural con metas y objetivos claros para las siguientes generaciones.El presente artículo tiene como objetivos analizar los conceptos de las ecocomunidades en los aspectos socio económicos y culturales en el entorno familiar y la aplicación en las legislaciones locales y estatales que permiten su poco desarrollo pero constante. Otro objetivo es contextualizar a Maney como una ecocomunidad del siglo xxi, a través del diseño metodológico a partir de variables endógenas, exógenas y erógenas dentro de un escenario comunal rural. Además de la aportación en las descripciones de algunas teorías y análisis de autores e investigadores.El manejo de la información dirigida a una nueva cultura hacia el medio ambiente se logra con fundamentos claros y sólidos en los parámetros legislativos locales. A través de incentivar el turismo, economía local, en grupos familiares (en este caso la asociación de cantereros) y empresarios, ha sido posible calificar de manera positiva el desarrollo de una eco-comunidad en ManeySe observó que las ecocomunidades parten de espacios intersticios a espacios útiles, transformándolos en lugares de recreación y/o de trabajo, detonando mayores ingresos económicos de forma privada a lo comunal. Por consiguiente, se tendría la oportunidad de considerarlas en los Planes de Desarrollo Urbano municipales y estatales.

Avrupa Birliği, ekonomik bütünleşme alanında başarılı olup şimdiye kadar görülen en başarılı birlik olmuştur. Ekonomik alanın aksine güvenlik ve savunma alanı ise Birliğin epeyce zorlandığı, tartışıldığı ve çekinceli bir alan olmuştur. Soğuk Savaş döneminde, güvenlik ve savunma alanında önemli bir çaba harcanmış; Batı Avrupa Birliği kurulmuş, Avrupa Savunma Topluluğu kurma girişiminde bulunulmuş ancak hedeflenen sonuçlara tam anlamıyla ulaşılamamıştır. Soğuk Savaş dönemi güvenlik ve savunma konuları bakımından AB için NATO gölgesinde geçmiştir. Fakat asıl önemli olan gelişmeler Soğuk Savaş'ın bitimi ile yaşanmaya başlamıştır. 1992 Maastricht Antlaşması ile Ortak Dış Politika ve Güvenlik Politikasında (ODGP) çok önemli bir adım atılmış ve siyasi bütünleşme sürecine gidilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu aşamada, güvenlik ve savunma politikaları hükümetlerarası düzeyde de olsa AB'nin ikinci sütununu oluşturmuştur. Devam eden süreçte ise Avrupa Güvenlik Savunma Politikası (AGSP) ve NATO ile işbirligi içinde oluşturulan Avrupa Guvenlik Savunma Kimliği (AGSK) oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca yapılan çeşitli Zirvelerle bu süreçler hızlı bir biçimde gelişmiştir. 2009 yılında Lizbon Antlaşması'nın yürürlüğe girmesi ile de birliğin hem anayasal hem de hukuki olarak Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikasının (OGSP) temel dayanakları ve kuruluşu tamamlanmıştır. Son dönem gelişmesi olarak da yine Lizbon Antlaşmasında yer alan "kalıcı yapısal işbirliği" ilkesinden yine aynı isimle yola çıkılarak "Kalıcı Yapısal İşbirliği" (PESCO) yapısı oluşturulmuştur. Avrupa Birliği'nin ortak bir güvenlik ve savunma politikası oluşturması süreci incelenirken, AB'nin NATO ile olan ilişkilerinin de göz önünde bulundurulması zorunludur. Bu nedenle, NATO'nun bu savunma ve güvenlik sürecine olan etkisi ve Avrupa Birliği'nin savunma ve güvenlik politikası oluşturma sürecinde meydana gelen politikaların NATO'ya yansımaları ve etkileri de irdelenmek durumundadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada genel olarak güvenlik kavramından başlanarak uluslararası, toplumsal ve küresel anlamda güvenlik ve güvenliğe etki eden faktörler ele alınmış, AB Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikasının oluşum süreci ile günümüze kadar yaşadığı belli başlı önemli gelişmelere değinilmiş; NATO ile olan ilişkileri üzerinde durulmuş ve günümüzde gelinen aşama incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bu politika çerçevesinde yapılan bazı ortak operasyonlara da değinilmiştir. ; The European Union, has become the most successful union ever seen achieving economic integration. Contrary to the field of economy, the field of security and defence, has been a highly challenging, controversial and risky area the Union struggles with. Much effort had been spent in the field of security and defence during the Cold War period, West European Union had been established; attempts to establish European Defence Community had been made however targeted results could not be obtained in the fullest sense. For EU, the Cold War period, had been overshadowed by NATO in terms of security and defence issues. However, major developments began to be experienced subsequent to the end of the Cold War. A considerable step in Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), was taken by Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the process of political integration, thus, was initiated. At this stage, although the security and defence policies have been at intergovernmental level, they constituted the second pillar of EU. In the ongoing process, the European Security Defence Policy Identity (ESDI) has been established in accordance with European Security Defence Policy (ESDP) and NATO. Additionally,through various summits held, these processess have been rapidly improved. As Lisbon Treaty entered into effect in 2009, the basic foundation and establishment of EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (EU CSDP) has been set both constitutionally and legally. As a recent development, based upon the principle of "Permanent Structured Cooperation" which is included in Lisbon Treaty, once again, the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) structure has been established. Taking the relations between European Union and NATO, as well, into consideration is obligatory for the establishment procedure of European Union's common security and defence policy to be examined. For this reason, NATO's effect over the mentioned defence and security process, and the reflections and effects of policies brought up during EU's defence and security policy formation process on NATO, are to be studied as well. In this context, within the scope of this study, starting from the concept of security in general, the aspect of security and factors influencing it in international, social and global terms are taken into consideration; the formation process of EU Security and Defence Policy and the concerning main developments occurring until today, are mentioned; its relations with NATO are accentuated and the final stage reached today is analysed. In addition to this, some of the common operations executed within the frame of this policy are also considered.

Здійснено аналіз сутності та тенденцій розвитку державно-управлінської еліти в добу постмодерну, конкретизовано її зміст як сукупності осіб, наділених відповідними функціональними обов'язками щодо забезпечення життєдіяльності суспільства. Розкрито форми взаємодії з політичною елітою в контексті реалізації відповідних інституційних проектів, враховуючи специфіку різних національних традицій публічного управління, виявлено інституційно-функціональну й технологічну відмінність та тотожність між політичною та адміністративною елітою. Доведено, що в добу постмодерну простежується тенденція зростання ролі середньої ланки державно-управлінської еліти у формуванні та реалізації державної політики. Ідентифіковано певні закономірності функціонування державно-управлінської еліти в добу постмодерну. ; Problem setting. In the context of the theoretical and methodological analysis of the elite in modern postmodern society, the implementation of a separate consideration of the concept of "state-management elite" deserves special attention. It represents a ruling minority, which concentrates the personification of political power, ensures management of political processes and political development of the state. Balanced practice of parity interaction between the political and state-management elite ensures a strategic balance of the political system of the state. In this way, the issue arises of identifying the essence and trends of the development of the state-management elite and the parameters of its interaction with the political elite in the context of implementation of the corresponding institutional projects for ensuring systemic reforms. In this regard, it refers to trace meritocratic practice, which points to the possession of special social traits by people who enable people to occupy respective positions in the system of public administration.Recent research and publications analysis. Most researchers derive from the understanding of the state-management elite as an objective factor and an objective condition for the functioning of government institutions. In the context of that, W. Stephenson, who uses the term "administrative-political elite" and implies the use of the subjective factor of influence on the formation of leadership qualities in the individual. At the same time, S. Webster identifies the main features of the state-management elite. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. However, attention remains to be paid to the discovery of the notion of state-management elite in the post-modern state, which determines the relevance of this research.Paper main body. The current context of the functioning of the state-management elite in the post-modern state allows identifying a number of functional obligations imposed on it, which make it possible to identify the state-management elite as a separate institution ensuring strategic stability of the society and strategic development of the state. On this occasion, the well-known theoretician of the state-management elite F. Goodnay substantiated the necessity of the existence of the state-management elite as an instrument of ensuring the socio-political balance in society, which serves to democratize the corresponding processes. The most pathetic methodologically context is proposed by N. Timechef, where "bureaucracy" refers to uncontrolled power not to public politicians, but to officials in the person of the administrative elite who assigned to itself, apart from the administrative (administrative and administrative), functions incapable for it to dispose of political power and state. M. Weber proposed the term "bureaucratic elite", understanding those representing the expert environment, endowed with functions of optimal decision making, which actions are based on formal rules and procedures, backed by rigorous discipline and rational activity. Particular attention deserves the construction of S. Kelly within it the definition of "administrative and functional elite" as the highest layer of civil servants who hold high positions in ministries, departments and other public administration bodies is proposed.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Consequently, our analysis of the essence and trends of the development of the state-management elite on the postmodern age allowed to specify its content by the managers who are endowed with the corresponding functional duties to ensure the life of the society and the form of interaction with the political elite in the context of the implementation of the corresponding institutional projects, taking into account the specifics of the various national the traditions of public administration. On the basis of this, the institutional-functional and technological difference and the identity between the political and the administrative elite are found; it is proved that during the postmodern days there is a tendency to increase the role of middle level of the state-management elite in the formation and implementation of state policy; certain regularities of functioning of the state-management elite in the postmodern age were identified.

У статті представлено сучасну технологію реалізації інноваційної моделі розвитку культурно-мовних та морально-громадянських цінностей учнів. Її було апробовано на базі Київської гімназії східних мов № 1 у процесі дослідно-експериментальної роботи всеукраїнського рівня (2012–2019). Визначено соціокультурні чинники, соціальні суб'єкти, мету, завдання, методологічні принципи та методологічні підходи до розвитку культурно-мовних та морально-громадянських цінностей учнів. Розроблено організаційно-педагогічну структуру, напрями, зміст, форми та методи розвитку зазначених цінностей учнів. Виокремлено такі компоненти: когнітивний; емоційно-ціннісний; праксичний; особистісно-творчий. Визначено сфери самоідентифікації учнів: «Я – носій гуманістичної моралі»; «Я – активний, відповідальний громадянин України»; «Я – носій культурно-мовних та морально-громадянських цінностей»; «Я – успішний комунікант». ; The article presents a modern experimental-research technology for implementation of the developed innovative model of pupils cultural-linguistic and moral-civic values development based on Kyiv Gymnasium of Oriental Languages No. 1 in the process of all-Ukrainian level experimental-research work. (2012 – 2019) The following socio-cultural factors of cultural-linguistic and moral-civic values development are defined: social, moral problems, social rules and norms, universal human values, social practice, communicative culture, Ukrainian national, foreign cultural-linguistic traditions and experience of communicative behavior, social resources.The family, the ethnic group, the local community, the state and authorities, the non-governmental associations and non-formal groups, the social networks (the Internet), the mass media reattributed to social subjects of development of cultural-linguistic and moral-civic values of pupils. The leading idea of the research is the concept of cultural-linguistic values as a system of established, created in a certain language, formulations, statements, ways of organizing thoughts, which enable the subject to be successful in communication, activity, relationships with other persons. Formation of cultural-linguistic values of pupils is considered as a pedagogical system, which provides: the development of speech, communicative culture of the person as an integral component of the individual; the formation of a national identity, a linguistic worldview, social and moral positions on the basis of ethno-national, cultural-historical values of Ukrainian and other nations, languages which Gymnasium pupils are studying; historical-cultural direction of pupils education, which involves organizing an educational process on the basis of history and culture of nations living in Ukraine, in the English-speaking countries and countries of the East; the integration of educational subjects, developing the speech, communicative competence of pupils on the basis of cultural-linguistic values of the individual; identification and self-actualization of communicant linguistic personality. Moral-civic values are a concept that reflects the importance of universal, social morality, citizenship, a conscious choice of moral-humanistic, democratic ideals, personal active responsible civic position and humanistic interaction.Moral-civic values development of pupils is considered as a purposeful process of formation and development of valuable moral-civic orientations of a person as a citizen, ethical, civic competencies, readiness for moral self-knowledge, self-determination, self-regulation of moral activity of an individual in accordance with the humanistic ideal, conscious moral, civic choice, in the system of interpersonal, intercultural social relations, solving moral problems, gaining positive experience in the field of social humanitarian interactions, ability to actively participate in socially useful activities in the humanitarian spheres, in democratic transformations, in state-building processes, in the development of civic society. The personally oriented approach is determined as the main methodological. Development of cultural-linguistic and moral-civic values of pupils is also performed according to the content of developed structural functional scheme of cultural-linguistic and moral-civic values development of pupils and involves implementation of the following components: cognitive, emotionally-valuable, praxical and personally creative. The following spheres of self-identification of pupils are determined: «I am a carrier of humanistic morality», «I am an active, responsible citizen of Ukraine», «I am a carrier of cultural-linguistic and moral-civil values», «I am a successful communicant». The basic development directions of culturallinguistic and moral-civic values of pupils are: political-legal, linguistic-communicative, national culturallinguistic, foreign-language linguacultural, moral-ethical, national-patriotic. The experience of the pedagogical staff of Kyiv Gymnasium of Oriental Languages No. 1, gained through the implementation of tasks of the five stages of experimental-research work, testifies to the high efficiency of innovative processes and the achievement of the expected results of experimental-research work on a given topic.

Problem setting. In most states, the territorial issues were accompanied by the establishment of a sovereign power, the inviolability of borders, the preservation of the independence of the state, the search for a new model of national identity. As a result, territorial integrity has gained the appropriate level of institutionalization and legitimization at the international and national levels, thus becoming one of the most pressing problems for modern humanities.The basis for understanding the territorial integrity of the state is the study of Hajd, Ch. (2005). The territorial integrity of the state scientist understood as its unity and indivisibility, while inviolability – as the preservation of the integrity of the territory, protection from encroachments by other states or other political forces. In this respect, the territorial integrity and inviolability of the territory are considered by the author as a whole and partial, on the basis of which the inviolability acts as a structural component and a necessary condition for the territorial integrity of the state.The purpose of the paper is to conduct a conceptual analysis of the concept of state territory and territorial integrity in the context of modern political science. The objectives of the paper are to find out the essence of the state territory, to specify the main theories of its research, to systematize the main research approaches to the identification of the content of territorial integrity and the tools for its protection within the framework of domestic and Western political science.The paper main body. The concept of Cassese, A. (2007) is of significant methodological value within the research. The territorial integrity of the state he understood as "an element of state unity characterizing the immutability of state borders, territorial integrity and inviolability of the territory of the state historically formed and people living in a certain territory". On this basis, territorial integrity is the basis of strengthening the constitutional system, which in no case may contradict the principle of the right of people to self-determination. Within this research logic, an important role in implementing the mechanism of ensuring the territorial integrity of the state is given to judicial instruments for resolving territorial disputes within a single constitutional space.The scientific approach by Fukujama, F. (2004) is analyzed. The scientist makes a methodological attempt to carry out a detailed analysis of the notions of "state unity" and "territorial integrity".Within the bounds of political analysis, the concept of Eide, A. (2015) is of great conceptual value. He defines the notions of "territorial integrity", "state integrity" and "territorial inviolability". The concept of Jacobson, J. (2014) in this context is also of great importance. The author reveals the essence of territorial integrity in the context of the implementation of the principle of inviolability of borders, which is an important condition for the solution of issues of protection of state borders, which are essential for the provision of international security throughout the world.Conclusions of the research. Thus, our analysis made it possible to find out the essence of the notions of "state border", "territorial integrity", "territorial integrity" by systematizing the main research approaches that were formed in the context of world and national scientific thought. On this basis, the structural and functional content of the state territory is clarified, including the determination of its composition, history of formation, morphology, location and characteristics of the boundaries. The economic and political peculiarities of the development of the state territory are presented. The relationship between the structure of the state territory and the territorial structure of the economy, the content of territorial disputes and claims between the states, as well as the nature of the corresponding territorial-ethnic conflicts, which leads to a violation of its integrity, are disclosed.The notions of territorial integrity, which refers to unity and indivisibility, and territorial inviolability, which characterizes the preservation of the integrity of the territory, protection from encroachments by other states or other political forces, are delimited.Territorial integrity and territorial inviolability are considered as integral and partial, on the basis of which the inviolability acts as a structural component and a necessary condition for the territorial integrity of the state. It is this aspect that is least developed within the framework of modern political science, which thus forms the methodological prospects for further study of this problem.

A inclusão escolar compreende o convívio com as diferenças que contemple a subjetividade, a identidade, embora no coletivo da sala de aula. Pressupõe repensar as ações éticas nas escolas, por meio da adoção de estratégias de ensino condiz com a pluralidade educacional. Diante disso, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar como os professores do ensino regular e do atendimento educacional especializado estão viabilizando o processo de inclusão de alunos com deficiência visual (cegueira e baixa visão) no ensino médio em São Luís-MA. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, a partir de estudo de caso em uma escola pública de ensino ludovicense. Os participantes desta pesquisa foram dois grupos de professores: oito professores do ensino regular e dois professores do atendimento educacional especializado que trabalhavam no ensino médio na referida escola, com os quais foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados obtidos pelas entrevistas foram analisados com base na técnica da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados dessa análise revelaram que as dificuldades e barreiras encontradas na prática cotidiana têm cerceado a garantia do direito a uma educação inclusiva plena para os alunos com deficiência visual. No entanto, importante destacar o reconhecimento da existência de esforços depreendidos pelos professores entrevistados que demonstraram avanços nas práticas de educação inclusiva.Palavras-chave: Inclusão escolar. Deficiência visual. Dificuldades. Estratégias. Ensino médio School Inclusion and Visual Deficiency: difficulties and strategies of the teacher in high schoolABSTRACTSchool inclusion includes the conviviality with the differences that contemplate the subjectivity, the identity, although in the collective of the classroom. It presupposes rethinking the ethical actions in schools, through the adoption of educational strategies that are consistent with educational plurality. Therefore, this research has as main objective to analyze how teachers of regular education and specialized educational service are enabling the process of inclusion of students with visual impairment (blindness and low vision) in high school in São Luís-Ma. This is a quantitative-qualitative research, based on a case study in a public Ludwig-of-State school. The participants of this research were two groups of teachers: eight regular teachers and two teachers of specialized educational services who worked in high school at the referred school, with whom semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed based on the technique of content analysis. The results of this analysis revealed that the difficulties and barriers encountered in everyday practice have curtailed the guarantee of the right to full inclusive education for students with visual impairment. However, it is important to highlight the recognition of the eff orts made by the teachers interviewed who demonstrated advances in inclusive education practices.Keywords: School inclusion. Visual impairment. Difficulties. Strategies.High school Inclusión Escolar y Deficiencia Visual: dificultades y estrategias del profesor en la enseñanza mediaRESUMENLa inclusión escolar abarca la convivencia con las diferencias que contemple la subjetividad, la identidad, pese a lo colectivo del aula. Presupone repensar las acciones éticas en las escuelas, por medio de la adopción de estrategias de enseñanza concernientes con la pluralidad educacional. Ante lo dicho, esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar como los profesores de la enseñanza regular y de la atención educacional especializada están posibilitando el proceso de inclusión de alumnos con deficiencia visual (ceguera y baja visión) en la enseñanza media en São Luís – MA. Se trata de una investigación cuanti-cualitativa, a partir de un estudio de caso en una escuela pública de enseñanza ludovicense. Sus participantes fueron dos grupos de profesores: ocho profesores de la enseñanza regular y dos profesores de atención educacional especializada que actúan en la enseñanza media del centro educativo, con quienes se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los datos obtenidos a través de las entrevistas se analizaron con base en la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los resultados de ese análisis revelaron que las dificultades y las barreras encontradas en la práctica cotidiana han aminorado la garantía del derecho a una educación inclusiva plena para los alumnos con deficiencia visual. Sin embargo, es importante destacar el reconocimiento de la existencia de esfuerzos logrados por los profesores entrevistados que demostraron avances en las prácticas de educación inclusiva.Palabras clave: Inclusión escolar. Deficiencia visual. Dificultades.Estrategias. Enseñanza media

O presente ensaio propõe uma reflexão sobre a dificuldade de acesso aos mecanismos de justiça e precariedade de defesa das camadas populares no Brasil frente a uma postura autoritária por parte das esferas de decisão personificadas pelo Poder Judiciário. Temos uma constituição democrática que garante direitos difusos, e coletivos, mas que na prática, quando falamos de direitos inerentes aos mecanismos processuais do uso do contraditório e da ampla defesa por exemplo, vimos que na prática são direitos que não se concretizam plenamente para ricos e pobres. A proposta do presente texto é mostrar que quanto maior é o grau de exclusão de um indivíduo, maior é seu distanciamento das garantias legais e constitucionais quando nos referimos aos mecanismos de defesa dentro do ordenamento jurídico formal, já que em regra é atendido por uma defensoria pública sobrecarregada, com poucos recursos e muitas vezes precárias condições para realizar uma defesa plena e irrestrita, como diz a norma. Ainda abordamos a herança autoritária dos períodos de ditadura e seus reflexos em práticas processuais retificando um procedimento violador de direitos e uma lei altamente seletiva e segregatória. Por fim nosso trabalho é fruto de pesquisa qualitativa e bibliográfica sendo concluído com um olhar voltado para a necessidade urgente de mudanças na formação dos profissionais do direito, humanizando-os. Quando assim acontecer teremos um sistema de justiça criminal que busque de fato justiça com equidade garantindo a todos os cidadãos brasileiros igualdade de armas na busca por uma decisão justa. Cidadania. Autoritarismo. Sistema de justiça. Ampla defesa.Judiciary authoritarianism and precariousness in the defense of the underprivilegedin Brazil: a perverse heritage AbstractThe present essay purposes a reflection about the difficulty of the access to the justice apparatus and precariousness in the defense of the underprivilegedin Brazil forward the authoritarian stance of the spheres of decisions personified by the Judiciary. We have a democratic constitution that insures diffuses rights, and collective, nevertheless in the practice, when we talk about rights inherent to the procedural apparatus' use of contradictory and the ample defense for example, we perceive that in the practice they are immaterialized rights to the rich and poor. The purpose of this text is to show that how bigger is the exclusion rate of an individual, the bigger will be the distance of the legal and constitutional insurances when we refers to the defense mechanisms within the formal legal order, since as a rule it's attended by an overwhelmed public defense with few resources and, oftentimes, precarious conditions to perform a full and unrestricted defense, as it says in the regulation. Furthermore, we approach about the authoritarianism heritage of the dictatorship period and its reflection in the processual practices rectifying a procedure that violates the rights and a law highly selective and segregationist. Lastly, our work is product of a qualitative and bibliographic research, concluding with a view towards the urgent necessity of change on the formation of the Law professionals, humanizing them. When this happens, there is a criminal justice system that effectively seeks justice with equality, guaranteeing all members of the Brazilian Justice System in the search for a just decision.Citizenship. Authoritarianism. Justice System. Ample defense.The history of research in the pedagogy course: Clues, Propositions and Legal Requirements Abstract From a historical review, this essay discusses the research element in Pedagogy courses from its genesis in 1939 until the promulgation of the National Curricular Guidelines for Pedagogy Courses in 2006. It is an essay produced through appreciation (KAUFMANN, 2013) as a support for the understanding of the discourses, which have different meanings. The Brazilian university was born in the 1930s, with vocation and nature for the practice of general culture, scientific research and professional training (DECREE 19.851 / 1931). The National Faculty of Philosophy, the place of origin of the Pedagogy course, also presented this vocation (DECREE-LAW No. 1,190 / 1931), but did not include the research in the curriculum of the course. This contradiction provoked a historical noise, so much so that, in 1962, research emerged as an optional discipline in the Pedagogy course (OPINION no. 251/1962), suffering interruption six years later, with the implementation of the military dictatorship. This interruption also became noisy until the 1980s, when, due to political openness and the movements of educators, the reflections and clashes about teacher education were resurfaced. The educators, through ANFOPE, materialized new formative proposals and conferred on the research, together with teaching and management, the condition of formative principle and course identity. The research was done legally with the DCN-CP (RESOLUTION No. 01/2006). Search. University. Course of Pedagogy.

BUKLOV Yuriy – Postgraduate Student of the General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, Ukraine (yuramykb@gmail.com)orcid:0000-0003-4455-813XReseacherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-3973-2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121484To cite this article: Buklov, Yu. Nationalno-patriotychne vychovannia uchnivskoi molodi yak pedahohichna problema [National and patriotic education of secondary school students as a pedagogical problem]. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 6/38, 49–59. doi:10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121484 [in Ukrainian].Article historyReceived: 18 September 2017Received in revised form: 13 November 2017Accepted: 15 February 2015Available online: 5 April 2018 Abstract. The article analyzes the peculiarities of national-patriotic education, aimed primarily at the formation of patriotism and national self-consciousness of the individual. At the same time, it relies on the cultural and historical experience of the people, its customs, traditions and centuries-old wisdom, spirituality.Patriotism develops in a person throughout his life. Patriotism promotes the establishment of national dignity, the involvement in the practical development of statehood, the formation of a sense of pride for the Motherland. The emphasis on the Ukrainian system of education, which cannot be similar to others, is original and must be made up on its own land. The only ground for building a national system of education is a national culture that combines imprisonment, traditions, art, religion, on the basis of which the national consciousness of the people is formed. It is proved that the value relation to a society manifests itself through the cognitive activity of the patriotic nature, the concrete manifestation of which is an interest in the life of the peoples of Ukraine, its history, democratic and political changes, the availability of knowledge about one's family, people, native land, national life and active social and public practice, constant personal life activity. Valuable attitude towards oneself is the concern for the safety of own health and life, readiness for self-rehabilitation and self-esteem education, mastering the vital competencies of a decent personality, etc.The content of the «national idea» concept is revealed, which is the core of the modern system of national-patriotic education, and plays the role of a unifying, consolidating factor in social development, aimed at developing a person's vital position, becoming a person as a citizen of his state. The components of the content of the national idea (national identity, language, culture, mentality, the will to realize the national goal and, finally, the state) are characterized. It is imperative that the content of the national idea should be constantly enriched, specified, filled with a new understanding of current and future goals, defined priorities, means and ways to achieve this goal.It is proved that value attitude of schoolchildren to the Motherland, society, to themselves and work determines their connection with their people, state and society, personal harmony and self-affirmation, developed demand for labor and public activity for the good of Ukraine. Acknowledgments. Sincere thanks to staff at Preschool, Secondary, Vocational Education, Social Protection and Educational Work Institutions of the Department of Education and Science of Lviv Regional State Administration, in particular Halyna Yavorska.Funding. The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Funding from International Yaroslav Mudryi Educational Foundation permitted this research completion. ; БУКЛОВ Юрій – аспірант кафедри загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, Україна (yuramykb@gmail.com)orcid:0000-0003-4455-813XReseacherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-3973-2018DOI: https://doi.org/10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121484Бібліографічний опис статті: Буклов, Ю. (2018). Національно-патріотичне виховання учнівської молоді як педагогічна проблема. Людинознавчі студії: зб. наук. праць ДДПУ імені Івана Франка. Серія «Педагогіка», 6/38, 49–59. doi:10.24919/2313-2094.6/38.121484.Історія статтіОдержано: 18 вересня 2017Прорецензовано: 13 листопада 2017Подано до редакції: 15 лютого 2018Доступ он-лайн: 5 квітня 2018 Анотація. У статті проаналізовано особливості національно-патріотичного виховання, спрямованого насамперед на формування патріотизму та національної самосвідомості особистості. Водночас воно спирається на культурно-історичний досвід народу, його звичаї, традиції та багатовікову мудрість, духовність. Доведено, що ціннісне ставлення школярів до Батьківщини, суспільства, до себе та праці визначає їхній зв'язок зі своїм народом, державою і соціумом, особистісну гармонію і самоутвердження, розвинену потребу в трудовій і громадській активності на благо України.

Problem setting. Analysis of geopolitical situation in the world, experience of using troops in local wars and armed conflicts, convincingly demonstrates that today ensuring military security of state requires new approaches to use of the Armed Forces in modern conditions. Among them, problem of improving management efficiency is not the last one. This is a military leader who has not only a high level of professional training, but also an innovative personality. Such a person is able to solve complex of unpredictable problems in specialized areas of professional activity.Recent research and publications analysis. The conceptualization of philosophical studies of education and the formation of personality was attended by many well-known philosophers Klepko S. F., Kremen VG, Kultayev M. D., Andrushchenko V. A., Zyazun I. A., Bazaluk O. A., Ognevjuk V. A. and others.Paper objective – the determine the ways of developing military education as the main strategy for the formation of the personality of a modern military leader.Paper main body. Bank of modern innovations is formed by accelerated development of information technologies which has led to the fact that traditional approaches to forma- tion of personality cease to comply needs and requirements of modern life. But for forma- tion of an innovative personality it is necessary to have its theoretical model with basic qualities and acquired in process of professionalization.Objective social conditions (status of armed forces and system of military education) produce the habit of the soldier – a system of stable dispositions, patterns of perception, thinking and action. Ritualized military practices leads to rigidity in structure of military organization and reduce chances of adopting actors to new conditions of existence. There- fore, today there is requirement for the person who not only accumulates information for their professional activities, but also has ability to generate and change it, that means, constantly be in a state of creative research and creative development. Accordingly new military practices require a new habit. Methodologists note that in this changing world the old comfortable and habitual habit is disastrous. Attributive characteristics of post- non-classical practices – is their reflectivity. Exactly, the post-non-classical habit is able to direct the mentality of a person so that it becomes natural to realize oneself as a subject of responsible action.Therefore, in our opinion, one of the effective ways of forming an innovative personal- ity, but not the only one, is scientifically based innovative development of Ukraine's military education and construction of a new paradigm for military education. Education – is a force that, to a greater extent than any other, shapes the future. At the present time, human qualities such as creativity and innovation of thinking, honesty and decency, creative in- dependence and rational activity, civic responsibility and legal literacy, interethnic toler- ance and national identity should be formed in the minds of each person.Conclusions of the research. The modern system of military education should act ahead of time, so that in minds of future military leader estimate consequences of their actions constantly take place. This requires that in process of education influence on con- sciousness and subconsciousness of each trainee is significantly increased. At the same time, military education should lay not just a scientist or technical foundation for profes- sional competences of a military leader, but also contribute to development of a person's creative, personal and creative potential. However, in order to change traditional norms and rules of forming the personality of a military leader, certain personal resource is needed. To such, first of all, should attribute the presence in a person of such personal qualities as conviction, belief in oneself, ability to overcome difficulties by searching for new, non-standard ways of resolving them, tolerance and vitality.In our opinion, the humanitarian and ideological training of military personnel, based on a competent approach, should form a systemic global thinking. ; Рассмотрена система высшего военного образования как главная стратегия формирования личности современного военного руководителя. Рассматриваются инновации в военном образовании не столько как реализация антропологических и философских концепций человека и культуры в образовании, сколько как ответ на вызовы времени. С методологической точки зрения в основу исследования положен междисциплинарный и системный подходы. ; Розглянуто систему вищої військової освіти як головну стратегію формування особистості сучасного військового керівника. Окреслені шляхи розвитку військової освіти як головної стратегії формування особистості сучасного військового керів- ника. Розглядаються інновації у військовій освіті не стільки як реалізація антропо- логічних і філософських концепцій людини і культури в освіті, скільки як відповідь на виклики часу. З методологічної точки зору в основу дослідження покладено між- дисциплінарний та системний підходи.

Стаття присвячена актуальній проблемі створення в Україні україноцентрич-ної системи засобів масової інформації (ЗМІ). Такої, яка була б повністю незалежна від політичного клімату, створюваного корумпованою олігархічною владою.Першочерговим завданням, яке поставлене автором цієї ініціативи, є залучити до участі в УСІМ україноцентричні ЗМІ та блогерів, в Україні та в діаспорі сущих, об'єднуючи їх навколо спільної мети і спільних завдань: створення потужної украї-ноцентричної системи ЗМІ, яка відіграє ключову роль в українізації інформаційного простору України, стане вирішальним чинником піднесення національної свідомос-ті та громадянської відповідальності суспільства й підготує Україну й українське суспільство до системних змін.Досягнення такої мети автор вбачає в тому, щоб зібрати в єдине ціле окремі україноцентричні ЗМІ та блоги в Україні та діаспорі, а також на основі франчай-зингу створювати нові інформаційні ресурси, базовані в Інтернеті та з перспек-тивою виходу в реальний простір.Розпочинати розбудовувати таку систему пропонується на спеціально ство-реній платформі, що отримала назву Українська Світова Інформаційна Мережа (УСІМ). Головним сайтом мережі бачиться згаданий UKRAINAINC.NET, на яко-му публікуватимуться: найважливіша інформація, огляди й аналітичні матеріа-ли про Україну та діаспору. Сайт матиме два розділи: перший об'єднуватиме ЗМІ та блоги України за областями; другий — об'єднуватиме ЗМІ та блоги діаспори за країнами.Окремо йдеться про платформу УСІМ як можливість творчої кар'єрної само-реалізації журналістів.Публікується для обговорення проект угоди про членство в цій журналістській спільноті, яке є добровільним і безкоштовним. Обґрунтовуються принципи член-ства в Мережі та напрями й умови співпраці.Окремим пунктом розглядається франчайзинг як основа розбудови майбутньої Української Світової Інформаційної Мережі. Йдеться про зміст пакетів, які вклю-чатимуть реєстрацію та обслуговування доменів, тренінги з роботи над сайта-ми, фахову журналістську й редакторську підготовку чи перепідготовку членів Ме-режі тощо.У висновках наголошується, що україноцентрична система ЗМІ є одним із клю-чових, вирішальних фактів і факторів системних змін в Україні. Унікальність цього проекту ще й у тому, що він розглядає інформаційний простір України у нерозрив-ному зв'язку з інформаційним простором української діаспори, а отже — і світовим інформаційним простором. ; The article deals with a relevant problem of creating Ukrainocentric mass media system in Ukraine. The system, which would be fully independent on political climate, created by corrupted oligarchic state power. Top priority task, which is put forward by the author of this initiative, is to enlist the services of mass media and blog to UWIN in both Ukraine and diaspora, uniting them around common objective and common tasks: formation of strong and powerful Ukrainocentric mass media system which would play the key-role in Ukrainization of Ukraine information space, will become the decisive factor of raising national identity/conscience and civil res­ponsibility of society, will prepare Ukraine and Ukrainian society for system changes. To attain this objective, the author considers it important to unite separate Ukrainocentric mass media and blogs in both Ukraine and diaspora, to create, on franchising basis, new information resources, based in Internet but with the perspective of real space existence. The author offers to start developing such system on the basis of specially formed platform, which has got the title Ukrainian World Information Network (UWIN). UKRAINAINC.NET is offered to be the principal site, where one will publish: most important information, reviews and analytical publications about Ukraine and diaspora. The site will include two sections: the first one will incorporate Ukrainian mass media and blogs according to oblast; the second one will incorporate diaspora mass media and blogs according to the countries. The author emphasizes the possibility of UWIN use for creative career self-actuali­zation of journalists. The agreement draft on this journalist community membership, which is voluntary and free of charge, is published. The network membership principles, directions and conditions of cooperation are stated and grounded. Franchising as the basis for developing future Ukrainian World Information Network is discussed in a separate paragraph. It goes about the content of packages, which would include domain registration and service, trainings on working with sites, professional, journalistic and editorial education or re-qualification of Network members. In Conclusions it is stressed that Ukrainocentric mass media system is one of the key, decisive facts and factors of system changes in Ukraine. Uniqueness of this project is that it considers information space of Ukraine in inseparable connection with information space of Ukrainian diaspora, that is with world information space.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] This article examines the ways in which the self-awareness of a feminine identity, the perceived value of women and the self-esteem of a particular author have been evolving from 1904 to the end of the First World War; the author in question is Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė (1886–1958), Lithuanian publicist, writer and educator. During her studies at the Jagiellonian University of Kraków in 1904–1907 (and in Adrian Baraniecki's High Courses for Women), she decisively chose to study the humanities and became one of the first modern Lithuanian women engaged in literature, literary criticism and the politics of education. This article presents the context of the women's emancipation movement that at beginning of the 20thcentury in Kraków, where the increasing possibilities of education for young women had become increasingly available. Right after her return to Lithuania in 1907, Kymantaitė took part in the Lithuanian Women's Congress in Kaunas and became involved in the preparatory work on the regulations of the Lithuanian Women's Society. In her collection of articlesLietuvoje:kritikosžvilgsnisįLietuvosinteligentiją("In Lithuania: A Critical Look at the Lithuanian Intelligentsia," 1910), besides a wide scope of issues that were considered, Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė discussed the issue of the relationship between well-educated men and women and questioned the equal value of women in the nascent modern Lithuanian society.In 1910, Čiurlionienė wrote a dramatic dialogueAteities moteris("Woman of the Future", 1910), which highlights the idea that the equality between man and woman rests on shared human values. The dialogue foregrounds the spiritual faithfulness of the woman to the man she had chosen– faithfulness that is upheld despite the distance that greatly separates them, contradictory to the thought that women are incapable of creating ties of friendship with men, as expressed by one of Nietzsche's literary characters. The main character ofAteitiesmoteris– Johanna– reveals herself as a rebel only when she confronts the antagonist's patriarchal worldview and his commanding affirmation of women's lower position and the determinism of biological needs. References to Otto Weininger's studyGeschlechtundCharakter(SexandCharacter, 1903), as well as a quote that evokes misogynistic sentiments from Nietzsche'sAlsosprachZarathustra(ThusSpokeZarathustra, 1883), appear in the dramatic dialogue, provoking a polemic with these authors' positions. The dialogue indicates the writer's interest in the theories of gender struggle. The text reflects Čiurlionienė's involvement in the preparation of the statute of the Lithuanian Women's Society as well as the influence of liberal feminist ideas that she had encountered while still in Kraków.Following the Romantic authors' attempts to reveal female heroism, Čiurlionienė strived to create a distinctive interpretation of the end-of-the-19th-century "Lithuanian Jeanne d'Arc" in her psychological sketch (novelette)JoanaVaidilaitė(1914–1918). Johanna's worldview is undoubtedly more akin to the ideas of early modernism, whereas Joana Vaidilaitė's sedentary lifestyle is determined by the young woman's realia of the 19th-century countryside, and later by her treatment in a psychiatric hospital. The sketch suggests the reality of the protagonist's mystical motherhood, which others treat as a manifestation of madness. The novelette has never been published. HadJoanaVaidilaitėbeen published during the first years of Lithuania's independence, there could have been an opportunity to enrich the history of Lithuanian literature with original efforts to give a sense to motherhood, with the Romantic treatment of madness as a form of clairvoyance and the modernist interpretation of the sea as a fluctuating womb.To conclude, starting with the formulation of thestatute of the Lithuanian Women's Society in 1910, Kymantaitė-Čiur­lionienė's attempts to express liberal feminist ideas in literary fiction become more noticeable; in these writings, the author refuses to think of motherhood as a manifestation of the impersonal nature's force (which relates to the views of the misogynists), and she cherishes the idea that conscious motherhood is equated to the creation of an individual capable of enriching cultural resources in the future. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Straipsnyje apžvelgiama rašytojos, publicistės, pedagogės Sofijos Kymantaitės-Čiurlionienės (1886–1958) visuomeninė veikla, siekiant moterų lygių teisių, ir kultūrinė polemika lyčiu santykių klausimais jos grožinėje kūryboje iki Pirmojo pasaulinio karo pabaigos. Susitelkiama į moters vertės ir savivertės, jos gebėjimo išsaugoti aukštą moralę, savarankiškai spręsti, laisvai kurti problemiką. Remiamasi archyviniais Aukštųjų A. Baranieckio kursų, kuriuose Kymantaitė studijavo Krokuvoje, dokumentais, neskelbtais laiškais ir rašytojos atsiminimų epizodais bei draminio dialogo "Ateities moteris" ir iki šiol netyrinėto rankraščio "Joana Vaidilaitė" redakcinėmis versijomis.

La figura del nobile Francesco Cusani Confalonieri (1802-1879) non è stata ancora adeguatamente indagata dalla storiografia, sebbene la sua poliedricità offra interessanti prospettive di ricerca sulla cultura italiana di primo Ottocento e sui suoi legami con quella europea. Egli fu infatti allievo di Gian Domenico Romagnosi, traduttore, storico, editore, viaggiatore e patriota lombardo, nonché autore di una voluminosa Storia di Milano in otto tomi, pubblicata in epoca post-unitaria, per la quale è tuttora noto agli studiosi. Attraverso l'esame delle sue carte personali, finora inesplorate, e delle sue opere, questa tesi intende scandagliare il suo vissuto da un nuovo angolo visuale, domandandosi se esistesse un nesso tra i suoi lavori storico-letterari e il suo engagement politico. Innanzitutto risale all'ambiente familiare per comprendere quale fu il retroterra su cui poté maturare il senso d'appartenenza nazionale di Cusani. Grazie al reperimento di alcuni testi fruiti e prodotti da quest'ultimo durante il periodo universitario (1823-1828), si concentra poi su un elemento cruciale per i futuri sviluppi della sua attività di intellettuale: il precoce intreccio che, nella sua esperienza, si verificò tra ideali risorgimentali e romanticismo, caratterizzato fin dai suoi albori da uno spiccato cosmopolitismo. La ricerca coglie perciò quali ne furono gli esiti, soffermandosi sull'operato di Cusani nell'Italia preunitaria. In particolare, analizza come le sue traduzioni di alcune opere di Walter Scott e la sua ideazione di periodici italiani per bambini e ragazzi concorsero alla diffusione di principi liberali all'interno della Penisola, mantenendo, però, un costante dialogo con la dimensione europea. Quindi rintraccia l'influsso che questi precedenti lavori e alcuni successivi viaggi in Italia e in Europa esercitarono sul contributo di Cusani ai progetti editoriali della Pirotta e Compagni, tipografia-libreria milanese di cui egli fu socio dal 1835 al 1859. Alla luce di questa ricostruzione, la partecipazione del personaggio all'insurrezione quarantottesca si configura, pertanto, come l'esito di un percorso culturale iniziato nei decenni precedenti e costantemente volto alla modernizzazione della Penisola sotto qualsiasi aspetto – incluso quello politico – in linea coi progressi europei. Parimenti, la Storia di Milano risulta l'approdo di una lunga ricerca storica nata negli anni Trenta e permeata da velati intenti politici. ; The figure of nobleman Francesco Cusani Confalonieri (1802-1879) has not been sufficiently investigated yet, even though the study of his eclectic life provides new perspectives on the Italian culture of the early nineteenth century and its links to the rest of Europe. He was a disciple of Gian Domenico Romagnosi, a translator, historian, publisher, traveller, Lombard patriot and the author of History of Milan (Storia di Milano) in eight volumes, published after the Italian Unification, for which he is still well known to scholars. Through the analysis of his personal documents, till now untouched, and his works, this research aims to explore his life from a new point of view, by focusing on the possible connection between his literary activity and his political involvement. Firstly, it examines his family environment in order to understand the cultural background in which Cusani's sense of national identity could flourish. Secondly, thanks to the discovery of texts written or read by him during his time at the University of Pavia (1823-1828), the work focuses on a crucial element for the future developments of his intellectual activity: the relationship between national ideals and Romanticism that he precociously experienced, marked by a strong cosmopolitanism since the beginning. As a result, the research looks at Cusani's activity in preunitarian Italy. Specifically, it examines how his translations of some of Walter Scott's works and the children's periodicals he created contributed to the diffusion of national ideals throughout Italy, all the while maintaining a constant dialogue with the rest of Europe. It then tracks the influence these previous works and some subsequent trips in Italy and Europe had on Cusani's contribution to the editorial projects by "Pirotta e Compagni", the Milanese publishing house he was a member of from 1835 to 1859. In light of this study, Cusani's participation to the 1848 insurrection becomes the outcome of a process begun in the previous decades and continually aimed at the modernization of the country under all aspects – including its politics – and in line with European progress. Likewise, his History of Milan is the end result of a long historical research originated in 1832 and imbued with covert political aims.

There is a growing global material and energy extraction and consumption. Especially mineral extraction of metals such as copper has increased by 25 times during the last century thus pushing the extraction frontiers into new territory. Copper extraction increasingly expands into Northern Norway with new project proposals. One such project is Nussir ASA's suggested copper mine in Kvalsund in Finnmark county. The planned project conflicts with local small-scale fishers' and indigenous Sámi reindeer pastoralist's interests. As resource extraction expands in the northern regions, the question of environmental justice and who experiences the benefits and costs arises. The thesis adopts an environmental justice framework to discuss this conflict and the process to establish the mine, in terms of recognition and participation, and the project's cost-benefit distribution. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and participants, through a survey consisting of face-to-face questionnaires among 110 residents, fishers, and reindeer herders, as well as 35 respondents through an online survey published in social media. The project reveals conflicting narratives. Some actors see the process to establish the mine as open and inclusive, recognizing all values and uses. They present the mining project as a clear win-win case of local development and meeting the global copper demand. In contrast, others find the process to conflict with their values, resource uses and indigenous rights, and expect the burden of costs to be carried by fisheries, reindeer herders and recreational activities. The costs are anticipated through disposing mining waste as sea tailings in the Repparfjord and copper extraction in reindeer calving and grazing areas, which again could lead to dispossession of traditional land use and further marginalization of primary production in the area, particularly those with a strong Sámi identity. The conflict reveals incommensurable traditional values versus industrial values, the power asymmetry in the decision-making process, the shortcomings of consultation as a participation method, the potential violation of laws and rights, and the disputes over mining impacts for development, on the environment and on stakeholders. The conflict has not been resolved due to the local and national government's strong political will to expand mining extraction in Northern Norway. As a result, the process to establish the Nussir mine is a case of procedural injustices, while the expected cost-benefit distribution from the mine is unjust as costs can be shifted upon impacted stakeholders. ; Det er stigende utvinning og forbruk av materialer og energi på et globalt nivå. Spesielt utvinning av metaller som kobber har økt 25 ganger det siste århundret. Dette skaper et behov for å starte nye gruveprosjekter. I Nord-Norge er det økende politisk press for å åpne nye kobbergruver. En slik pågående etablering er Nussir ASAs foreslåtte kobbergruve i Kvalsund i Finnmark fylke. Den planlagte gruva er i konflikt med lokale interesser, som sjarkfiske og samisk reindrift. Med ekspanderende ressursutvinning i nordlige områder følger spørsmål om miljørettferdighet, og hvem som bærer fordelene og kostnadene. Denne masteroppgaven anvender rammeverket for miljørettferdighet for å diskutere konflikten, i form av anerkjennelse og deltakelse, og fordelingen av fordeler og kostnader. Datagrunnlaget kommer fra dybdeintervjuer med sentrale aktører, dør til dør spørreundersøkelser gjennomført med 110 innbyggere, fiskere, og reineiere, samt 35 besvarelser fra en elektronisk undersøkelse distribuert på sosiale medier. Gruveprosjektet har skapt motstridende oppfatninger. Noen aktører ser på etableringsprosessen som åpen og inkluderende, og mener prosjekter tar hensyn til alle verdier og ulike brukerhensyn. De presenter gruveprosjektet som et klart vinn-vinnprosjekt. Prosjektet vil ifølge forkjemperne bidra med vekst og lokal utvikling, samt bidra til å møte den økende globale kobberetterspørselen. På den andre siden mener motstanderne at prosjektet strider mot deres verdier, ressursbruk, og urbefolkningsrettigheter, og de forventer at kostnadene skyves spesielt over på fiskerne, reindrifta, og friluftslivet. Motstanderne mener kostnadene gjennom sjødeponi i Repparfjorden og utvinning i reindriftas kalve- og beiteområde kommer til å fortrenge tradisjonell bruk av områdene og marginalisere primærbruket, spesielt de med en sterk samisk identitet. Konflikten dreier seg om avveiing mellom tradisjonelle og industrielle verdier, ujevne maktforhold i etableringsprosessen, svakheter ved konsultasjon som deltakelsesmetode, potensielle brudd på lover og rettigheter, og uenigheten om gruvas påvirkning for utvikling, på miljøet, og for aktørene. Konflikten har ikke blitt løst på grunn av den sterkt dominerende politiske viljen til å øke mineralutvinningen i Nord-Norge. Resultatet er at prosessen er urettferdig, og den forventende distribusjonen av fordeler og kostnader er urettferdig. ; submittedVersion ; M-IES

Die Dissertation von L. Zuckerman (auch bekannt als Layla Zami) erforscht die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Erinnerung, Bewegung, Diaspora und Zeit/Raum in Tanzproduktionen des 21. Jahrhunderts. In einer innovativen transkulturellen, transdisziplinären und transtemporalen Perspektive setzt die Publikation den Akzent auf die Solo-Arbeiten von sieben zeitgenössischen Choreograph_innen, die in Deutschland, Frankreich, Taiwan, Martinique, Palästina und den USA leben, und Interpret_innen ihrer eigenen Stücke sind. Ausgehend von der Hypothese, dass Körper eine zentrale Rolle in der Aushandlung und Überwindung von Machtverhältnissen spielen, fragt die Forschung was geschehen kann, wenn tanzende Körper die Vergangenheit in die Gegenwart transportieren, im materiellen und im metaphorischen Sinne. Die Autorin leitet ein neues Konzept ein, das im Englischen sowohl Substantiv als auch Verb ist: (to) perforMemory. Sie reflektiert die Besonderheiten der Ausdruckform Tanz in der Darstellung, Herstellung, und Tradierung von kultureller Erinnerung im Bezug auf historische Traumata wie der Holocaust, der Transatlantische Sklavenhandel, die Maafa, die Nakba und zeitgenössische gesellschaftspolitische Herausforderungen. Das als Spirale konzipierte Buch lädt zu einer Wanderung durch diasporische Tanz_schaften, in denen sich Fragestellungen zu Identität, Körperlichkeit, Zugehörigkeit, Räumlichkeit und Zeitlichkeit entfalten, und sich in der Diskussion von bestimmten Tanzsequenzen wechselseitig beleuchten. Die Doktorarbeit basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer vierjährigen internationalen Forschung. Die Quellen schöpfen aus unterschiedlichen Fachrichtungen, u.a. Gender und Queer Studies, Tanz/Performance, Kulturwissenschaften, Erinnerung, Postkoloniale Studien, Literatur, Quantenphysik, und Lyrik. Die Veröffentlichung beinhaltet ebenfalls die vollständigen Transkripte von persönlichen Gesprächen, die die Autorin mit den Künstler_innen Oxana Chi, Zufit Simon, Wan-Chao Chang, André M. Zachery, Farah Saleh, Christiane Emmanuel und Chantal Loïal aufgenommen hat, sowie Links zu Performance-Ausschnitten. ; The dissertation by L. Zuckerman (aka Layla Zami) explores the interrelations and interactions between memory, movement, diaspora, and spacetime in 21st century dance productions. In an innovative transcultural, transdisciplinary and transtemporal approach, the publication focuses on solo works by seven contemporary dancers-choreographers based in Germany, France, Taiwan, Martinique, Palestine and the USA. Contending that corporeality is a site and a source of power, the research asks what happens when moving bodies propel the past into the present, metaphorically and materially. The author introduces a new concept: (to) perforMemory, which is both a noun and a verb, and discusses the specificity of dance in the production and transmission of cultural memory in relation to historical trauma such as the Holocaust, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, Maafa, the Nakba and contemporary sociopolitical challenges. Conceived in a spiral-like fashion, the book takes the reader through diasporic dancescapes in which notions of identity, home, embodiment, spatiality and temporality unfold and are brought into resonance with each other in the discussion of specific dance examples. The theoretical references connect such various fields as gender studies, dance and performance studies, cultural memory studies, postcolonial studies, literature, quantum physics, queer studies and poetry. Based on doctoral research conducted across the globe from 2013 to 2017, the electronic publication also features the full interview transcripts of personal conversations recorded by the author with the artists Oxana Chi, Zufit Simon, Wan-Chao Chang, André M. Zachery, Farah Saleh, Christiane Emmanuel and Chantal Loïal, as well as links to audiovisual performance excerpts. ; La thèse explore les interrelations et interactions entre mémoire, mouvement, diaspora et espace-temps dans la danse au XXIème siècle. Dans une approche transculturelle, transdisciplinaire et transtemporelle, la publication se concentre sur des pièces solo chorégraphiées et interprétées par sept chorégraphes contemporain.e.s basé.e.s en Allemagne, France, Martinique, Palestine, à Taiwan et aux Etats-Unis. Estimant que les corps humains sont objets et sujets de relations de pouvoir, la thèse étudie ce qui se passe lorsque les corps dansent le passé au temps présent, au sens propre et au sens figuré. L'auteure introduit un nouveau concept: (to) perforMemory, à la fois un substantif et un verbe en anglais. Elle met en relief la spécificité de la danse comme forme de production et transmission de la mémoire culturelle, en relation avec des traumas historiques tels que l'Holocauste, la Traite triangulaire ou Maafa, la Nakba ainsi que des défis sociopolitiques contemporains. Conçu comme une spirale, le livre est une invitation au voyage à travers des paysages diasporiques dansés, dans lequel les notions d'identité, d'appartenance, de spatialité, de temporalité et de représentation émergent tour à tour, et s'illuminent mutuellement dans l'analyse de séquences de danse concrètes. Le corpus théorique puise dans des domaines aussi variés que les études de genre, la danse, les études postcoloniales, la litérature, les Cultural Studies, la physique quantique, les études queer et la poésie. Basée sur des recherches doctorales conduites de 2013 à 2017 à travers le monde, cette publication électronique comprend également les transcriptions intégrales des entretiens personnels menés avec les artistes Oxana Chi, Zufit Simon, Chantal Loïal, Christiane Emmanuel, Farah Saleh, Wan-Chao Chang, et André M. Zachery, ainsi que des liens vers des extraits audiovisuels de spectacles.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi -- Kaynakça var. ; This study claims that Algeria is one of the African Sahel region's countries that have been facing serious security threats, because of various causes contributing to instability in African great Sahara. Particularly in the post cold war era, when African Sahel states have been suffering from internal issues led to exacerbate insecurity circumstances and opened the gate to foreign powers to intervene in African affairs. Both African states' local problems and foreign interference have escalated the pace of security risks in Africa, and could put African future security at stake. This thesis comes to argue that the effective way for Algeria to stand against security threats coming from its southern part, require from both Algeria and African countries' efforts to be poured into concerted regional and international level endeavors. As, this paper enlightens the nature of threats that African Sahel states facing by one hand, and reveals African states' efforts to cope with security issues by another hand. Moreover, the analysis focuses on Algerian reactions towards threats coming from the Sahel region, within its followed strategy at the regional level. Further, this study exposes the foreign interference in Africa and how these powers compete to reach African land. Finally, this analysis suggests what should for African nations to do towards their local and regional problems to avoid security instability that could cause security chaos in the region. Precisely, Algeria that has stood for peace keeping in many regional events. ; Bu çalışma, Cezayir'in Afrika'da büyük Sahra'da istikrarsızlığa neden olan ve çeşitli nedenlerle ciddi güvenlik tehditleri ile karşı karşıya kalan Afrika'nın Sahel bölgesi ülkelerinden biri olduğunu iddia ediyor. Özellikle Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde, Afrika'da Sahel devletleri iç sorunlarla karşı karşıya gelince, ülke içinde güvensizlik ortamının hakim olması ve Afrika devletlerinin yabancı devletler tarafından iç işlerine karışılmasına kapı aralamış oldu. Her iki Afrika ülkesinin yerel sorunları ve dış müdahale Afrika'daki güvenlik risklerini hızlandırdı ve bu Afrika'nın gelecekteki güvenliğini tehlikeye atabilirdi. Bu tez, Cezayir'in güney kesimlerinden gelen güvenlik tehditlerine karşı etkili yolun Cezayir ve Afrika ülkelerinin birlikte uyum içinde bölgesel ve uluslararası düzeydeki çabalara ihtiyaç duyduğunu belirtmektedir. Bu bildiri, Afrika Sahel' in bir eliyle karşı karşıya kaldığı tehditlerin ortaya çıkarmaya ve öte yandan Afrika devletlerinin güvenlik konusuyla baş etme çabalarını aydınlatmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma, Afrika'daki dış müdahaleyi ve bu dış güçlerin Afrika topraklarına ulaşmak için nasıl rekabet ettiğini ortaya koyuyor. Son olarak, bu analiz Afrika ülkelerinin bölgede güvenlik kaosuna neden olabilecek sorunlardan ve istikrarsızlıktan kaçınmak için yerel ve bölgesel sorunlara karşı neler yapmaları gerektiğini ele almıştır. Cezayir ise pek çok olayda barışı korumaya yönelik önlemler almıştır. ; CONTENTS -- Acknowledgement -- Contents, vii -- Abbreviations, vii -- Introduction, 1 -- Chapter 1: Cognitive approach to study. -- 1.1 Security concept, -- 1.1.1 concept of Security, 4 -- 1.1.2 Levels of security, 7 -- 1.2 Concept of Security threat, 9 -- 1.2.1 Concept of threat, 9 -- 1.2.2 Motives and forms of security threats in the Sahel region, 11 -- 1.2 Concept of National security strategy, 12 -- 1.2.1 Concept of Strategy, 12 -- 1.2.2 Concept of National Security, 13 -- 1.2.3 Definition of National security strategy, 15 -- Chapter 2: Security threats in the Sahel region -- 2.1Geo security Reading in African Sahel region, 16 -- 2.1.1 Determine the geographic area of the African Sahel region, 16 -- 2.1.2 Reality of the Sahel region "geopolitics, security and economy", 19 -- 2.2Analogue threats in the Sahel region and the Saharan Africa, 21 -- 2.2.1 Weak State in the African Sahel region "crisis of State building, ethnic -- problems, identity, development and fragility of political systems", 21 -- 2.2.2 Touareg crisis as a model of state failure in the Sahel region, 28 -- 2.3 Asymmetric security threats in the Sahel region, 31 -- 2.3.1 Problem of organized crime " Illegal emigration and -- trafficking in Human being, 31 -- 2.3.2 Drug trafficking and arms smuggling in the Sahel region, 39 -- 2.3.3 Terrorism problem in the African Sahel region -- "Concept of terrorism, terrorism phenomenon, terrorists' groups", 46 -- Chapter 3: Algerian national strategy in the Sahel region -- 3.1 Geostrategic stakes for African Sahel region, 50 -- 3.1.1 The strategic importance of the Sahel region over Algeria, 50 -- 3.1.2 Strategic intersections of the Sahel region with Algeria, 53 -- 3.2 Algerian mechanisms to cope with security threats in the Sahel region, 58 -- 3.2.1 At the National level, 58 -- 3.2.2 At the regional and international level, 58 -- 3.3Obstacles Algeria faces in bringing security in the Sahel region, 62 -- 3.3.1 Obstacles linked to Sahel region, 62 -- 3.3.2 International completion in the Sahel region, 62 -- 4.1 Conclusion, 65