Suchergebnisse

AUTHORS SUGGEST THAT THE QUESTION OF ECONOMIC FACTORS IN CRIME IN SOCIALIST SOCIETY HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED COMPREHENSIVELY IN CONTEMPORARY SOVIET CRIMINOLOGICAL LITERATURE, AND THEY SEEK TO OFFER AN INITIAL EXAMINATION OF THE ISSUE. A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC FACTORS IS PROVIDED REFLECTING STAGES OF PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, AND DISTRIBUTION.

Despite social policy being one of the most quantified policy fields today, there is no singular indicator or set of indicators of social policy quality or performance on the global level that is universally accepted and influential, comparable to GDP in the economy. The article analyses and explains the unsuccessful indicatorisation in the ILO's International Survey of Social Services of the interwar years. During this first elaborate study of social policies worldwide by an international organisation, difficult issues of defining, comparing, and quantifying social policy had to be solved for the first time. Theoretically, a sociology of knowledge approach on indicatorisation is utilised that highlights how social policy was questioned and evaluated. This illustrates the demanding work of comparing including a politicized knowledge production, identifying conditions and hindrances of defining and quantifying the 'social'. It is observed that different interests of participants, epistemic cultures, and practices, as well as bureaucratic procedures resulted in the mere inclusion of a provisional indicator of cost and little quantified data in the final Survey. Empirically, the article relies on an in-depth analysis of historical ILO documents.

Cold War scholarship has frequently treated Austria as a Germany "sub-problem" in the critical early post-war era. Located in a crucial Central European geopolitical position, however, Austria became one of the early test cases for containing the Soviet Union. In fact, Austrian post-war history attests to an Anglo-Soviet "cold war" in 1945 preceding the better-known U.S.-Soviet Cold War that erupted on the world stage of history in 1946/47. Much of previous scholarship has focused on interpreting the prolonged Austrian occupation exclusively through the prism of superpower tensions. Based on much new American, British, French, and Austrian archival evidence, this study demonstrates that the Western powers were plagued by disagreements in their policies towards Austria, particularly in 1945. Moreover, Austria herself played an increasingly important role, utilizing the East-West rift to fight for her own agenda. Based on the myth of Austrian "innocence" during World War II, the post-war Austrian governments strove to realize a quick Austrian treaty to end the occupation. In the upheavals of the Cold War, Austria, a weak and small country, indeed found room to maneuver diplomatically. Young Karl Gruber, the pugnacious but inexperienced Foreign Minister, led many of these battles on the international scene. After the extended fight for the recognition of the provisional Renner regime, which the British suspected was a Soviet "puppet," the Austrians elected a government in 1945. A shocking defeat by the Communists induced the Soviets to put heavy economic pressure on the new Socialist/Conservative coalition government. In 1945, the Red Army had removed "German" industries in Austria as "war booty". Based on the Potsdam agreements, the Soviets seized the "German external assets" in their Austrian zone and squeezed an exceedingly high price in "reparations out of current production" from these sequestered properties. This economic exploitation alerted the Western powers and precipitated the Cold War in Austria early in 1946. The U.S. government started to pour massive amounts of economic aid into Austria to save Austria's economic unity, stabilize the political system, and stop Communist expansion. The Western powers feared that after the coups in Budapest and Prague, Austria might be "next on the list" of Communist takeovers. In 1948/49, Austria got caught in the maelstrom of growing East-West tensions. The Americans and the French preferred to maintain the status quo and were reluctant to sign an Austrian treaty before the country was sufficiently rearmed. By the end of the 1940s, only the British were prepared to take the risk of concluding an Austrian treaty. The Soviets, however, opted for continuing their economic exploitation of Austria. It was mainly Soviet intransigence, and to a lesser degree Western military concerns, which made the Austrian occupation last until 1955.

This paper analyzes structural indicators of economic efficiency and energy intensity consumption as determinants of sustainable economic development for the selected 33 European countries. The correlation, regression and multivariate factor analyses are applied to test the associations between the selected structural variables of energy intensity consumption, economic efficiency, and the main driving forces behind these developments. Economic efficiency is positively associated with expenditures on research and development (R&D) and a greater technological intensity of exports, while at the same time the economic efficiency of R&D expenditures and technological intensity of exports reduce the energy intensity consumption of the economy. The results suggest that management strategies and policies directed towards R&D expenditures, human capital investments, and technologically intensive export oriented products are improving economic efficiency performance and contributing to energy saving sustainable economic development. The technological intensity of products reduces energy consumption, which is related to restructuring of energy intensive industries into more advanced and energy saving ones with higher value added per unit of product, but with lower energy consumption per unit of product. Article in English. Ekonominis efektyvumas, energijos vartojimas ir subalansuota plėtra Santrauka.Autoriai analizuoja struktūrinius ekonominio efektyvumo ir energijos vartojimo intensyvumo, kaip vienų iš pagrindinių subalansuotos plėtros kintamųjų, rodiklius. Tirti buvo pasirinktos 33 Europos valstybės. Autoriai, siekdami pagrįsti iškeltus teiginius, naudojo koreliacinę, regresinę analizę bei daugiakriterinius metodus galimoms ekonominio efektyvumo bei energijos vartojimo laipsnio (ir kitų, ne mažiau svarbių elementų) variacijoms nustatyti. Ekonominis efektyvumas labai dažnai asocijuojasi su tyrimais ir plėtra (R&D), eksportuojamomis aukštosiomis technologijomis. Remdamiesi atliktų tyrimų rezultatais autoriai siūlo nukreipti tiek politinius sprendimus, tiek valdymo strategijas į tyrimų ir plėtros (R&D) veiklas, investicijas į žmogiškuosius išteklius, technologinius sprendimus, nes visa tai galima susieti su subalansuotos plėtros koncepcija. Reikšminiai žodžiai:ekonominis efektyvumas,energijos vartojimas,tyrimai ir plėtra,technologinis intensyvumas,subalansuota plėtra,Europa.

Shipping list no.: 2003-0202-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs." ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Shipping list no.: 2003-0202-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs." ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Die transnationale Migration hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eine Dimension angenommen, angesichts derer die einzelstaatliche Asyl-, Ausländer- und Einwanderungspolitik nicht mehr problemadäquat ist und zunehmender internationaler Handlungsbedarf besteht. Die Migrationsproblematik ist zwar schon lange ein Gegenstand internationaler Politik, aber die bisherigen internationalen Vereinbarungen reichen noch nicht aus, weil sie nicht alle relevanten Bereiche abdecken, nicht im Rahmen eines zusammenhängenden Vertragswerks koordiniert sind und einen unterschiedlichen Grad der Verbindlichkeit haben. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird versucht, den sinnvollen Bereich für multilaterale Harmonisierung und Regelung zu skizzieren." (Autorenreferat)