Suchergebnisse

AbstractLarge gaps in cognition and language on the Bayley‐III between the top and bottom household wealth quartiles in 1,330 children aged 6–42 months in a representative sample of low‐ and middle‐income families in Bogota were previously shown. Maternal education and the home environment mediated these wealth effects, whereas height‐for‐age mediated a small amount of the language deficit only. At ages 6–8 years, we relocated 72% of the children and assessed their IQ on the WISC‐V, school achievement, and behavior to investigate the evolution of the wealth gaps and potential mediators. The wealth gap in IQ at 6–8 years was significantly larger than that in a factor combining Bayley‐III language and cognition at 6–42 months; whereas the gap in achievement was larger but not significantly. Moreover, in cross‐sectional analysis, the IQ gap increased from 6 to 8 years reaching over 1 SD. In contrast, the gap in behavior was not significant in either childhood stage. Parental education and early home environment remained major mediators of the wealth gap in IQ and achievement at 6–8 years; later home environment and attending private education also had an effect; and early height‐for‐age was no longer significant. The home environment partly mediated the effect of parental education on wealth. All mediators combined explained most of the variance in the wealth gap; the remaining gaps being not significant. Results highlight the importance of the early home environment and suggest that interventions focusing on that should have long‐term benefits. Also, continued intervention through to 8 years may be desirable.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/_U53iXNww3I.

The article discusses approaches to ensure the combat work documentation on the combat means of surface-to-air missile systems (complexes) in modern conditions. It focuses attention on the main discrepancies of the existing objective control means of combat work to the requirements of time. A review of existing research and publications on objective control of combat work shows that the existing approaches are mainly focused on organizing objective control at command and control centres and do not take into account the specifics of conducting combat work on combat weapons of surface-to-air missile systems (complexes). That is why the purpose of the article was chosen to substantiate propositions for improving the objective control system of the combat work on combat weapons of surface-to-air missile systems. When developing proposals for improving the objective control system of combat work on combat means of surface-to-air missile systems (complexes), the emphasis is placed on the fact that a promising objective control system of combat work, unlike the existing one, should be based on modern element base, be unified and should record video , audio, combat and technical information circulating in the combat means of surface-to-air missile systems (complexes). The structure of this system, its elements, communication organization is proposed, the expediency of such a construction option is justified. For each element, its functional purpose is indicated and the design direction is advisable. In addition, it was proposed to use this approach in the future for samples of weapons and military equipment (radar stations, command and control stations, combat vehicles) of other troops types.

AbstractExecutive Functions (EFs) development is critically affected by stress and trauma, as well as the socioeconomic context in which children grow up (Welsh, Nix, Blair, Bierman, & Nelson, 2010, Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 43–53). Research in this field is surprisingly lacking in relation to war contexts. This study represents a first attempt at addressing this topic by evaluating EFs in Yazidi children. The Yazidi community is an ethnic and religious minority living in Iraq. From August 2014 onwards, the Yazidi community has been the target of several atrocities perpetrated by ISIS and described as genocide by the international community at large. The University of Trieste, thanks to a program financed by the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, developed a study aimed at (a) evaluating hot and cool EFs in children living in a war context and (b) developing a specific training method to enhance hot and cool EFs in Yazidi children of preschool age (N = 53). Data related to this group of children were compared with a sample of typically developing Italian children randomly assigned to either an EFs training group (N = 55) or a passive control group (N = 51). Results indicate different baselines in EFs in Yazidi and Italian samples and a significant effect of the program on both trained groups, especially in tasks measuring hot EFs. Data are discussed in terms of hot and cool EFs in children growing in adverse environments, as well as the evaluation of educational and developmental opportunities to prevent children who survived genocide from becoming a 'lost generation'. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/7t_08TbxR_8.

AbstractThis study extends the methodological and theoretical understanding of executive functions (EFs) in preschoolers from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). First, the authors describe a rigorous process of adapting and evaluating six EF tasks to produce a culturally and developmentally appropriate measure of emerging EFs in a large sample of at‐risk children in rural Pakistan. Next, the authors identify critical developmental and family factors that relate to preschoolers' EFs over the first 4 years of life. Direct assessment of children's general cognitive skills at age two showed developmental continuity with EFs at age four, and these early cognitive skills mediated the effect of an antecedent parenting intervention on EFs as well as associations of targeted individual and family factors with EFs. Furthermore, directly assessed maternal cognitive capacities and observed maternal scaffolding uniquely predicted EFs in preschoolers. This study is also the first to demonstrate a significant overlap between direct assessments of IQ and EFs in young children from LMIC. Children's general intelligence mediated the associations of EFs with antecedent physical growth and cognitive skills as well as concurrent family factors (maternal verbal intelligence, maternal scaffolding, and home stimulation). After controlling for shared variance between preschoolers' general intelligence and EFs, three factors emerged as unique predictors of EFs: exposure to an early parenting intervention, physical growth status at age two, and number of older siblings. The findings have important implications for the design of interventions that aim to improve EFs in young children in LMIC. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://vimeo.com/316329544/5abde94cd7

In 2015, the "Migrant Crisis" caused panic in Europe, with Europe experiencing a high number of migrants arriving from the sea. Some countries increasing their bans on migrants and other limiting their migrant intake, the repercussions faced by the migrants in Libya have been atrocious. Soon, there were various reports exposing the abuse that the migrants were facing en route to Europe, one of these being slavery. Libya is the main transit route for migrants on their way to Europe and as a result, Libya has been facing a large influx of migrants. These migrants travel to Libya with the aim of being smuggled across the sea in the hopes of penetrating European borders and seeking asylum. Unfortunately, these migrants have found themselves to be victims of grave human rights abuses, including the crime of slavery. In 2017, CNN aired the first video footage that exposed the slave trade taking place in Libya. The thesis focuses on the potential accountability of the Libyan Government, the African Union, the European Union and the United Nations. It focuses on the relevant regional and international instruments and principles, including the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Through various reports, it looks at the abuses the migrants are facing and which parties are responsible for these abuses. The thesis finds that whilst all bodies contributed to the crisis, and all bodies reacted, there are clear indications of some of them not working at their full capacity. However, as the thesis deals mainly with regional and international bodies, their accountability is limited

This study investigates racializing categorizations in relation to the field of migration. The main purpose of this study is to scrutinize the prevailing representational forms of migrant Others. In an attempt to reveal the underlying assumptions in ordering social differentiation, racialization is employed as one of the analytical concepts in this study. By taking a social constructionist point of view, I examine the creation of racial categories as a political project which is rooted in colonialism and persists in exclusionary practices. Locating this study within discussions of new racism, culturalist explanations in the construction of difference are examined in order to reveal how racialization is maintained through inferiorization of culture and naturalization of difference. The connection between racialization and migration reveals itself in the immigration policies. The discursive functioning of "immigrant integration" and "social cohesion" are linked to the way states identify a set of core values to characterize their uniqueness and the modes of belonging vis-à-vis to be integrated outsiders. The empirical part examines racial formations within the field of immigrant integration and asylum reception in Finland. Racial formations of assumed-to-be Muslim asylum-seekers are discussed in relation to the nation-state paradigm and the Orientalist archive of knowledge. The empirical investigation pays attention to the particular socio-historical context in Finland, which is manifested at the intersections of Finnish exceptionalism, welfare state tradition and achievements of gender equality. The research data generated for this study include 11 interviews and the video set introduced by the Finnish Immigration Service, namely Beginner's guide to Finland Part 1 and Part 2.

Studies conclude that from 1990 to today, American society has become increasingly politically polarized, making cooperation among people who hold opposing views difficult and striking compromise on issues increasingly unlikely. Polarization is a major impediment to effective policy-making and communication; which is necessary for policy decision-making and implementation. The first step to effective cooperation is an open conversation between opposing sides. This project seeks to determine methods, based on moral framing, that create an open conversation between proponents of opposing views on a given political issue. The national gun debate, gun rights versus gun control, was used to create political communication guidelines. Three speeches from proponents of each side were subjected to rhetorical analysis, revealing consistent moral frameworks that inform each side of the debate. The speech analysis results informed blog posts used in a peer review to test if the application of moral framework theory changed a participant's perspective on an argument they strongly disagreed with. The peer review exposed participants who supported gun control to blog posts advocating fro gun rights and participants who supported gun rights to blog posts advocating for gun control. The results of this study were used to create a series of guidelines that would lead to more productive discussions between people with opposing political views. The goal of these guidelines is for participants to consider the opposing viewpoints in an argument, even if they do not adopt them. These guidelines were recorded in a video series on Youtube, "How to Discuss Politics Without Wanting to Kill Someone," to be available to anyone.

L'accès aux services dédiés aux familles d'enfants avec autisme reste un défi dans de nombreux pays, alors même que les recommandations nationales mentionnent que l'accompagnement des familles doit être visé. Afin de pallier les difficultés d'accès aux services, la formation à distance est une option retenue depuis de nombreuses années. Cependant la démocratisation de l'accès à Internet et aux applications d'appel vidéo constitue une opportunité nouvelle. Ainsi des formations en ligne ont été développées ; certaines proposent des cours en ligne, d'autres permettent la supervision d'intervention, et d'autres encore sont la transposition d'intervention existant en présentiel. Notre article vise à présenter ce qui peut présider aux modalités d'adaptation d'un programme en ligne, le programme L'ABC du comportement d'enfant ayant un TSA : des parents en action !, les difficultés rencontrées dans ce type d'adaptation en lien avec la pluralité d'acteurs concernés. Access to services for families of children with autism remains a challenge in many countries, in spite of national recommendations stating that support for families should be implemented. In order to overcome the difficulties in accessing the services, distance learning has been used for many years. However, the democratization of Internet access and video call applications is a new opportunity. Thus, online training courses have been developed. Some of these are online, some allow supervision of the interventions, and others consist in the adaptation of existing face-to-face interventions. Our article aims to present how an existing program (The ABC of the behavior of children with ASD : parents in action!) had to be adapted in e-learning and the difficulties encountered in this type of adaptation due to the wide range of concerned stakeholders.

International audience ; L'accès aux services dédiés aux familles d'enfants avec autisme reste un défi dans de nombreux pays, alors même que les recommandations nationales mentionnent que l'accompagnement des familles doit être visé. Afin de pallier les difficultés d'accès aux services, la formation à distance est une option retenue depuis de nombreuses années. Cependant la démocratisation de l'accès à Internet et aux applications d'appel vidéo constitue une opportunité nouvelle. Ainsi des formations en ligne ont été développées ; certaines proposent des cours en ligne, d'autres permettent la supervision d'intervention, et d'autres encore sont la transposition d'intervention existant en présentiel. Notre article vise à présenter ce qui peut présider aux modalités d'adaptation d'un programme en ligne, le programme L'ABC du comportement d'enfant ayant un TSA : des parents en action !, les difficultés rencontrées dans ce type d'adaptation en lien avec la pluralité d'acteurs concernés. Access to services for families of children with autism remains a challenge in many countries, in spite of national recommendations stating that support for families should be implemented. In order to overcome the difficulties in accessing the services, distance learning has been used for many years. However, the democratization of Internet access and video call applications is a new opportunity. Thus, online training courses have been developed. Some of these are online, some allow supervision of the interventions, and others consist in the adaptation of existing face-to-face interventions. Our article aims to present how an existing program (The ABC of the behavior of children with ASD : parents in action!) had to be adapted in e-learning and the difficulties encountered in this type of adaptation due to the wide range of concerned stakeholders.

Critics of Nollywood especially gender activists, have challenged its predominant, if not exclusive portrayal of women for its narrowly traditional occupational and domestic roles and images. This paper seeks to examine various ways women are depicted in Nollywood films, including physical appearance, domestic and family life, occupational life and interpersonal relationships over a 20 year period spanning the video film era. The research employed a quantitative content method to analyse 10 films while the coding sheet that contained established content categories served as the data gathering instrument. A multistage sampling technique was used to draw the sample. The findings revealed that although there is a higher percentage of women than men in Nollywood films, women still play diminished central roles, and continue to be portrayed less frequently in roles that reflect current social realities than men, especially regarding the professions. Nollywood continues its penchant of depicting successful and powerful women in social and domestic settings as dangerous and doomed for destruction. This characterisation apart from the potential of discouraging females from creating a niche for themselves, simultaneously severely hampers the critical role of generating new cohorts of outstanding independent and powerful females in business, politics or the professions. It can be concluded that the representation of women in Nollywood has not witnessed any radical departure from the traditional preconception of women roles in societies over the two decades. Roles and contemporary treatment of women in Nollywood films should rather emphasise, current accomplishments or successes of women in several spheres of life and do away with negative representations which only help in accentuating and perpetuating stereotypes.

The increase in drone misuse by civilian apart from military applications is alarming and need to be addressed. This drone is characterized as a low altitude, slow speed, and small radar cross-section (RCS) (LSS) target and is considered difficult to be detected and classified among other biological targets, such as insects and birds existing in the same surveillance volume. Although several attempts reported the successful drone detection on radio frequency-based (RF), thermal, acoustic, video imaging, and other non-technical methods, however, there are also many limitations. Thus, this paper investigated a micro-Doppler analysis from drone rotating blades for detection in a special Forward Scattering Radar (FSR) geometry. The paper leveraged the identified benefits of FSR mode over conventional radars, such as improved radar cross-section (RCS) value irrespective of radar absorbing material (RAM), direct signal perturbation, and high resolutions. To prove the concept, a received signal model for micro-Doppler analysis, a simulation work, and experimental validation are elaborated and explained in the paper. Two rotating blades aspect angle scenarios were considered, which are (i) when drone makes a turn, the blade cross-sectional area faces the receiver and (ii) when drone maneuvers normally, the cross-sectional blade faces up. The FSR system successfully detected a commercial drone and extracted the micro features of a rotating blade. It further verified the feasibility of using a parabolic dish antenna as a receiver in FSR geometry ; this marked an appreciable achievement towards the FSR system performance, which in future could be implemented as either active or passive FSR system.

The goal of this text is to show that playing video games is not enough to consider oneself a true gamer. To do that implies a whole set of attitude and discourses about the practice and the constructions of norms of authenticity. Theses norms are based on a double temporality: synchronic (having been there first), and diachronic (to spend a long time gaming); and also on some references which shape the good (and bad) taste in what we can call a gamer subculture, growing with the democratization of the practice. The social construct of this subcultural category is explored here with the analysis of a corpus of interview about geek culture in which the issue of gamer's identity became central. ; L'objet de cet article est de démontrer qu'il ne suffit pas de jouer à des jeux vidéo pour se considérer comme gamer. Au contraire, cela passe par tout un ensemble d'attitudes et de discours vis-à-vis de la pratique qui impliquent la mise en place de normes d'authenticité d'un·e vrai·e gamer. Ces normes sont avant tout construites autour d'une double temporalité: synchronique (avoir été là avant) et diachronique (y passer beaucoup de temps), mais aussi de références fondatrices qui forment les bases du bon (et en creux du mauvais) goût dans ce que l'on peut alors qualifier de sous-culture gamer, qui s'est construite au fil de la massification de la pratique. La construction sociale de cette catégorie subculturelle est explorée ici à partir d'un corpus d'entretiens portant de manière générale sur la culture geek, et dans lequel la question de ce qu'est l'identité gamer s'est avérée centrale.

Antibiotic resistance has reached alarming proportions globally, prompting the World Health Organization to advise nations to take up antibiotic awareness campaigns. Several campaigns have been taken up worldwide, mostly by governments. The government of India asked manufacturers to append a &lsquo ; redline&rsquo ; to packages of antibiotics as identification marks and conducted a campaign to inform the general public about it and appropriate antibiotic use. We investigated whether an antibiotic resistance awareness campaign could be organized voluntarily in India and determined the characteristics of the voluntarily organized campaign by administering a questionnaire to the coordinators, who participated in organizing the voluntary campaign India. The campaign characteristics were: multiple electro&ndash ; physical pedagogical and participatory techniques were used, 49 physical events were organized in various parts of India that included lectures, posters, booklet/pamphlet distribution, audio and video messages, competitions, and mass contact rallies along with broadcast of messages in 11 local languages using community radio stations (CRS) spread all over India. The median values for campaign events were: expenditure&mdash ; 3000 Indian Rupees/day (US$~47), time for planning&mdash ; 1 day, program spread&mdash ; 4 days, program time&mdash ; 4 h, direct and indirect reach of the message&mdash ; respectively 250 and 500 persons/event. A 2 min play entitled &lsquo ; Take antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor&rsquo ; was broadcast 10 times/day for 5 days on CRS with listener reach of ~5 million persons. More than 85%ofcoordinators thought that the campaign created adequate awareness about appropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. The voluntary campaign has implications for resource limited settings/low and middle income countries.

Europeana is a portal that provides access to millions of objects from all kinds of cultural heritage communities. It enables users to find digital cultural works made available by cultural institutions throughout the European Union. Currently, Europeana provides access to a collection of more than 50 million books, periodicals, video clips, maps, photographs and digital documents from libraries, archives, museums and audio-visual archives in Europe. To facilitate Europeana's participation in the Semantic Web Europeana Data Model (EDM) has been developed. The idea of EDM is to constitute a framework for collecting, connecting and enriching metadata. It is a theoretical data model that allows data to be presented in different ways according to the practices of the various domains that contribute data to Europeana. EDM brings more meaningful links to Europe's cultural heritage data. Data from partners or external information resources with references to persons, places, subjects, etc., will connect to other initiatives and institutions. This will result in sharing enriched content, adding to it and thereby generating more content in ways that no single provider could achieve alone. Presented research is the continuation of authors earlier study. In previous research, authors have proposed to integrate EDM structured information with geographic information system for movable heritage providing the semantic relations of movable heritage to the geographical space. This was a step into mixing GIS and Europeana world with the use of semantic contextualization for the object representations. Current research is the next step in this study and is going towards development of the new areas of EDM implementation – in cartographic heritage description.

Europeana is a portal that provides access to millions of objects from all kinds of cultural heritage communities. It enables users to find digital cultural works made available by cultural institutions throughout the European Union. Currently, Europeana provides access to a collection of more than 50 million books, periodicals, video clips, maps, photographs and digital documents from libraries, archives, museums and audio-visual archives in Europe. To facilitate Europeana's participation in the Semantic Web Europeana Data Model (EDM) has been developed. The idea of EDM is to constitute a framework for collecting, connecting and enriching metadata. It is a theoretical data model that allows data to be presented in different ways according to the practices of the various domains that contribute data to Europeana. EDM brings more meaningful links to Europe's cultural heritage data. Data from partners or external information resources with references to persons, places, subjects, etc., will connect to other initiatives and institutions. This will result in sharing enriched content, adding to it and thereby generating more content in ways that no single provider could achieve alone. Presented research is the continuation of authors earlier study. In previous research, authors have proposed to integrate EDM structured information with geographic information system for movable heritage providing the semantic relations of movable heritage to the geographical space. This was a step into mixing GIS and Europeana world with the use of semantic contextualization for the object representations. Current research is the next step in this study and is going towards development of the new areas of EDM implementation – in cartographic heritage description.