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AbstractIt is acknowledged that a variety of chemicals enter the environment and may cause joint effects. Chemicals regulated under the European Chemicals Regulation REACH are often part of formulated mixtures and during their processing and use in various products they can be jointly released via sewage treatment plants or diffuse sources, and may combine in the environment. One can differentiate between intentional mixtures, and unintentional mixtures. In contrast to other substance-oriented legislations, REACH contains no explicit requirements for an assessment of combined effects, exposures and risks of several components. Still, it requires ensuring the safe use of substances on their own, in mixtures, and in articles. The available options to address intentional as well as unintentional mixtures are presented and discussed with respect to their feasibility under REACH, considering the responsibilities, communication tasks and information availability of the different actors (registrants, downstream-user and authorities). Specific mixture assessments via component-based approaches require a comprehensive knowledge on substances properties, uses, fate and behaviour, and the composition of the mixture under consideration. This information is often not available to the responsible actor. In principle, intentional mixtures of known composition can be assessed by the downstream-user. But approaches have to be improved to ensure a transparent communication and sound mixture assessment. In contrast, unintentional mixtures appear to be better addressable via generic approaches such as a mixture allocation factor during the chemical safety assessment, although questions on the magnitude, implementation and legal mandates remain. Authorities can conduct specific mixture risk assessments in well-defined and prioritized cases, followed by subsequent regulatory measures. In order to address intentional and unintentional mixtures within the current REACH framework, legal mandates together with guidance for the different actors are needed. Furthermore, further data on mixture compositions, uses and co-exposures need to be made accessible via shared databases.

Abstract
This article examines the coronavirus counter-measures adopted by East African states from a legal perspective. The focus is whether the adopted measures infringe on the provisions of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community (EAC) and domestic legislations, including the countries' constitutional provisions. The legal recourse for East African citizens in instances where domestic remedies have failed will be examined in light of the role of the judicial organ of the East African Community, the East African Court of Justice (EACJ). An examination will be made on protection of human rights under the EAC Treaty and the jurisdiction of the EACJ in adjudicating on allegations of human rights violation. This contribution will proceed to debate on the existing relationship between international law and domestic laws; whether international law is superior to domestic law and whether international bodies can entertain a complaint by an individual or an institution on violation of human rights where redress has not been exhaustively sought through domestic legal systems.

Although testamentary freedom is an important principle in succession law, legislators and judges across the world have recognized the importance of certain family members by granting them mandatory claims in the inheritance of their deceased relative (in spite of wishes of the deceased). This article focuses on these rights. The goal is to introduce the Dutch framework of imperative succession law and to demonstrate the possibilities of combining the legal and economic discipline to deepen knowledge on these provisions. Whilst examples will focus upon succession law, the concepts will be described in a general manner. This might inspire researchers to apply a similar interdisciplinary approach in other fields of law. The imperative provisions that currently exist for family members in the Netherlands can be divided into two types of claims. The first is the legitime, a fixed claim for children of the deceased. The second type are the other statutory entitlements that cover a specified range of situations in which judges have freedom in deciding upon the requests of family members. However, this discretion raises many questions on the way judges should handle such claims. A combination of law and economics can aid in describing and interpreting the law, for example by defining the need for support that is often required for a successful claim. By relying on economic data and theory, judges can come to a more consistent and substantiated way of establishing the need for support. The interdisciplinary methodology can also improve comparative legal research. The functional approach that is common in comparative legal research, assumes that law fulfills certain functions. Economic figures provide an objective basis that demonstrates what functions a law fulfills and to what extent this is done efficiently. This information can be used to compare the functioning of laws in different countries.

Politicians often mention immigration enforcement, and deportation in particular, as a means to assert state sovereignty. The scholarship on deportation in philosophy and political anthropology also names exclusion as a founding act of sovereignty. This paper looks at deportation through an event that is interpreted as regaining sovereignty by a State, that is exiting a supra-national political organization, namely the European Union. New immigration regulations in the UK are meant to end the EU Freedom of Movement and equalise the statuses of EU- and non-EU migrants in the UK. The research question this working paper addresses is the following: how will the new immigration regulations and policies affect the possibility of deportations of EU citizens in the UK? With the lens of Interpretive Policy Analysis, the working paper analyses primary sources, such as regulations, policy papers and policy implementation guidelines as well as expert interviews with immigration advisors. It concludes that the deportability of EU citizens will increase. Deportability of EU citizens will be differentiated, as rough sleepers, former convicts and irregular migrants may be first to be targeted with deportation and form a new deportspora.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of objects discovered during the excavation of the "Kamennaya mogila" (Stone Grave) kurgan on Medovaya mountain (southern outskirts of Zheleznovodsk). Methods and materials. The comparative typological method was used as a worker. It is based on classification by material, processing method, shape, ornamentation, as well as on the study of types of gold jewelry, glass and black-glazed dishes, bronze horse plate foreheads and cheek pads, etc. Analysis. The typological and chronological analysis was carried out on gold jewelry (plaques, rings, pendants), antique ceramic and glassware, items of horse dress and weapons. Analogies to imported items from the crypt, found in the monuments of ancient culture and in the burials of the barbarian nobility, allow them to be dated to the 4th – 2nd centuries BC. Items of equestrian dress and weapons date back to the 3rd – 2nd centuries BC. Results. The author, regarding the social structure of the local population, ranked the monument as stratum No. 2 (nobility of the first level). A complex burial structure of the tomb with a significant number of ritual offerings is recorded. Burial items have numerous analogies in the status burials of the Bosporan, Meotian and Scythian nobility of the Northern Black Sea region and the North Caucasus of the 4 th – 2nd centuries BC. The sophisticated frame structure of the horse harness made of iron parts from the crypt of the Stone Grave is unique. Only a member of the nobility with a very high status could afford such a special bridle as a ritual offering.

In all countries under consideration, legal regulation of proprietary relationships is a reflection of the current level of social and economic development of these states, as well as of the objective necessity of including certain proprietary legal institutions into the system of rights for things: • the process of civil legislation reformation in Brazil and China, in so far as it relates to the institutions of the right of ownership and limited proprietary rights, is acceptable to be admitted as generally successful and meeting the stated objectives. The proprietary legislation of the Republic of South Africa is marked by high stability; • in spite of being based on Roman-Dutch proprietary rights legal institutions, the law of South Africa receives the required development due to the judges' interpretative activity in the process of creating case laws. Such situation is determined by the fact that during the period of English rule the Republic of South Africa adopted the type of judicial system organization and activity common for the common law countries;• the improvement of legal systems, as well as the unification and harmonization of national legislations of China, Brazil and the Republic of South Africa, ensures the creation of a unified approach to social and political, and legal interaction, which ensures compliance with the private law and proprietary rights as the basic rights of democratic societies oriented to sustainable social and economic development. © 2016, ASERS Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Human rights are almost inseparable from the contemporary common-sense notion of civilization as a morally superior state of human society. In this article I argue that they are equally central to the concept of civilization as a reversible process of increasing social interdependence and cohesion as theorized by Norbert Elias. However, according to the theoretical statement included in the introduction to this special issue, the civilizing effect of human rights is accompanied by their inseparable decivilizing potential. Which of the two will be the stronger in any state of global human figuration depends on two principal factors: the resilience of human interdependencies (especially the prospects of widening the circles of intergroup identification) and the strength of centrifugal forces in the figuration, constituting a reduction of integrative effects of human rights and increasing their disintegrative influence. By tracing the emergence of global legal governance of abortion within the framework of human rights, I focus specifically on one aspect of it that is crucial for the interconnection of civilizing and decivilizing effects in this case: the status of the right to abortion law between women's rights and human rights, and, by extension, the relationship between women's rights and human rights in general. Drawing on the much-cited work of Norbert Elias and John L. Scotson, I the established-outsiders dynamics behind the old debate on whether women's rights are human rights or not, the consequences of which keep reverberating until today.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> This article provides an overview of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genomic services that are currently available in Greece and the legal framework within which they operate. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Here, we describe the landscape of the DTC genomic testing companies and laboratories by conducting a systematic &#x0399;nternet search for relevant websites. We examine the existing legal framework regarding genetic testing in Greece by a review of present regulation. Although Greece does not have explicit legal provisions for DTC genomics, several other laws, including soft law mechanisms, create the broader legal framework within which DTC genomic services may exist. <b><i>Results/Conclusions:</i></b> While the current legal framework creates a flexible environment that is conducive to DTC genomic operations, it is also ambiguous about the legality of some specific services. Given the growing DTC activity in Greece, we argue that it is important to both enforce compliance with existing law and clarify legal ambiguities that may risk limiting the power of legal protections that ought to be afforded to consumers.

El presente artículo pretende demostrar, que el actual marco constitucional y legal, concerniente a los perfiles de los aspirantes al Honorable Congreso de la República de Colombia, se queda corto, en exigencias de tipo ético y moral, para la configuración de los requisitos para acceder, a la Rama Legislativa del poder público. Lo que significa que en tal Corporación, vive de manera permanente la democracia colombiana, ya que sus delegatarios representan al pueblo, en la toma de decisiones trascendentales con implicaciones de toda índole, política, social, económica, cultural, fiscal, financiera, etc. La tesis que defenderemos se construirá a partir de los postulados del Estado Social de Derecho, como un Estado don- de el principal protagonista es el ciudadano del común, el ciudadano de a pie, que en términos de Ferrajoli, correspondería a la protección de los derechos fundamentales como ley del más débil. Para este estudio, nos apoyaremos en tres tópicos fundantes, a saber: (i) la idoneidad del ordenamiento concerniente a perfiles lega- les para aspirantes al Honorable Congreso de la República de Colombia en el Estado Social de Derecho, (ii) la incidencia en la democracia participativa frente al ejercicio político de ele- gibilidad parlamentaria en torno a los perfiles de los aspirantes, (iii) realidad social y partici- pación democrática: en búsqueda de un ejerci- cio político en pro de los ciudadanos.

This guide describes the Long Term Care Ombudsman Program in South Carolina and summarizes the legal rights of long term care residents.

Regions, rich in energy resources, continue to be of crucial interest for our carbon-powered world. There are numerous things at stake to begin with, from international legal status, ownership rights, energy routes, transit corridors, state and corporate interests, environmental hazards and the overall puzzle of energy diplomacy. Additionally, Caspian is troubled with its own specific set of complexities that are listed in this work. They range from the undefined legal status, territorial disputes, ethnic instabilities and vicinity to other hot spots, such as the turmoil Middle East and the more recently sparked conflict in Ukraine. Besides the current and ongoing political, legal and security concerns, another layer of complexity represents the recent economic crisis and the steep fall in global energy prices. Caspian is already experiencing the negative effects of these trends, not to forget the implications of the crisis in the Russian Federation's economic and currency sectors and the overall decline of investments in the region over the past two years. In addition to recouping the losses from energy trade, important consequence will therefore be a much tougher competition to attract investments in the future, inevitably resulting in greater concessions made on the invested side which is likely to impact regional stability. Because of its geographical setting, the Caspian is also of central interest for the European energy security, although the supply chain from the region has been traditionally kept under Russian Federation control. However, for the past decade or so, the EU is becoming increasingly ambitious in planning Caspian pipelines that exclude Russian Federation's territory and the Nabucco Pipeline project was in the centre of these strategic efforts for a considerable amount of time. The Caspian is therefore also at a crossroads between grand and conflicting energy interests of Russian Federation and the Western Europe.

The theme of this work is the tripartite partnership as an instrument enabling representatives of social partners to participate on the basis of parity with representatives of public authority in discussions relevant to labour law problems, and especially tripartite agreements as an instrument to reach acceptable to all parties decisions. The purpose of this work is to analyse the legal regulation, trends, practice of making and fulfilling such agreements, to clarify the gaps of the legislation of Lithuania, problems and find the way out of existing situation. The national laws of Lithuania, which regulate the tripartite social dialogue and tripartite agreements, in general correspond to the stipulation of the international legislation. Despite that, in Lithuania tripartite partnership acts only on the national level, because there are only few territorial level tripartite institutions and there are no one agreement or institution at a branch level. Tripartite agreements in fact do not execute its purpose to warrant a social peace, resolve collective bargaining of employees whereby their right to strike is limited or prohibited, take part in legislation procedure. It shall be indicated the problem of legal status of tripartite agreements – they are not binding even upon the parties. There are more problems – insufficient activity of social partners, there are no good will to seek compromise, negotiators have no proper qualifications to obtain effective dialogue. In order to solve these problems it would be useful to arrange special training programmes, reorganize the existing structure of tripartite institutions, to fix up that tripartite agreements are binding upon the parties and institutions whom this tripartite agreements are directed to have to entertain a proposal. It can be noted that Lithuania has chosen the way of social dialogue and in the future the effective tripartite social partnership will be successfully developed.