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In the article, the author analyzes three models of attitudes towards people with special needs in the world: the medical model, the model of normalization, and social model, as well as defines priority humanistic approach based on respect for human dignity, rights and freedoms of every individual, regardless of gender, age or state of health. The basic needs of people with disabilities are identified, as well as the need for self-realization by which people seek to find their place in life and to realize their potential, talents, professional self-determination. We considered internal and external support mechanisms of "the disabled" in their development, for whom inclusive education aims at: creating favorable psychological climate in the family; creating cultural system in society; support from the government in professional and creative self-realization; social prevention and control of negative attitudes towards people with disabilities; providing equal rights by state, that erasure boundaries between "healthy" people and those with disabilities; positive self-perception and self-attitude; active life; a clear identity and personalization; responsibility, freedom and a strong will; belief in yourself and a positive assessment of one's own and other people's capabilities. We considered foreign and domestic regulations that ensure the rights of people with special needs: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), the Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971), the Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975), the Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention (1983), Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993), the Salamanca Statement on Principles, Policy and Practice in Special Needs Education and a Framework for Action (1994), the Dakar Declaration (2000), the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006, New York) and others. ; W artykule autor przeanalizował trzy modele postaw wobec osób o specjalnych potrzebach na świecie (model medyczny, model normalizacji i model społeczny) oraz określił priorytetowe podejście humanistyczne oparte na poszanowaniu godności ludzkiej, praw i wolności każdej osoby, niezależnie od płci, wieku czy stanu zdrowia. Wskazano też podstawowe potrzeby osób niepełnosprawnych oraz potrzebę samorealizacji, w wyniku której ludzie starają się odnaleźć swoje miejsce w życiu i wykorzystać swój potencjał, talenty, profesjonalną determinację. Uwzględnione zostały wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne mechanizmy wsparcia "niepełnosprawnych" w ich rozwoju, dla których edukacja włączająca ma na celu: zbudowanie korzystnego klimatu psychologicznego w rodzinie; stworzenie systemu kulturowego w społeczeństwie; uzyskanie wsparcia rządu w profesjonalnej i twórczej samorealizacji; zapobieganie społecznym negatywnym postawom wobec osób niepełnosprawnych i ich kontrolę; zapewnienie równych praw przez państwo; usuwanie granic między "zdrowymi" a osobami niepełnosprawnymi; pozytywne postrzeganie siebie; aktywne życie; wyraźną tożsamość i personalizację; odpowiedzialność, wolność i silną wolę; wiarę w siebie i pozytywną ocenę możliwości (swoich i innych osób). W opracowaniu przedstawiono zagraniczne i krajowe przepisy gwarantujące prawa osób o szczególnych potrzebach, takie jak: Powszechna deklaracja praw człowieka (1948), Deklaracja praw dziecka (1959), Deklaracja praw osób upośledzonych umysłowo (1971), Deklaracja praw osób niepełnosprawnych (1975), Konwencja dotycząca rehabilitacji zawodowej i zatrudnienia osób niepełnosprawnych (1983), Konwencja o prawach dziecka (1989), Standardowe zasady wyrównywania szans osób niepełnosprawnych (1993), Deklaracja Salamanki w sprawie zasad, polityki i praktyki w zakresie specjalnych potrzeb edukacyjnych i ramy działania (1994), Deklaracja z Dakaru (2000), Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych (2006, Nowy Jork) i inne.

During the first decade of the twenty-first century, the Swedish civil service underwent some extensive changes, such as the relocations of public sector jobs, initiated by the government in 2005. This thesis follows an ethnological tradition of focusing on employees' perspectives as a way of exploring power relations and changes in society. In this study, I draw attention to the fears, joys, anxieties, hopes, and dreams of employees in the Swedish civil service at a time when their workplace was being relocated from one city to another. The study especially focuses on the fact that a decision to relocate initiates processes that change employee's images of their work life and future. They become forced to rethink life and work and re-identify with professional positions. Such processes are described in this thesis as processes of professional identification. The aim of the study is to analyze professional identification among employees during the relocation of a government agency. It is based on four articles that highlight different aspects of the relocation and the conditions under which research was conducted. The overarching question that runs through the thesis is: what did processes of professional identification mean in relocation practice? I argue that such processes should be taken into account as pivotal to civil service practices such as relocation work. Such knowledge could also be used as a tool for thinking about work life change in a wider sense. Because relocations entail moving people's entire lives, points of interest are formulated that tell stories of how social norms and rules are formed, maintained, and contested. The results in this thesis could also serve as a departure for discussing the localization of knowledge-intensive institutions. The case study builds on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2005 and 2009 at a government agency that moved from the capital of Sweden to a smaller town in the north of Sweden. The ethnographic source material was analyzed using discourse analysis. The analysis centres on a discussion of how processes of professional identification became conditioned by social structures in terms of gender, age, and social class in relocation work. I furthermore discuss the ways in which images of geographies and emotions could be regarded as social categories that conditioned professional identities and had implications for how the move of the agency was organized and conducted, for example for the transferring of competency, travelling on business, and setting up new work practices. The establishment of professional identity positions functioned to stabilize the social environment during the move - a time when many things at work seemed to be in turmoil. At the same time the positions worked to privilege some ways of professional identification and exclude others. Attention should be drawn to the ways in which agency staff became enmeshed in power structures, norms, ideals, images, and plans for the future that limited their actions in various ways. It is therefore important that the features of professional identification in this relocation process should be further discussed, not primarily as individual concerns of particular individuals, or even a particular agency or location, but as a vital issue of the greatest concern to the welfare state. ; Decentralization of government agencies, work force mobility and rural development

1. INTRODUCTION: NEW FORMS OF SOCIAL NARRATIVE This opening chapter provides a creative-practical perspective on Second Life through a survey of our work as visual artists, set against a theoretical and philosophical backdrop that combines poststructuralism and semiotics. Our practical examples of merged and created Second Lives draw on our mixed-reality installations in the form of encounters between Second Life and First Life. Starting from created communities in Second Life™ (cf. Sherman's social encounters, and Fizek and Wasilewska's creation of second bodies, both this volume), our aim is to provide a visual backdrop and practical examples to this underlying theoretical and philosophical discourse, where the disembodied participant and (re)-embodied avatar in our installations find themselves in an increasingly social and political second life context. Whilst the underlying theoretical framework of this chapter clearly identifies a number of critical and philosophical standpoints ranging from a post-structuralist position that follows the linguistic and semiotic guiding principles of de Saussure (1916) to the formation of the ego in relation to the body-image in Lacan's mirror stage (1966), it is the artistic outcomes of our own practiced-based research that identifies and pronounces these theoretical stances within our art installations. Through the development of these artistic works since the early 1990s a philosophical discourse has emerged through experience and practice rather than initiated by theory alone, but one that is now completely entwined where we as artists feel both the theory and practice are at the forefront of our work. In what follows, we shall outline our respective practice-based creative research, culminating in a collaborative interactive installation that investigates new forms of social and political narrative in multi-user virtual environments. Our artistic projects deal with the ironies and stereotypes that are found within Second Life in particular. Paul Sermon's current creative practice looks specifically at the concepts of presence and performance within Second Life and First Life, and attempts to bridge these two spaces through mixed reality techniques and interfaces. Charlotte Gould's Ludic Second Life Narrative radically questions the way that users embody themselves in on-line virtual environments and identifies a counter-aesthetic that challenges the conventions of digital realism and consumerism. BOOK DESCRIPTION: This book aims to provide insights into how 'second lives' in the sense of virtual identities and communities are constructed textually, semiotically and discursively, specifically in the online environment Second Life and Massively Multiplayer Online Games such as World of Warcraft. The book's philosophy is multi-disciplinary and its goal is to explore the question of how we as gamers and residents of virtual worlds construct alternative online realities in a variety of ways. Of particular significance to this endeavour are conceptions of the body in cyberspace and of spatiality, which manifests itself in 'natural' and built environments as well as the triad of space, place and landscape. The contributors' disciplinary backgrounds include media, communication, cultural and literary studies, and they examine issues of reception and production, identity, community, gender, spatiality, natural and built environments using a plethora of methodological approaches ranging from theoretical and philosophical contemplation through social semiotics to corpus-based discourse analysis.

The issue of ECEC services is recently receiving greater attention in the EU framework. This subject has long been an important part of the EU's social and economic policy and gender equality policy. At the Barcelona Council of 2002, it was agreed to establish a common target to be reached by the EU States, which was specifically the coverage of 33% of places in ECEC services for children from birth to 3 years as well as 90% for 3 to 6-year-olds. Such a decision shows an important commitment that the EU States agreed to undertake, however, this quantitative goal was not accompanied by any qualitative specifications. Also for this reason the European Network of National Observatories on Childhood (ChildONEurope) decided to promote a discussion focusing on the provision of the ECEC services in the EU countries, in particular by organizing a Seminar on the subject and by requesting information on its partners' policies. The present publication is composed of two parts: the first is made up of the proceedings of the ChildONEurope Seminar on ECEC services held on 28th January 2010 at the Istituto degli Innocenti in Florence. The second is an integrated review of the most important findings emerging from some key reports by international organizations on ECEC services and was commissioned to the Istituto degli Innocenti – as body performing the functions of ChildONEurope Secretariat – by the Belgian Presidency of the EU (July – December 2010) that made the ECEC services one of its priorities. The ChildONEurope Seminar on early childhood education and care services and promotion of social inclusion aimed at providing a forum for knowledge exchange among the ChildONEurope partners and other key international governmental and non-governmental bodies involved in this field, in particular concerning a comparative analysis of the EU situation focusing both on qualitative and quantitative aspects. More specifically, the Seminar is aimed at promoting reflection on the impact that such services can have in nurturing social inclusion and fighting the risk of social exclusion of socially disadvantaged children as well as migrant children in a framework of universal access to services. The proceedings reproduced in this publication gather the speakers' interventions as well as the working groups' reports, focusing on children's identity and the quality of ECEC services, access to ECEC services, costs and fees for families with special attention to migrant and socially disadvantaged children and promotion of children's rights, development of services and prevention of social exclusion. The second part is made up of a review of the most important European reports on the subjects drafted by the international organizations. This review has the aim of facilitating the discussion on ECEC services policies during the meeting of the Intergovernmental Group L'Europe de l'Enfance, to be held in Antwerp on 8-10 September 2010 and the Meeting of Ministers responsible for childhood, to be held in Brussels on 15-16 November 2010. Fulfilling this objective, the second part of this publication was elaborated with the intention to provide policy- makers and governmental representatives with concise indications regarding, from a qualitative point of view, the main challenges that European governments face today when setting up effective ECEC services and integrated policies.

La presente investigación se enmarca en el proyecto mayor de nuestro plan de Doctorado en Letras. Luego de realizar una breve presentación de la obra de Tununa Mercado, procedemos a plantear nuestra hipótesis de trabajo: la de que a partir de la publicación de su libro La madriguera (1996) una ficción autobiográfica de infancia (categoría que involucra variables cuya fiabilidad han sido fuertemente sospechadas y cuestionadas por líneas teóricas desde el giro lingüístico en adelante) la autora funda un modo de réplica literaria (Avellaneda, 1983) al gobierno menemista y su ideología, bajo el procedimiento de una operación sustitutoria, desviada, en la que alude al gobierno de Juan Domingo Perón. Narrando y aludiendo a ese gobierno, desestabiliza las ficciones estatales oficiales (en especial el texto de lectura obligatoria La razón de mi vida , 1951) que sirvieron para legitimarlo y producir cohesión política y social, al tiempo que realiza una respuesta cultural de resistencia a la ideología y las prácticas sociales menemistas. Al mismo tiempo, construye un sujeto autobiográfico femenino, lo que involucra operaciones fuertemente innovadoras en orden de imponer una torsión en un género de fuerte tradición patriarcal en Occidente (Klein, 2001). Como toda ficción del origen, La madriguera no escapa a ciertos relatos míticos, fundantes de la identidad, en especial de carácter letrado, e interroga las categorías de la percepción, fundando una nueva sensibilidad y problematizando así el dominio de lo real. Esta es su forma de dar cuenta de los conflictos de fundamento social y no la que opera a partir de una doxa tranquilizadora y deformadora propia de los relatos estatales. ; This research finds its frame in the more encompassing plan of my PhD in Letters. After giving a brief account of Tununa Mercado s work, we will proceed to put forward our reading hypothesis: after the publication of her work La madriguera (1996), an autobiographical fiction of childhood (a category which involves variables put into question by theoretical approaches from the linguistic turn onwards), the author creates a literary replica (Avellaneda, 1983) to the "menemista" government and its ideology, by means of a deviant substitute operation, in which Juan Domingo Perón s government is alluded to. Narrating and making reference to that government, Mercado destabilizes the state fictions (specially the compulsory text La razón de mi vida , 1951) that worked towards its legitimation and the production of political and social cohesion, while it brings about a cultural response of resistance to the ideology and social practices of the "menemismo". It simultaneously constructs a female autobiographical subject, which involves highly innovative operations so as to bend a gender belonging in the strong patriarchal tradition of the West (Klein, 2001). Like most fiction of origin, La madriguera cannot dodge some kind of mythical narratives, both of a literate nature and founders of identity, and questions the categories of perception, giving rise to a new sensibility and making problematic the domain of the real. This is her way of rendering the conflicts of social anchorage, definitely not one resting on the pacifying but deformed doxa characteristic of state narratives. ; Departamento de Historia

La presente investigación se enmarca en el proyecto mayor de nuestro plan de Doctorado en Letras. Luego de realizar una breve presentación de la obra de Tununa Mercado, procedemos a plantear nuestra hipótesis de trabajo: la de que a partir de la publicación de su libro La madriguera (1996) una ficción autobiográfica de infancia (categoría que involucra variables cuya fiabilidad han sido fuertemente sospechadas y cuestionadas por líneas teóricas desde el giro lingüístico en adelante) la autora funda un modo de réplica literaria (Avellaneda, 1983) al gobierno menemista y su ideología, bajo el procedimiento de una operación sustitutoria, desviada, en la que alude al gobierno de Juan Domingo Perón. Narrando y aludiendo a ese gobierno, desestabiliza las ficciones estatales oficiales (en especial el texto de lectura obligatoria La razón de mi vida, 1951) que sirvieron para legitimarlo y producir cohesión política y social, al tiempo que realiza una respuesta cultural de resistencia a la ideología y las prácticas sociales menemistas. Al mismo tiempo, construye un sujeto autobiográfico femenino, lo que involucra operaciones fuertemente innovadoras en orden de imponer una torsión en un género de fuerte tradición patriarcal en Occidente (Klein, 2001). Como toda ficción del origen, La madriguera no escapa a ciertos relatos míticos, fundantes de la identidad, en especial de carácter letrado, e interroga las categorías de la percepción, fundando una nueva sensibilidad y problematizando así el dominio de lo real. Esta es su forma de dar cuenta de los conflictos de fundamento social y no la que opera a partir de una doxa tranquilizadora y deformadora propia de los relatos estatales. ; This research finds its frame in the more encompassing plan of my PhD in Letters. After giving a brief account of Tununa Mercado´s work, we will proceed to put forward our reading hypothesis: after the publication of her work La Madriguera (1996), an autobiographical fiction of childhood (a category which involves variables put into question by theoretical approaches from the linguistic turn onwards), the author creates a literary replica (Avellaneda, 1983) to the `menemista´ government and its ideology, by means of a deviant substitute operation, in which Juan Domingo Perón´s government is alluded to. Narrating and making reference to that government, Mercado destabilizes the state fictions (specially the compulsory text La razón de mi vida, 1951) that worked towards its legitimation and the production of political and social cohesion, while it brings about a cultural response of resistance to the ideology and social practices of the `menemismo´. It simultaneously constructs a female autobiographical subject, which involves highly innovative operations so as to bend a gender belonging in the strong patriarchal tradition of the West (Klein, 2001). Like most fiction of origin, La madriguera cannot dodge some kind of mythical narratives, both of a literate nature and founders of identity, and questions the categories of perception, giving rise to a new sensibility and making problematic the domain of the real. This is her way of rendering the conflicts of social anchorage, definitely not one resting on the pacifying but deformed doxa characteristic of state narratives. ; Fil: Ferrero, Adrián Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Serling: The Rise and Twilight of Television's Last Angry Man. Gordon F. Sander. Discovering Men. David H. J. Morgan. The Hysterical Male: New Feminist Theory. Arthur and Marilouise Kroker, eds. Child‐Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. James R. Kincaid. Centuries of Solace: Expressions of Maternal Grief in Popular Literature. Wendy Simonds and Barbara Katz Rothman. Women and Self‐help Culture: Reading between the Lines. Wendy Simonds. The Best Man‐Selections from the First Three Years of MAN! Magazine. Sharon Adams, ed. Men in the Public Eye—The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies. Jeff Heam. To All Appearances: Ideology and Performance. Harbert Blau. Hollywood East. James Ponti. Classics and Trash: Traditions and Taboos in High Literature and Popular Modern Genres. Harriett Hawkins. Cradle And All: A Cultural and Psychoanalytic Reading of Nursery Rhymes. Lucy Rollin. Bio/Pics: How Hollywood Constructed Public History. George F. Custen. Mae West: She Who Laughs, Lasts. June Sochen. Friends, Brothers, and Informants: Fieldwork Memoirs of Banaras. Nita Kumar. Women Under the Knife: A History of Surgery. Ann Dally. Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation. Robert E. Kapsis. Feminism and the Women's Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement, Ideology and Activism. Barbara Ryan. Creativity and Tradition in Folklore: New Directions. Simon J. Bronner, ed. Performance, Culture, and Identity. Elizabeth C. Fine and Jean Haskell Speer, eds. The History of Vanity. John Woodforde. Gender Relations in Australia: Donation and Negotiation. Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans, eds. Between the Wars, 1919–1939: The Cartoonists' Vision. Roy Douglas. Cajun Music and Zydeco. Philip Gould, photo. Barry Jean Ancelet Bundling: Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America. Henry Reed Stiles The Story of the Carol. Edmondstoune Duncan The History of the Christmas Card. George Buday. Christmas Traditions. William Muir Auld Heraldry and Floral Forms as Used in Decoration. Herbert Cole Jewish Ceremonial Institutions. William Rosenau. A Dictionary of Miracles. E. Cobham Brewer. Quilts: Their Story and How to Make Them. Marie D. Webster Rest Days: The Christian Sunday, The Jewish Sabbath, and Their Historical and Anthropological Prototypes. Hutton Webster Folklore of Women: As Illustrated by Legendary and Traditional Tales, Folk‐Rhymes, Proverbial Sayings, Superstitions, Etc. T.F. Thistelton‐Dyer Not Just for Children: The Mexican Comic Book in the Late 1960s and 1970s. Harold E. Hinds, Jr. and Charles M. Tatum. American Popular Culture. John Dean. Death in the Dining Room & Other Tales of Victorian Culture. Kenneth L. Ames. Popular Entertainment Research: How to Do it and How to Use It. Barbara J. Pruett. White on Black: Images of Africa and Black in Western Popular Culture. Jan Nederveen Pieterse. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. Denis McQuail. Jack the Ripper A to Z. Paul Begg, Martin Fido and Keith Skinner. Roadside Delights; Roadside Architecture of Yesterday and Today in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Will Anderson. Hidden in Plain Sight: An Examination of the American Arts. Martin Williams. Melville's Complaint: Doctors and Medicine in the Art of Herman Melville. Kichard Dean Smith. William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture. Ian Dyck. Images of American Life: A History of Ideological Management in Schools, Movies, Rdio and Television. Joel Spring.

This guide accompanies the following article: Patrick Archer and Ryan Orr, 'Class Identification in Review: Past Perspectives and Future Directions', Sociology Compass 5/1 (2011): 104–115, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2010.00352.xAuthor's introductionHistorically, sociology has had a contentious relationship with the concept of class. At times, debates over the meaning and importance of class have defined the field. More recently, however, the notable absence or weakness of class identities in class‐oriented research has led many sociologists to abandon class as an organizing concept in society. The response of class loyalists to this class‐less re‐theorization of stratification and inequality has developed along two paths. The first path emphasizes the continued importance of class as an influential force in people's lives, but jettisons any assumptions of subjective class identification. The second path has repackaged class as being hierarchical and relational while downplaying the existence of collective class identification. One consequence of these new developments in class theory has been a movement away from classical class theory and the assumed centrality of collective class identification in this work. The purpose of this article is to reexamine the contributions of classical class theory – particularly that of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Veblen – to the debate on collective class identification. Two questions guided this analysis. First, to what extent did Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Veblen associate class with collective identification? Second, in what ways are the contributions of these theorists relevant to the current debates on class and identification?Author recommendsBottero, Wendy. 2004. 'Class Identities and the Identity of Class.'Sociology 38(5): 985–1003.Wendy Bottero's article Class Identities and the Identity of Class is an excellent review of the current state of class theory, particularly as it concerns class identification. While our article focuses primarily on the contribution of classical theorists to the debate on class and identification, Bottero addresses key contemporary developments to class theory and what they represent for the future meaning of class.Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Pierre Bourdieu's Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste offers readers a complex look into class identification. Bourdieu examines class identification as cultural practices and preferences that emerge through taste. On the one hand, taste operates as a method of class identification by actively distinguishing the class position to which one belongs. On the other hand, taste operates as a method of class identification by actively distinguishing class positions to which one does not belong. Bourdieu also argues that the process of (dis)identification transpires primarily on unconscious levels.Durkheim, Émile. 1984 [1893]. The Division of Labor in Society. New York, NY: The Free Press.In The Division of Labor in Society, his first major work, Émile Durkheim examines how social order is possible as small, traditional societies become more advanced and industrialized. It is here that Durkheim develops the concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity and their relation to the division of labor in society. Of particular interest to this article is the Preface to the Second Edition in which Durkheim argued that professional groupings (i.e., occupations), as opposed to class locations, were emerging as important and essential organizers of social identification.Giddens, Anthony. 1971. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.This book is an excellent resource for students at the undergraduate and graduate level who are engaging with the original writings of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim for the first time. For the first two‐thirds of the book, Giddens analyzes separately each of the theoretical contributions of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. The concluding chapters consider lines of comparison between the three authors, with particular emphasis on how Durkheim and Weber diverge from Marx. Of particular interest to this article is Giddens' examination of Weber's concepts of class and status (pp. 163–8).Grusky, David B. and Jesper B. Sørensen. 1998. 'Can Class Analysis Be Salvaged?'American Journal of Sociology 103(5): 1187–234.Using what they called a "quasi‐Durkheimian third road," Grusky and Sørensen advocate a disaggregate analysis of social stratification in the form of occupational groupings. Based on a number of premises, the authors argue that occupational groupings, contrary to aggregate class groupings, represent real cleavages among people in society. The result is an important addition to the debate over realist and nominalist approaches to class and identification.Marx, K. and F. Engels. 1964 [1848]. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Washington Square Press.Along with being one of Marx and Engels' most accessible writings for undergraduate students, The Communist Manifesto is the pair's most well‐known collaboration. In the writing, Marx and Engels conceptualize class membership evolving into two general groups. Marx and Engels organize class membership with respect to an individual's relationship to the modes of production. The bourgeoisie own the modes of production whereas the proletarians sell their labor to the owners. Marx and Engels also provide insight into cognitive and emotional aspects of class identification in their discussions of class awareness and conflict between classes.Marx, K. 1993 [1894]. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 3. New York: Penguin Classics.Marx offers readers a discussion of class in Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 3. The discussion is incomplete due to his death, but Marx conceptualizes class membership differently compared to the bourgeoisie/proletariat organization in The Communist Manifesto. Marx discusses 'three great classes' of wage‐laborers, capitalists, and landlords before introducing the idea of fragmentation of the classes into smaller groups. The unfinished conceptualization of smaller groups is where the manuscript stops. Subjective dimensions of class in Vol. 3 are not developed, but inferences of identification with class position may be traced to Marx's thoughts about class awareness and class identification.Swartz, D. 1997. Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.As the book's title indicates, David Swartz concentrates on Pierre Bourdieu's examination of the link between culture and power. Focusing on this central theme of Bourdieu's sociology, Swartz gives readers a comprehensive overview of Bourdieu's theoretical framework, including his key concepts of habitus, fields, and capitals (economic, cultural, symbolic, and social). Although discussions of class identification are present throughout the text, chapter seven ('Social Classes and the Struggle for Power') most highlights the topic by focusing on class practices and class position indicators. Swartz's informative discussions represent an excellent starting‐point for learning about Bourdieu's conceptualizations of class and class identity.Veblen, T. 1994 [1899]. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.Thorstein Veblen' s The Theory of the Leisure Class represents one of the first in‐depth analyses of class identification. Veblen provides a critique of both class identification and general cultural ways of the wealthy in late 19th century America. Although often overlooked, Veblen's focus on the acquisition of status signs as attempts to achieve social superiority captures a Darwinian train of thought. He argues that instinctual desires to dominate other individuals were shaped by industrial American life into largely symbolic battles of consumption. Veblen's attention to the use of consumption practices as status markers, minus the emphasis on instinctual desires, continues to influence contemporary consumer studies.Weber, Max. 1978 [1921/22]. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (2 vols.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Max Weber's Economy and Society is exceptionally significant, both in terms of volume and contribution to the field of sociology. Unfortunately, this work was incomplete at the time of Weber's death in 1920. Weber touches on many subjects in Economy and Society, including his view on sociology and the concept of social action, which anchors much of his work. For a firsthand account of Weber's contentious definitions of class and status see the sections "Status Groups and Classes" (1978 [1921/22], pp. 302–7) and "The Distribution of Power within the Political Community: Class, Status, and Party" (1978 [1921/22], pp. 926–39).Sample syllabusSection one: Exploring class identification: understandings, significance, and debatesBeck, U. and J. Willms. 2004. Conversations with Ulrich Beck. Cambridge: Polity Press.Pakulski, J. and M. Waters. 1996. The Death of Class. London: Sage.Reay, D. 1998. 'Rethinking Social Class: Qualitative Perspectives on Class and Gender.'Sociology 32(2): 259–75.Reay, D. 2005. 'Beyond Consciousness? The Psychic Landscape of Class.'Sociology 39(5): 911–28.Section two: Class identification and classical theoryGiddens, Anthony. 1971. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Marx, K. 1978 [1932]. 'The German Ideology: Part I.' Pp. 146–200 in The Marx‐Engels Reader, 2nd edn, edited by R. C. Tucker. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Marx, K. 1993 [1894]. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 3. New York: Penguin Classics. (Chapter 52)Marx, K. and F. Engels 1964 [1848]. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Washington Square Press.Weber, M. 1978 [1921/1922]. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (2 vols.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Durkheim, E. 1984 [1893]. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press.Veblen, T. 1994 [1899]. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.Section three: Class identification and contemporary theoryLukács, G. 1971 [1922]. History of Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Wright, E. O. 1997. Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Introduction, Chapters 1, 2, 5, and 6.)Swartz, D. 1997. Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. (Chapter 7)Baudrillard, J. 1981. For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign. St. Louis MO: Telos. (Chapters 1, 2, 6, 7, and 11)Grusky, David B. and Jesper B. Sørensen. 1998. 'Can Class Analysis Be Salvaged?'American Journal of Sociology 103(5): 1187–234.Section four: Class identification and future directionsBottero, Wendy. 2004. 'Class Identities and the Identity of Class.'Sociology 38(5): 985–1003.Skeggs, B. 1997. Formations of Class and Gender. London: Sage.Lockwood, D. 1996. 'Civic Integration and Class Formation.'British Journal of Sociology 47(3): 531–50.Savage, M., G. Bagnall and B. Longhurst. 2001. 'Ordinary, Ambivalent and Defensive: Class Identities in the Northwest of England.'Sociology 35(4): 875–92.Assignment ideas1. Class Identification: Themes and Debates
 Using Section One's readings, highlight three different debates with respect to contemporary views on the significance of class identification. For instance, do scholars believe social class has a strong influence on individual identity? In highlighting the debates, explain all positions and the points of disagreement.
2. Comparing and Contrasting Classical Theoretical Views
 Provide summaries of each classical theorist's conceptualization of class identification. Summaries must include discussions of the theorists' understandings of class identification (What is the theorist's understanding of class identification) and discussions of the theorists' explanations of their understandings (How does the theorist explain his understanding of class identification?)
 Provide four similarities among the theorists' conceptualizations.
 Provide four differences among the theorists' conceptualizations.
3. Continuations and New Developments of class identity
 Select three contemporary theorists. For the theorists, provide summaries of their conceptualizations of class identification.
 Discuss how each theorist continues tradition(s) of classical theoretical conceptualizations of class identification.
 Discuss how each theorist provides new understandings of class identifications.
4. Envisioning Future Directions and Revisiting Current Debates
 Using both your personal thoughts and previously examined ideas, revisit two debates on the contemporary significance of class identification. In addition, discuss three potential directions of class identification scholarship, and explain how the potential future directions relate to past viewpoints on class identification.

The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Montene gro covers the period from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2020 (fiscal years 2016-2020). This CPF builds on the results and lessons of the previous World Bank Group (WBG) Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), which originally covered the period July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014, and was subsequently extended to June 30, 2015.The one-year CPS) extension was intended to provide greater clarity on the country's medium-term macro-fiscal framework as a basis for the new CPF, and to give additional time to make progress on improving environmental management, a key pillar of the CPS. The new CPF seeks to address the top priorities identified by the recently completed Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as those that Montenegro needs to most urgently tackle to advance in its path towards shared prosperity and sustainable development. The CPF will selectively support Montenegro's development agenda outlined in the Montenegro Development Directions (MDD) 2015-2018, Economic Reform program (ERP) 2015-2017 and the Montenegro European Union (EU) Accession Program 2014-17. The WBG strategy will continue to support, and be aligned with, Montenegro's EU accession and integration process. The formulation of the new CPF benefitted from extensive consultations held in October 2015 and in January and March 2016, and involving several line ministries, municipalities, civil society, academia, and private sector across various regions of the country, as well as representatives of the international development community. The resulting proposal for engagement under the FY16-20 CPF reflects a broad consensus of a wide range of stakeholders and a shared understanding of development priorities and challenges facing the country.

After an arduous fight for the rights of women and black people practically throughout the entire twentieth century, the voice of members of community encompassing sexual minorities and other individuals with non-normative genders has been increasingly appearing in the public discourse. This is another group that began to demand respect and acceptance. Their actions are carried out at different levels. One of such ventures are the Olympic Games, whose range of influence and popularity is regularly increasing. Is there, therefore, a time-dependent correlation between the biannually held (alternately summer and winter), most recognized international sports competitions and the actions of people belonging to sexual minorities whose orientation is not heterosexual and people with gender identity different from their assigned sex? The following analysis shows the Olympic history in that regard, which, supplemented with numerous sport threads about the fight for the rights of women and people with a skin color other than white, is designed to verify the presented hypothesis. References 1 Müller N. Olympism. Selected writings. Lausanne: IOC; 2000. p. 711-713. 2 Lennartz K. Two women ran the marathon in 1896. Citius, Altius, Fortius. 1994; 2(1): 19-20. 3 Tarasouleas A. Stamata Revithi, 'Alias Melpomeni'. Olympic Review. 1997; XXVI(17): 53-55. 4 Quintillan G. Alice Milliat and the Women's Games. Olympic Review. 2000; XXVI(31): 27-28. 5 Młodzikowski G. 20 olimpiad ery nowożytnej. Warszawa: Sport i Turystyka; 1973. 6 Porada Z. Starożytne i nowożytne igrzyska olimpijskie. Kraków: KAW; 1980. 7 Rempel B. [Internet] Women's ski jumping aim at the Winter Olympics [cited 2019 Ago 12]. 2013. Available from www.skiinghistory.org. 8 Hart S. [Internet] Sochi Winter Olympics 2014: Carina Vogt wins women's ski jumping gold [cited 2019 Ago 12]. 2014. Available from www.telegraph.co.uk. 9 Lipoński W. All Games, All Nations? Problems of cultural universality of the Olympic Movement. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism. 2003;10(1): 107-14. 10 Holmes J. Olympiad 1936. New York: Ballantine; 1971. 11 Blundell N. Hitler w obiektywie. Nieznane zdjęcia. t. J. Złotnicki, Warszawa: Amber; 2018. 12 Shaikin B. Sport and politics. The Olympics and the Los Angeles Games. New York: Praeger Publishers; 1988. 13 Walters G. Igrzyska w Berlinie. Jak Hitler ukradł olimpijski sen. Poznań: Rebis; 2008. 14 Willemsen E. Togo's 1st Winter Olympian wants to inspire Africa. Associated Press, 13 Feb 2014 [cited 2019 Ago 10]. Russia: ABC News. 15 Berg S. (2009). How Dora the Man Competed in the Woman's High Jump. Der Spiegel, 15 Sep 2009 [cited 2019 Jul 29]. 16 García J. [Internet] Der Mann, der eine Hochspringerin war. 18 Oct 2017, [cited 2019 Ago 11]. Available from www.die-tagesport.de. 17 Tucker R, Collins M. The science of sex verification and athletic performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2010; 5(2): 127-139. 18 Padawer R. [Internet] The humiliating practice of sex-testing female athletes. The New York Times, 28 Jun 2016 [cited 2019 Ago 11]. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html 19 Lenskyj H.J. Gay Games or Gay Olympics? Implications for lesbian inclusion. Sociological Perspectives on Sport: The Games Outside the Games. 2015: 352. 20 Kirby SL, Demers G, Parent, S. Vulnerability/prevention: Considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 6(4): 407-26. 21 Hubbard P, Wilkinson E. Welcoming the world? Hospitality, homonationalism, and the London 2012 Olympics. Antipode. 2015; 47(3): 598-615. 22 Camporesi S, Maugeri P. Caster Semenya: sport, categories and the creative role of ethics, J Med. Ethics. 2010; 36: 378-9. 23 Karkazis K, Jordan-Young RM. The powers of testosterone: Obscuring race and regional bias in the regulation of women athletes. Feminist Formations. 2018; 30(2): 1-39. 24 Wojnarowski G. [Internet] Dla Jóźwik to powinna być złota medalistka IO. Piękna Kanadyjka kontra afrykańskie maszyny. 13 Aug 2017 [cited 2019 Ago 08], Available from www.sportowefakty.wp.pl. 25 Fabian M. [Internet] MŚ w Dausze. Caster Semenya z zakazek startu na 800 m. Nie obroni tytułu mistrzowskiego. 30 July 2019 [cited 2019 Ago 08]. Available from www.sportowefakty.wp.pl. 26 Stern, C. [Internet] (2016). I wanted to give up – but I didn't: Nike casts its first transgender sports star, Olympic triathlete Chris Mosier, in a groundbreaking new ad campaign [cited 2019 Ago 10]. Available from www.dailymail.co.uk. 27 Sawicka-Stępińska B. Women in the Polish Language of Sports: Feminatives and other displays of gender asymmetry [w:] Bogusławska-Tafelska M, Haładewicz-Grzelak M. Editors. Communication as a Life Process, volume 2. The Holistic Paradigm in Language Sciences. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2019. p. 237-247. 28 IOC. Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC; 2018. ; Después de una ardua lucha por los derechos de las mujeres y los negros durante la mayor parte del siglo XX, la voz de los miembros de la comunidad que abraza a las minorías sexuales y otros individuos de género no normativos aparece cada vez más en el discurso público. Este es otro grupo que ha comenzado a exigir respeto y aceptación. Sus acciones se realizan en diferentes niveles. Una de esas empresas son los Juegos Olímpicos, cuyo rango de influencia y popularidad aumenta constantemente. ¿Existe, por lo tanto, una correlación dependiente del tiempo entre las competiciones deportivas bienales reconocidas internacionalmente (alternativamente en verano e invierno) y las acciones de personas de minorías sexuales cuya orientación no heterosexual y personas con una identidad de género diferente a su género designado? El siguiente análisis muestra la historia olímpica a este respecto, que se complementa con numerosas líneas de investigación deportiva sobre la lucha por los derechos de las mujeres y las personas con un color de piel diferente al blanco, está diseñado para verificar la hipótesis presentada. Referencias 1 Müller N. Olympism. Selected writings. Lausanne: IOC; 2000. p. 711-713. 2 Lennartz K. Two women ran the marathon in 1896. Citius, Altius, Fortius. 1994; 2(1): 19-20. 3 Tarasouleas A. Stamata Revithi, 'Alias Melpomeni'. Olympic Review. 1997; XXVI(17): 53-55. 4 Quintillan G. Alice Milliat and the Women's Games. Olympic Review. 2000; XXVI(31): 27-28. 5 Młodzikowski G. 20 olimpiad ery nowożytnej. Warszawa: Sport i Turystyka; 1973. 6 Porada Z. Starożytne i nowożytne igrzyska olimpijskie. Kraków: KAW; 1980. 7 Rempel B. [Internet] Women's ski jumping aim at the Winter Olympics [cited 2019 Ago 12]. 2013. Available from www.skiinghistory.org. 8 Hart S. [Internet] Sochi Winter Olympics 2014: Carina Vogt wins women's ski jumping gold [cited 2019 Ago 12]. 2014. Available from www.telegraph.co.uk. 9 Lipoński W. All Games, All Nations? Problems of cultural universality of the Olympic Movement. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism. 2003;10(1): 107-14. 10 Holmes J. Olympiad 1936. New York: Ballantine; 1971. 11 Blundell N. Hitler w obiektywie. Nieznane zdjęcia. t. J. Złotnicki, Warszawa: Amber; 2018. 12 Shaikin B. Sport and politics. The Olympics and the Los Angeles Games. New York: Praeger Publishers; 1988. 13 Walters G. Igrzyska w Berlinie. Jak Hitler ukradł olimpijski sen. Poznań: Rebis; 2008. 14 Willemsen E. Togo's 1st Winter Olympian wants to inspire Africa. Associated Press, 13 Feb 2014 [cited 2019 Ago 10]. Russia: ABC News. 15 Berg S. (2009). How Dora the Man Competed in the Woman's High Jump. Der Spiegel, 15 Sep 2009 [cited 2019 Jul 29]. 16 García J. [Internet] Der Mann, der eine Hochspringerin war. 18 Oct 2017, [cited 2019 Ago 11]. Available from www.die-tagesport.de. 17 Tucker R, Collins M. The science of sex verification and athletic performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2010; 5(2): 127-139. 18 Padawer R. [Internet] The humiliating practice of sex-testing female athletes. The New York Times, 28 Jun 2016 [cited 2019 Ago 11]. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html 19 Lenskyj H.J. Gay Games or Gay Olympics? Implications for lesbian inclusion. Sociological Perspectives on Sport: The Games Outside the Games. 2015: 352. 20 Kirby SL, Demers G, Parent, S. Vulnerability/prevention: Considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 6(4): 407-26. 21 Hubbard P, Wilkinson E. Welcoming the world? Hospitality, homonationalism, and the London 2012 Olympics. Antipode. 2015; 47(3): 598-615. 22 Camporesi S, Maugeri P. Caster Semenya: sport, categories and the creative role of ethics, J Med. Ethics. 2010; 36: 378-9. 23 Karkazis K, Jordan-Young RM. The powers of testosterone: Obscuring race and regional bias in the regulation of women athletes. Feminist Formations. 2018; 30(2): 1-39. 24 Wojnarowski G. [Internet] Dla Jóźwik to powinna być złota medalistka IO. Piękna Kanadyjka kontra afrykańskie maszyny. 13 Aug 2017 [cited 2019 Ago 08], Available from www.sportowefakty.wp.pl. 25 Fabian M. [Internet] MŚ w Dausze. Caster Semenya z zakazek startu na 800 m. Nie obroni tytułu mistrzowskiego. 30 July 2019 [cited 2019 Ago 08]. Available from www.sportowefakty.wp.pl. 26 Stern, C. [Internet] (2016). I wanted to give up – but I didn't: Nike casts its first transgender sports star, Olympic triathlete Chris Mosier, in a groundbreaking new ad campaign [cited 2019 Ago 10]. Available from www.dailymail.co.uk. 27 Sawicka-Stępińska B. Women in the Polish Language of Sports: Feminatives and other displays of gender asymmetry [w:] Bogusławska-Tafelska M, Haładewicz-Grzelak M. Editors. Communication as a Life Process, volume 2. The Holistic Paradigm in Language Sciences. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2019. p. 237-247. 28 IOC. Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC; 2018. ; Após uma árdua luta pelos direitos das mulheres e das pessoas negras durante praticamente todo o século XX, a voz dos membros da comunidade que abrange as minorias sexuais e outros indivíduos com gênero não normativo, vem aparecendo cada vez mais no discurso público. Esse é outro grupo que começou a exigir respeito e aceitação. Suas ações são realizadas em diferentes níveis. Um desses empreendimentos são os Jogos Olímpicos, cuja gama de influência e popularidade aumenta progressivamente. Existe, portanto, uma correlação dependente do tempo entre as competições esportivas reconhecidas internacionais realizadas bianualmente (alternadamente verão e inverno) e as ações de pessoas pertencentes a minorias sexuais cuja orientação não é heterossexual e pessoas com identidade de gênero diferente de seu sexo designado? A análise a seguir mostra a história olímpica a esse respeito, que é complementada com inúmeras linhas de pesquisa do esporte sobre a luta pelos direitos de mulheres e das pessoas com uma cor de pele diferente de branca, é projetada para verificar a hipótese apresentada. Referências 1 Müller N. Olympism. Selected writings. Lausanne: IOC; 2000. p. 711-713. 2 Lennartz K. Two women ran the marathon in 1896. Citius, Altius, Fortius. 1994; 2(1): 19-20. 3 Tarasouleas A. Stamata Revithi, 'Alias Melpomeni'. Olympic Review. 1997; XXVI(17): 53-55. 4 Quintillan G. Alice Milliat and the Women's Games. Olympic Review. 2000; XXVI(31): 27-28. 5 Młodzikowski G. 20 olimpiad ery nowożytnej. Warszawa: Sport i Turystyka; 1973. 6 Porada Z. Starożytne i nowożytne igrzyska olimpijskie. Kraków: KAW; 1980. 7 Rempel B. [Internet] Women's ski jumping aim at the Winter Olympics [cited 2019 Ago 12]. 2013. Available from www.skiinghistory.org. 8 Hart S. [Internet] Sochi Winter Olympics 2014: Carina Vogt wins women's ski jumping gold [cited 2019 Ago 12]. 2014. Available from www.telegraph.co.uk. 9 Lipoński W. All Games, All Nations? Problems of cultural universality of the Olympic Movement. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism. 2003;10(1): 107-14. 10 Holmes J. Olympiad 1936. New York: Ballantine; 1971. 11 Blundell N. Hitler w obiektywie. Nieznane zdjęcia. t. J. Złotnicki, Warszawa: Amber; 2018. 12 Shaikin B. Sport and politics. The Olympics and the Los Angeles Games. New York: Praeger Publishers; 1988. 13 Walters G. Igrzyska w Berlinie. Jak Hitler ukradł olimpijski sen. Poznań: Rebis; 2008. 14 Willemsen E. Togo's 1st Winter Olympian wants to inspire Africa. Associated Press, 13 Feb 2014 [cited 2019 Ago 10]. Russia: ABC News. 15 Berg S. (2009). How Dora the Man Competed in the Woman's High Jump. Der Spiegel, 15 Sep 2009 [cited 2019 Jul 29]. 16 García J. [Internet] Der Mann, der eine Hochspringerin war. 18 Oct 2017, [cited 2019 Ago 11]. Available from www.die-tagesport.de. 17 Tucker R, Collins M. The science of sex verification and athletic performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2010; 5(2): 127-139. 18 Padawer R. [Internet] The humiliating practice of sex-testing female athletes. The New York Times, 28 Jun 2016 [cited 2019 Ago 11]. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html 19 Lenskyj H.J. Gay Games or Gay Olympics? Implications for lesbian inclusion. Sociological Perspectives on Sport: The Games Outside the Games. 2015: 352. 20 Kirby SL, Demers G, Parent, S. Vulnerability/prevention: Considering the needs of disabled and gay athletes in the context of sexual harassment and abuse. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2008; 6(4): 407-26. 21 Hubbard P, Wilkinson E. Welcoming the world? Hospitality, homonationalism, and the London 2012 Olympics. Antipode. 2015; 47(3): 598-615. 22 Camporesi S, Maugeri P. Caster Semenya: sport, categories and the creative role of ethics, J Med. Ethics. 2010; 36: 378-9. 23 Karkazis K, Jordan-Young RM. The powers of testosterone: Obscuring race and regional bias in the regulation of women athletes. Feminist Formations. 2018; 30(2): 1-39. 24 Wojnarowski G. [Internet] Dla Jóźwik to powinna być złota medalistka IO. Piękna Kanadyjka kontra afrykańskie maszyny. 13 Aug 2017 [cited 2019 Ago 08], Available from www.sportowefakty.wp.pl. 25 Fabian M. [Internet] MŚ w Dausze. Caster Semenya z zakazek startu na 800 m. Nie obroni tytułu mistrzowskiego. 30 July 2019 [cited 2019 Ago 08]. Available from www.sportowefakty.wp.pl. 26 Stern, C. [Internet] (2016). I wanted to give up – but I didn't: Nike casts its first transgender sports star, Olympic triathlete Chris Mosier, in a groundbreaking new ad campaign [cited 2019 Ago 10]. Available from www.dailymail.co.uk. 27 Sawicka-Stępińska B. Women in the Polish Language of Sports: Feminatives and other displays of gender asymmetry [w:] Bogusławska-Tafelska M, Haładewicz-Grzelak M. Editors. Communication as a Life Process, volume 2. The Holistic Paradigm in Language Sciences. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2019. p. 237-247. 28 IOC. Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC; 2018.

In 2010, the appraisal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicated that all the countries and the different actors involved in this process should underlay their efforts to implement projects adapted to the nature of the various societies. To this end, the issue of "culture" has emerged as an obvious and inherent factor in achieving these goals.Our research issue raises in this context through a geostrategic area which undergoes great changes in the political, economic and social level. Thus, can the culture constitute a basic element in the development programs undertaken in the Arab States? The present thesis is developed through three main stages. First, the integration of culture in this process as a real sector. Then, the means and methods used by the different actors involved and concerned with the field of culture in the Arab countries. Finally, specific indicators related to the region which could show the limits, but also the potential of Arab States.This approach acts as clearing, insofar as the development through cultural sector remains largely untapped in the Arab world. However, the changes occurring in recent years in the region can lead to a genuine reconsideration of the cultural sector and its relationship with the development process. ; En 2010, le bilan sur les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD) a révélé que l'ensemble des pays ainsi que les différents acteurs impliqués dans ce processus devaient redoubler leurs efforts afin de mettre en place des projets adaptés à la nature des diverses sociétés. À cet effet, la question de la « culture » s'est imposée comme un facteur évident et inhérent à l'accomplissement de ces objectifs. C'est dans ce cadre que se pose notre problématique de recherche à travers une zone géostratégique qui subit de grands bouleversements au niveau politique, économique et social. De cette manière, la culture peut-elle constituer un élément de base dans les programmes de développement entrepris dans les États arabes ? Cette présente thèse ...

In 2010, the appraisal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicated that all the countries and the different actors involved in this process should underlay their efforts to implement projects adapted to the nature of the various societies. To this end, the issue of "culture" has emerged as an obvious and inherent factor in achieving these goals.Our research issue raises in this context through a geostrategic area which undergoes great changes in the political, economic and social level. Thus, can the culture constitute a basic element in the development programs undertaken in the Arab States? The present thesis is developed through three main stages. First, the integration of culture in this process as a real sector. Then, the means and methods used by the different actors involved and concerned with the field of culture in the Arab countries. Finally, specific indicators related to the region which could show the limits, but also the potential of Arab States.This approach acts as clearing, insofar as the development through cultural sector remains largely untapped in the Arab world. However, the changes occurring in recent years in the region can lead to a genuine reconsideration of the cultural sector and its relationship with the development process. ; En 2010, le bilan sur les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD) a révélé que l'ensemble des pays ainsi que les différents acteurs impliqués dans ce processus devaient redoubler leurs efforts afin de mettre en place des projets adaptés à la nature des diverses sociétés. À cet effet, la question de la « culture » s'est imposée comme un facteur évident et inhérent à l'accomplissement de ces objectifs. C'est dans ce cadre que se pose notre problématique de recherche à travers une zone géostratégique qui subit de grands bouleversements au niveau politique, économique et social. De cette manière, la culture peut-elle constituer un élément de base dans les programmes de développement entrepris dans les États arabes ? Cette présente thèse ...